Vaccine Mechanisms & Immunization Curation
Overview & Design Principle
In dismech, vaccines are not modeled as opaque "preventive checkboxes" detached from disease biology. Instead, every vaccine entry in a disorder's treatments: block is modeled as a causal intervention (MechanismLink) that inhibits, modulates, or activates a specific node in the disorder's pathophysiology: causal graph.
Whether a vaccine induces secretory IgA that neutralizes viral attachment at the brush border, systemic IgG that neutralizes a bacterial exotoxin without preventing mucosal colonization, opsonizing antibodies against a polysaccharide capsule, or cytotoxic CD8+ T cells targeting viral oncoproteins or tumor neoantigens, the target_mechanisms: edge explicitly records which step of the pathograph the vaccine intercepts and why.
0. Ontology & Schema Architecture (Why Not VO?)
Why We Use NCIT Instead of the Vaccine Ontology (VO)
Dismech deliberately consolidates all medical actions, procedures, and biological/vaccine agents onto NCI Thesaurus (NCIT), ChEBI (CHEBI), and MAXO (MAXO) rather than importing the OBO Vaccine Ontology (VO):
- Unified medical action hierarchy (
TreatmentDescriptor): Insrc/dismech/schema/model.yaml,treatment_term.termis validated againstNCITmedical procedures (VaccinationNCIT:C15346,Passive ImmunizationNCIT:C15259) orMAXO, while specific vaccine formulations and biologics sit underNCIT:C1909(Pharmacologic Substance $\rightarrow$NCIT:C923Vaccine) intreatment_term.therapeutic_agent. - Avoids OAK / BioPortal cache fragmentation: Maintaining a single OAK validation surface (
cache/ncit/terms.csv) covers small molecules, monoclonal antibodies, toxoids, conjugate vaccines, mRNA-LNP vaccines, and live-attenuated viral vaccines without cross-ontology duplication. - Environmental / adverse-event exposures use
ECTO: When vaccination is modeled as an environmental exposure or trigger (e.g., live-vaccine disseminated disease in an inborn error of immunity, or post-vaccination immune-mediated sequelae), dismech usesECTO:2000129(exposure to vaccination) in theenvironmental:block.
Canonical YAML Pattern for Vaccine Treatments
treatments:
- name: Rotavirus Vaccination
description: Oral live-attenuated rotavirus vaccines (pentavalent human-bovine reassortant
RV5 or monovalent human-attenuated RV1) administered in infancy induce mucosal
secretory IgA and neutralizing antibodies against outer-capsid proteins VP4 and
VP7, preventing severe dehydrating rotaviral gastroenteritis.
therapeutic_modality: VACCINE
delivery_system: VIRAL_VECTOR # Optional: LIPID_NANOPARTICLE, VIRAL_VECTOR, PROTEIN_CONJUGATE, etc.
treatment_term:
preferred_term: vaccination
term:
id: NCIT:C15346
label: Vaccination
therapeutic_agent:
- preferred_term: rotavirus vaccine
term:
id: NCIT:C96394
label: Rotavirus Vaccine
target_mechanisms:
- target: Rotavirus Attachment and Mature Enterocyte Invasion
treatment_effect: INHIBITS
description: Mucosal secretory IgA and serum neutralizing antibodies against VP4
(VP8*/VP5*) and VP7 block virion attachment and entry into mature small-intestinal
villus enterocytes and neutralize NSP4 enterotoxin activity.
evidence:
- reference: PMID:32644377
supports: SUPPORT
evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
snippet: "Vaccination is the best way to prevent rotavirus disease."
explanation: Supports oral rotavirus vaccination as the primary prophylactic
intervention preventing rotavirus infection and severe dehydrating enteritis.
Schema Slots Touching Vaccines
| Schema Location | Slot / Enum / Value | Role |
|---|---|---|
Treatment.therapeutic_modality |
VACCINE, BIOLOGIC (TherapeuticModalityEnum) |
Distinguishes active vaccines (VACCINE) from passive antibodies/antitoxins (BIOLOGIC). |
Treatment.delivery_system |
LIPID_NANOPARTICLE, VIRAL_VECTOR, PROTEIN_CONJUGATE, POLYMER_NANOPARTICLE |
Captures LNP-encapsulated mRNA vaccines, adenoviral/vesicular stomatitis vectors, or carrier-protein conjugates. |
TreatmentDescriptor.term |
NCIT:C15346 (Vaccination), NCIT:C15259 (Passive Immunization) |
Primary medical-action term required on treatment_term. |
TreatmentDescriptor.therapeutic_agent |
NCIT:C96394 (Rotavirus Vaccine), NCIT:C181140 (mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine), NCIT:C1951 (Human Papilloma Virus Vaccine), NCIT:C198514 (Rabies Vaccine), NCIT:C91718 (Diphtheria Toxoid/Tetanus Toxoid Vaccine Adsorbed), NCIT:C298 (BCG Vaccine) |
Specific vaccine formulation or agent under NCIT:C1909 (Pharmacologic Substance). |
Treatment.target_mechanisms |
list[MechanismLink] (target, treatment_effect: INHIBITS \| ACTIVATES \| MODULATES, description, evidence) |
Connects the vaccine directly to the named Pathophysiology node it blocks or modifies. |
TreatmentEffectModifier.mhc_term & Genetic.mhc_term |
MHCDescriptor (MHCTerm: MRO / GO:0042611) |
Binds HLA serotypes, heterodimers (HLA-DQ2.5 MRO:0000019), and allele-specific MHC restriction complexes (HLA-DRB1*03:01 protein complex MRO:0001284) on genetic associations and vaccine subgroup effect modifiers (effect_modifier_type: GENOTYPE). |
Pathophysiology.protein_complexes |
ProteinComplexDescriptor (GO:0042611 + MRO:*) |
Because MRO roots its MHC protein complexes under GO:0042611 (MHC protein complex), protein_complexes accepts allele-specific MRO complexes directly in antigen-presentation pathograph nodes. |
Environmental.exposure_term |
ECTO:2000129 (exposure to vaccination) |
Models vaccination as an exposure (e.g., protective epidemiological factor or live-vaccine adverse event). |
kb/surrogate_endpoints/fda_surrogate_endpoints.yaml |
vaccine_preventable_disease_neutralizing_titer |
Captures FDA traditional-approval surrogate correlates of protection (serum bactericidal antibody, anti-PRP IgG, hemagglutination inhibition, neutralizing titer, seroconversion). |
0b. MHC Restriction Ontology (MRO) & IEDB Integration
Why MRO (IEDB's MHC Restriction Ontology) Was Integrated
Across vaccine-preventable diseases, autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, and drug hypersensitivity entries, MHC/HLA restriction is one of the strongest genetic determinants of both disease susceptibility and vaccine / immunotherapy responsiveness:
- Many clinically important HLA entities are multi-gene heterodimers (HLA-DQ2.5 encoded by HLA-DQA1*05:01 + HLA-DQB1*02:01, MRO:0000019) or multi-locus serotypes (HLA-DQ2 serotype MRO:0000283, HLA-B27 serotype MRO:0000129, HLA-DR4 serotype MRO:0000303) that cannot be faithfully represented by a single HGNC gene CURIE.
- IEDB (Immune Epitope Database) maintains MRO (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MRO_) specifically to represent MHC protein complexes, serotypes, mutant complexes, and alpha/beta chains, and anchors its hierarchy directly under GO:0042611 (MHC protein complex).
How MRO Works in the Dismech Schema
Pathophysiology.protein_complexes(ProteinComplexTerm): BecauseProteinComplexTermalready hasGO:0042611(MHC protein complex) inreachable_from, routingMRO: ols:mroinconf/oak_config.yamlautomatically enablesprotein_complexesto bind anyMROMHC class I/II protein complex (MRO:0001284HLA-DRB1*03:01 protein complex,MRO:0001007HLA-B*57:01 protein complex,MRO:0000019HLA-DQA1*05:01/DQB1*02:01 protein complex).Genetic.mhc_term(MHCDescriptor$\rightarrow$MHCTerm): Allowsgenetic:entries to pair a locusgene_term(hgnc:4942HLA-DQA1) with the exact serotype or heterodimer (MRO:0000283HLA-DQ2 serotype) or to bind a multi-locus serotype directly.TreatmentEffectModifier.mhc_term(MHCDescriptor$\rightarrow$MHCTerm): Allowstreatments[].effect_modifiers[]witheffect_modifier_type: GENOTYPEto bind the exact HLA restriction complex that modifies vaccine seroconversion (e.g.,HLA-DRB1*03:01/HLA-DRB1*07:01non-responder haplotypes inHepatitis_Bvaccination) or requires an HLA-restricted peptide/TCR vaccine (e.g.,HLA-A*02:01-restricted cancer vaccines).
treatments:
- name: Hepatitis B Vaccination
therapeutic_modality: VACCINE
effect_modifiers:
- effect_modifier_type: GENOTYPE
stratum: HLA-DRB1*03:01 carriers
mhc_term:
preferred_term: HLA-DRB1*03:01 protein complex
term:
id: MRO:0001284
label: HLA-DRB1*03:01 protein complex
comparator_stratum: non-carriers
modified_outcome: anti-HBs seroprotection rate
effect_in_stratum: SMALLER_EFFECT
Broader IEDB Opportunities
- Structured Source (
IEDB:<epitope_id>): ExtendingStructuredSourceIdinsrc/dismech/schema/common.yamlto supportIEDB:\d+for experimentally validated neutralizing B-cell and T-cell epitopes (e.g., Rotavirus VP8*/VP7, SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD, HPV E6/E7,DNAJB1-PRKACAfusion neoantigen). - Molecular Mimicry & Cross-Reactivity: Linking pathogen epitope IDs to host autoantigen mimics in
Guillain-Barre_Syndrome,Acute_Rheumatic_Fever,Type_1_Diabetes, andCeliac_Disease. - Cross-Repo Bridge to
~/repos/ai-gene-review: Mapping viral protein UniProt accessions (ROTA/VP4,ROTA/VP7,SARS2/SPIKE) to IEDB parent protein immunodominant regions.
1. Six Mechanistic Archetypes for Vaccines in Dismech
Connecting a vaccine via target_mechanisms: forces the curator to distinguish where in the pathograph immunity acts:
-
Viral Attachment, Entry & Mucosal Establishment Blockade - Mechanism: Neutralizing antibodies (secretory IgA at mucosal surfaces or systemic IgG) bind viral attachment/fusion proteins (e.g., HPV L1 capsid, SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD, Rotavirus VP4/VP7, Rabies glycoprotein G, HAV capsid), blocking host-receptor engagement (
ACE2,HSPG,HBGA,NCAM1/CHRN) and early cellular entry. - Exemplars:Human_Papillomavirus_Infection(Prophylactic L1 VLP vaccine),Immunodeficiency_74_COVID-19-related_X-linked(SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine),Rabies(post-exposure vaccine blocking retrograde axonal transport),Hepatitis_A,Hepatitis_D(HBV vaccine preventing HBsAg helper virus acquisition). -
Toxoid / Antitoxin Neutralization (Disease Prevention Without Colonization Blockade) - Mechanism: Formalin-inactivated or genetically detoxified bacterial/plant toxoids elicit systemic IgG against the secreted A-B exotoxin or superantigen (
Diphtheria toxin,Tetanus neurotoxin,Pertussis toxin,Anthrax protective antigen,TSST-1,Ricin A chain). Crucially, the vaccine targets the toxin-mediated tissue injury or receptor-entry node, not the mucosal colonization node. - Exemplars:Diphtheria,Anthrax,Toxic_Shock_Syndrome,Ricin_Poisoning. -
Polysaccharide-Protein Conjugate Opsonophagocytosis & Mucosal Carriage Reduction - Mechanism: Conjugating a bacterial capsular polysaccharide (T-cell-independent antigen, e.g., Hib PRP, pneumococcal serotypes, meningococcal A/C/W/Y) to a carrier protein (
CRM197, tetanus toxoid) recruits CD4+ Tfh cells (germinal_center_reactionmodule), driving class-switched, affinity-matured anti-capsular IgG and mucosal IgA that overcome capsular complement evasion and reduce nasopharyngeal carriage. - Exemplars:Haemophilus_Meningitis,Pneumococcal_Meningitis,Streptococcal_Meningitis. -
Therapeutic & Neoantigen Vaccines (Cell-Mediated Clearance of Infected or Transformed Cells) - Mechanism: Once viral genomes integrate or somatic driver mutations establish a clone, neutralizing antibodies against surface capsids are ineffective. Therapeutic peptide/mRNA/DC vaccines target intracellular oncoproteins or fusion neoantigens (
HPV E6/E7,DNAJB1-PRKACAchimera,MUC1) presented on MHC class I/II to prime CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes and Th1 cells. - Exemplars:Human_Papillomavirus_Infection(Therapeutic HPV Vaccination (E6/E7-directed)),Fibrolamellar_Hepatocellular_Carcinoma(DNAJB1-PRKACA Fusion-Neoantigen Peptide Vaccine),Colon_Adenocarcinoma(MUC1 Peptide Vaccine). -
Host-Vulnerability Bypass & Decompensation-Trigger Prevention - Mechanism: In inborn errors of immunity (
TLR7,MyD88,C1Q,C2deficiencies) or acute febrile/viral decompensation syndromes (RANBP2ANE1,LARS1ILFS1,TNNI3Kcardiomyopathy), vaccination either bypasses the defective innate sensor via an orthogonal adjuvant/PRR pathway (MDA5/TLR3for mRNA-LNP inTLR7deficiency) or prevents the upstream febrile/viral infection trigger that initiates organ failure. - Exemplars:Immunodeficiency_74_COVID-19-related_X-linked,C1Q_Deficiency,Complement_Component_2_Deficiency,MyD88_Deficiency,Familial_Acute_Necrotizing_Encephalopathy,Infantile_Liver_Failure_Syndrome_1. -
Live-Vaccine Pathogenicity & Contraindication in Primary Immunodeficiencies - Mechanism: Live-attenuated vaccines (
BCG, oral poliovirus, rotavirus, MMR, yellow fever) replicate unchecked when a critical host restriction pathway is absent (e.g.,IFN-gamma/IL-12axis in Mendelian Susceptibility to Mycobacterial Disease,STAT1/STAT2/IRF9type I IFN signaling, or severe combined immunodeficiency). Here, the vaccine strain is represented inpathophysiology:/environmental:(ECTO:2000129) as a causal trigger of disseminated vaccine-strain infection.
2. Exemplar Entries Currently in the KB
| Disorder Entry | Vaccine Treatment(s) | Targeted Pathophysiology Node(s) | Why It Is an Exemplar |
|---|---|---|---|
Human_Papillomavirus_Infection |
Prophylactic HPV Vaccination (L1 VLP) vs. Therapeutic HPV Vaccination (E6/E7-directed) | Basal Keratinocyte Infection and Genome Establishment (prophylactic) vs. High-Risk Persistence and Transformation & Immune Evasion and Persistence (therapeutic) |
Cleanly contrasts humoral capsid-neutralizing prophylaxis (ineffective after infection) with cell-mediated E6/E7 oncoprotein clearance in the same causal graph. |
Immunodeficiency_74_COVID-19-related_X-linked |
SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination (NCIT:C181140, delivery_system: LIPID_NANOPARTICLE) |
Unrestrained Early SARS-CoV-2 Replication in the Respiratory Tract |
Demonstrates how a vaccine bypasses a monogenic host innate defect (pDC TLR7 loss) by priming adaptive anti-Spike IgG via LNP/cytosolic RNA sensing (MDA5), with full therapeutic_agent and delivery_system typing. |
Diphtheria |
Diphtheria Toxoid Vaccination (NCIT:C91718) & Diphtheria Antitoxin (NCIT:C15259) |
Absent or Waning Antitoxin Immunity $\rightarrow$ Diphtheria Toxin Production and Local Tissue Necrosis |
Explicitly models how toxoid immunization neutralizes phage-encoded exotoxin pathology while leaving mucosal C. diphtheriae colonization intact; pairs active toxoid with passive antitoxin. |
Haemophilus_Meningitis |
Hib PRP-protein conjugate vaccination | PRP Capsule Immune Evasion |
Captures the immunological mechanism of polysaccharide-protein conjugation (converting a T-independent capsule into a T-dependent antigen to restore opsonophagocytosis and eliminate carriage). |
Rabies |
Rabies post-exposure vaccination (NCIT:C198514) & Rabies immunoglobulin (NCIT:C15259) |
Retrograde Axonal Transport to the Central Nervous System |
Shows post-exposure prophylaxis intercepting a time-windowed anatomical transition node (peripheral muscle/nerve entry before CNS invasion). |
3. Flagship New-Disorder Trial: Rotaviral Enteritis (MONDO:0005194)
Rotaviral_Enteritis (MONDO:0005194, rotaviral enteritis) is our primary end-to-end curation trial integrating:
1. Viral pathogenesis across dual secretory + osmotic diarrhea mechanisms,
2. Host genetic receptor dependency (FUT2 secretor status), and
3. Vaccine mechanism links (NCIT:C96394 Rotavirus Vaccine).
Planned Causal Pathograph (kb/disorders/Rotaviral_Enteritis.yaml)
flowchart TD
G1["Host FUT2 Secretor Status (hgnc:4013)<br/>Alpha(1,2)-fucosylated HBGA expression on villus enterocytes"] --> N1
N1["Host Glycan Attachment and Mature Villus Enterocyte Entry<br/>VP4 (VP8*/VP5*) & VP7 outer capsid bind HBGAs/sialoglycans"]
N1 --> N2["NSP4 Viroporin-Mediated Intracellular Calcium Mobilization<br/>Endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ mobilization & Calcium-Activated Chloride Secretion (ANO1) + ENS stimulation"]
N1 --> N3["Proteasomal DGAT1 Degradation and Villus Enterocyte Destruction<br/>Villus blunting, lactase/sucrase-isomaltase depletion, carbohydrate malabsorption"]
N1 --> N4["Cytoplasmic Replication and Innate Antiviral Antagonism<br/>Viroplasm assembly, NSP1 PRR antagonism & Systemic Antigenemia and Transient Viremia"]
N2 --> P1["Secretory Diarrhea (HP:0005208)"]
N3 --> P3["Malabsorptive Osmotic Diarrhea (HP:0033310) & Secondary Lactase Deficiency (HP:0002024)"]
P1 --> P2["Dehydration (HP:0001944) & Metabolic Acidosis (HP:0001942)"]
P3 --> P2
V1["Oral Live-Attenuated Rotavirus Vaccine (NCIT:C96394)<br/>RV5 (RotaTeq) / RV1 (Rotarix)"] -. "INHIBITS (Mucosal sIgA anti-VP4/VP7 & anti-VP6)" .-> N1
V1 -. "INHIBITS (Prevents NSP4 enterotoxin activity)" .-> N2
V1 -. "INHIBITS (Preserves DGAT1 & villus enterocytes)" .-> N3
4. Coordination with ~/repos/ai-gene-review (Host vs. Viral Genes)
Dismech integrates with ~/repos/ai-gene-review via src/dismech/ingest/genes.py (just genes-ingest-build, outputting app/genes-data.js), which joins gene symbols across both repositories. Because dismech currently validates GeneDescriptor.term against the human HGNC cache (cache/hgnc/terms.csv), host and viral genes follow a coordinated two-sided convention:
Side A: Host Receptor, Restriction & Susceptibility Genes (Direct HGNC $\leftrightarrow$ UniProt Join)
Human host genes that mediate viral attachment, entry, innate sensing, or vaccine responsiveness are curated in kb/genes/<SPECIES>/<SYMBOL>/<SYMBOL>-ai-review.yaml (HUMAN taxon NCBITaxon:9606) in ai-gene-review and referenced via hgnc:<ID> in the dismech disorder's genetic: and pathophysiology[].genes: blocks:
| Disorder | Human Host Gene (hgnc) |
Role in Pathograph & Vaccine Biology | Coordination Target in ai-gene-review |
|---|---|---|---|
Rotaviral_Enteritis |
FUT2 (hgnc:4013, Q10981) |
Fucosyltransferase 2 synthesizes mucosal type 1 HBGAs bound by rotavirus P[8]/P[4] VP8*; non-secretors (FUT2 null) are genetically resistant to P[8] infection and exhibit lower take/seroconversion to live oral P[8] vaccines (Rotarix). |
kb/genes/HUMAN/FUT2/ (GO:0046718 viral entry into host cell; GO:0008417 fucosyltransferase activity) |
Rotaviral_Enteritis |
ANO1 (hgnc:21625, Q5XXA6) |
Ca2+-activated chloride channel (TMEM16A) activated by rotavirus NSP4 enterotoxin to drive secretory diarrhea. |
kb/genes/HUMAN/ANO1/ (GO:0005229 intracellularly calcium-gated chloride channel activity) |
COVID-19 |
ACE2 (hgnc:13557), TMPRSS2 (hgnc:11876) |
Host entry receptor and Spike-priming serine protease blocked by anti-Spike vaccine antibodies. | kb/genes/HUMAN/ACE2/, kb/genes/HUMAN/TMPRSS2/ |
Immunodeficiency_74_COVID-19-related_X-linked |
TLR7 (hgnc:15631) |
Endosomal ssRNA sensor on pDCs; loss-of-function causes life-threatening COVID-19 bypassed by mRNA-LNP vaccination. | kb/genes/HUMAN/TLR7/ |
Side B: Viral Antigen & Effector Genes (Viral Taxon Directories in ai-gene-review)
In ~/repos/ai-gene-review/kb/genes/, viral proteins are curated under their viral taxon proteome codes (e.g., SARS2/SPIKE, TYPH/E6, TYPH/E7, EBVG/LMP1, and for Rotavirus A: ROTA/VP4, ROTA/VP7, ROTA/NSP4, ROTA/NSP1).
- Current Rule in Dismech: Never force a viral gene symbol into
genes:with a fakehgnc:CURIE. Instead: 1. Name the viral protein and its UniProt accession in thePathophysiology.descriptionandTreatment.target_mechanisms[].description(e.g.,VP4 [VP8*/VP5*],VP7,NSP4). 2. Bind the exact shared GO biological_processes terms on thePathophysiologynode thatai-gene-reviewannotates ascore_functionson the viral gene (GO:0046718viral entry into host cell,GO:0019062virion attachment to host cell,GO:0039503suppression by virus of host innate immune response). - Planned Schema & Ingest Enhancement: Add an optional
pathogen_genes(oruniprot:-backedGeneDescriptor) slot onPathophysiologyandMechanismLinkand extendsrc/dismech/ingest/genes.py(load_gene_kb) to join non-human viral UniProt records fromai-gene-reviewdirectly onto disorder pathograph nodes and vaccinetarget_mechanisms.
5. Conserved Mechanism Modules (kb/modules/)
Vaccine mechanisms reuse and motivate conserved modules in kb/modules/:
- Existing Modules:
germinal_center_reaction: Tfh-driven B-cell somatic hypermutation, affinity maturation, and generation of long-lived plasma cells (NIH_HT_22_short_lived_long_lived_plasma_cells) and memory B cells; underlies conjugate and protein/mRNA vaccine durability.cgas_sting_pathway_activation&innate_antiviral_interferon_response: Innate nucleic-acid sensing pathways activated by viral infection and vaccine adjuvants.host_directed_antiviral_dependency: Host factor dependency (entry receptors, proteases, replication factors) shared with viral entry blockade.- Vaccine-Specific Modules (
kb/modules/): vaccine_induced_mucosal_iga_neutralization: Oral/intranasal vaccine priming of Peyer's patch / NALT B cells, polymeric IgA transcytosis viaPIGR, and luminal neutralization of enteric/respiratory pathogens (Rotaviral_Enteritis,Cholera,Paralytic_Poliomyelitis).polysaccharide_conjugate_t_dependent_switching: Carrier-protein conjugation converting bacterial capsular polysaccharides from T-independent B-cell antigens into MHC-II-restricted Tfh-dependent germinal center responses (Haemophilus_Meningitis,Meningococcal_Meningitis,Pneumococcal_Meningitis,Pneumococcal_Pneumonia).toxoid_neutralizing_humoral_immunity: Systemic IgG neutralization of secreted bacterial A-B exotoxins decoupling colonization from toxin-mediated organ injury (Diphtheria,Tetanus,Pertussis).
6. KB Audit: Vaccine-Preventable Diseases Wired with target_mechanisms
We audited all disorder entries with vaccine treatments and curated/enriched 28 vaccine-preventable disease (VPD) entries (including 6 newly curated VPD disorder entries: Rotaviral_Enteritis, Tick-Borne_Encephalitis, Yellow_Fever, Meningococcal_Meningitis, Herpes_Zoster, and Japanese_Encephalitis) so their vaccine treatments carry therapeutic_modality: VACCINE and explicit target_mechanisms: (treatment_effect: INHIBITS) pointing to the exact upstream nodes in pathophysiology:.
Disorder (kb/disorders/) |
Vaccine Treatment(s) | Status | Targeted Pathophysiology Node(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
Rotaviral_Enteritis |
Rotavirus Vaccination (NCIT:C96394) |
Completed (New Entry) | Host Glycan Attachment and Mature Villus Enterocyte Entry, NSP4 Viroporin-Mediated Intracellular Calcium Mobilization, Proteasomal DGAT1 Degradation and Villus Enterocyte Destruction (+ FUT2 effect_modifiers) |
Tick-Borne_Encephalitis |
Inactivated Tick-Borne Encephalitis Vaccination |
Completed (New Entry) | Tick-Borne Cutaneous Inoculation and Primary Viremia, Blood-Brain Barrier Crossing and Neuronal Infection |
Yellow_Fever |
Yellow Fever 17D Live-Attenuated Vaccination (NCIT:C96396) |
Completed (New Entry) | Mosquito Inoculation, Dendritic Cell Infection, and Regional Lymphoid Replication, Hepatocyte Tropism, Midzonal Apoptosis, and Acute Hepatic Necrosis |
Meningococcal_Meningitis |
MenACWY Conjugate Vaccination, MenB Subunit Vaccination |
Completed (New Entry) | Nasopharyngeal Invasion, Meningococcemia, and Terminal Complement Evasion |
Herpes_Zoster |
Recombinant Zoster Vaccine (RZV, Shingrix) |
Completed (New Entry) | Waning VZV-Specific Cell-Mediated Immunity and Dorsal Root Ganglion Reactivation, Anterograde Axonal Transport and Cutaneous Dermatomal Replication |
Japanese_Encephalitis |
Japanese Encephalitis Vaccination |
Completed (New Entry) | Mosquito Inoculation, Cutaneous Amplification, and Primary Viremia, Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption and Thalamic/Basal Ganglia Neuronal Tropism |
COVID-19 |
COVID-19 Vaccination (NCIT:C181140) |
Completed | Viral Entry and Replication in Respiratory Epithelium |
Influenza |
Annual Vaccination |
Completed | Respiratory Epithelial Infection and Cytopathic Effect, Triggering of Acute Myocardial Infarction |
Respiratory_Syncytial_Virus_Infection |
Vaccination |
Completed | RSV Infection of Airway Epithelial Cells |
Measles |
Measles vaccination |
Completed | Respiratory entry and SLAM-mediated immune cell infection, Lymphotropic replication and viremia, Immune amnesia (measles-induced immunosuppression) |
Mumps |
Mumps vaccination |
Completed | Respiratory replication and lymphatic spread |
Rubella |
Rubella vaccination |
Completed | Respiratory entry and lymphatic replication, Transplacental transmission and congenital rubella syndrome |
Chickenpox |
Varicella Vaccination |
Completed | Primary Respiratory Entry and T-Cell-Associated Viremia, Latent Infection in Sensory Ganglia |
Paralytic_Poliomyelitis |
Poliovirus vaccination (IPV/OPV) (NCIT:C96387) |
Completed | Viremia and CNS Invasion, Anterior Horn Motor Neuron Tropism and Lysis |
Pertussis |
Maternal Tdap Vaccination, Pertussis Vaccination (NCIT:C91718) |
Completed | Bordetella pertussis Respiratory Colonization, Pertussis Toxin-Mediated Disruption of Host Gi Signaling |
Tetanus |
Active Immunization (NCIT:C91718), Tetanus Immunoglobulin (NCIT:C2701) |
Completed | Tetanospasmin Production and Retrograde Axonal Transport, SNARE Cleavage and Loss of Inhibitory Neurotransmission |
Pneumococcal_Pneumonia |
Pneumococcal Vaccination (NCIT:C80473) |
Completed | Pneumococcal Colonization and Lower Airway Invasion |
Hepatitis_B |
Vaccination (+ MRO:0001284 effect_modifiers), Hepatitis B Immune Globulin (HBIG) (NCIT:C80829) |
Completed | Hepatocyte Infection and cccDNA Formation, HBV DNA Integration |
Cholera |
Oral Cholera Vaccination |
Completed | Small Intestinal Colonization and Toxin Production, Cholera Toxin-Mediated Adenylate Cyclase Activation |
Typhoid_Fever |
Typhoid Vaccination |
Completed | Intestinal Invasion via M Cells, Intracellular Survival in Macrophages and Systemic Dissemination |
Ebola_Virus_Disease_EVD |
rVSV-ZEBOV Vaccination (Ervebo) (NCIT:C183179, VIRAL_VECTOR) |
Completed | Initial Mononuclear Phagocyte Infection, Viral Entry via NPC1 Receptor |
Malaria |
Pre-erythrocytic malaria vaccination (RTS,S and R21) |
Completed | Mosquito inoculation and pre-erythrocytic liver-stage infection |
Transitional_Cell_Carcinoma |
Intravesical BCG Immunotherapy (NCIT:C298) |
Completed | Immune Evasion |
Dengue |
Live-Attenuated Tetravalent Dengue Vaccination |
Completed | Viral Entry and Primary Replication in Mononuclear Phagocytes, NS1-Mediated Endothelial Hyperpermeability (+ baseline serostatus effect_modifiers referencing Antibody-Dependent Enhancement (ADE)) |
Chikungunya |
Chikungunya Vaccination (Live-Attenuated VLA1553 and VLP PXVX0317) |
Completed | Viral Entry and Dermal Dissemination, Persistence in Joint-Associated Tissues |
Monkeypox |
MVA-BN Vaccination (Jynneos / Imvanex) |
Completed | Viral Entry and Systemic Dissemination, Evasion of Host Antiviral Immunity |
Bacterial_meningitis |
Conjugate Vaccination (Hib, Pneumococcal, Meningococcal) (NCIT:C80473) |
Completed | Blood-Brain Barrier Penetration, Intrathecal Bacterial Replication |
Tuberculosis |
BCG Vaccination (NCIT:C298) |
Completed | Alveolar Macrophage Entry and Phagosome Maturation Arrest, Extrapulmonary Hematogenous Dissemination |
Congenital_Rubella_Syndrome |
Pre-Conception and Childhood Live-Attenuated Rubella Vaccination (MMR) (NCIT:C15346) |
Completed (New Entry) | Maternal Rubella Viremia and Transplacental Viral Entry |
Hepatitis_E |
Recombinant Hepatitis E Capsid Vaccine (HEV 239 / Hecolin) (NCIT:C15346) |
Completed | Hepatotropic HEV Infection and Replication |
Buruli_Ulcer |
Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) Cross-Protective Vaccination (NCIT:C15346, NCIT:C298) |
Completed | (Preventive benchmark treatment entry; PMID:34119347) |
Clostridioides_difficile_Infection |
Bezlotoxumab (NCIT:C153084, MONOCLONAL_ANTIBODY) |
Completed | Epithelial Cell Death and Barrier Disruption (+ Toxin Production (TcdA/TcdB) conformed to toxoid_neutralizing_humoral_immunity) |
Prostate_Adenocarcinoma |
Sipuleucel-T Autologous Cellular Immunotherapy (NCIT:C15262, CELL_THERAPY) |
Completed | (Autologous cellular immunotherapy treatment entry; PMID:40315400) |
Cutaneous_Melanoma |
Talimogene Laherparepvec (T-VEC) Oncolytic Viral Immunotherapy (NCIT:C15262, OTHER) |
Completed | (Oncolytic viral immunotherapy treatment entry; PMID:32714859) |
Adenovirus_Respiratory_Infection |
Live, oral adenovirus type 4 and type 7 vaccine (NCIT:C15346) |
Completed | Respiratory Epithelial Infection and Viral Replication |
Anal_Canal_Carcinoma |
HPV Vaccination (NCIT:C15346) |
Completed | HPV Infection of Anal Squamous Epithelium |
Cervical_Squamous_Cell_Carcinoma |
HPV Vaccination (NCIT:C15346) |
Completed | Persistent High-Risk HPV Infection |
Glanders |
Experimental vaccine platforms (NCIT:C15346) |
Completed | Intracellular macrophage survival and T6SS-1 actin-based spread |
Gonorrhea |
Meningococcal B OMV vaccine (4CMenB) (NCIT:C15346) |
Completed | Gonococcal Mucosal Attachment and Microcolony Formation |
Hand_Foot_and_Mouth_Disease |
EV-A71 inactivated vaccine (NCIT:C15346) |
Completed | Receptor-mediated viral entry and endosomal uncoating, Viremia and systemic dissemination |
Hantavirus_Hemorrhagic_Fever_with_Renal_Syndrome |
Hantavax (NCIT:C15346) |
Completed | Noncytopathic microvascular endothelial infection |
Late_Complement_Component_Deficiency |
Meningococcal Vaccination (MenACWY and MenB) (NCIT:C15346) |
Completed | Recurrent Invasive Neisserial Infection |
Penile_Cancer |
Prophylactic HPV Vaccination (NCIT:C15346) |
Completed | HPV E6/E7 Oncoprotein-Driven Transformation |
Viral_Encephalitis |
Vaccination (NCIT:C15346) |
Completed | Viral Neuroinvasion |
STATUS
Phase 1: Flagship New Vaccine-Preventable Disease (VPD) Curations
- [x] Curate
Rotaviral_Enteritis(MONDO:0005194) withNCIT:C96394(Rotavirus Vaccine),FUT2(hgnc:4013) host secretor receptor dependency,ANO1(hgnc:21625) chloride channel effector, andNSP4/VP4/VP7pathograph nodes - [x] Curate
Yellow_Fever(MONDO:0020502) with live-attenuated 17D vaccine (NCIT:C96396) and viscerotropic/hepatocyte pathograph - [x] Curate
Herpes_Zoster(MONDO:0005609) with recombinant gE/AS01B subunit vaccine (Shingrix) restoring VZV-specific CD4+ T-cell immunity to inhibit dorsal-root-ganglion reactivation - [x] Curate
Meningococcal_Meningitis(MONDO:0018059) with MenACWY polysaccharide-protein conjugate and MenB factor H-binding protein (fHbp) vaccines - [x] Curate
Monkeypox(MONDO:0005849) with MVA-BN (Jynneos) orthopoxvirus cross-protective vaccination - [x] Curate
Japanese_Encephalitis(MONDO:0019209) andTick-Borne_Encephalitis(MONDO:0017572) with inactivated/live-attenuated flavivirus vaccines - [x] Curate
Congenital_Rubella_Syndrome(MONDO:0017361) with live-attenuated rubella vaccination (MMR) inhibiting maternal viremia and transplacental teratogenesis
Phase 2: Wire Existing VPD Entries with target_mechanisms & therapeutic_agent
- [x]
Human_Papillomavirus_Infection— Prophylactic L1 VLP vs. Therapeutic E6/E7 vaccination wired to distinct pathograph nodes - [x]
Immunodeficiency_74_COVID-19-related_X-linked—NCIT:C181140(mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine) wired to early SARS-CoV-2 replication node - [x]
Diphtheria—NCIT:C91718(Diphtheria Toxoid/Tetanus Toxoid Vaccine Adsorbed) &NCIT:C15259(Passive Immunization) wired to antitoxin immunity node - [x]
Haemophilus_Meningitis,Pneumococcal_Meningitis,Streptococcal_Meningitis,Bacterial_meningitis— Conjugate vaccines wired to capsular evasion / colonization / BBB invasion nodes - [x]
Rabies,Anthrax,Hepatitis_A,Hepatitis_D,Toxic_Shock_Syndrome,Ricin_Poisoning— Vaccines wired viatarget_mechanisms - [x]
Fibrolamellar_Hepatocellular_Carcinoma,Colon_Adenocarcinoma,Vulvar_Carcinoma— Neoantigen / oncoviral cancer vaccines wired viatarget_mechanisms - [x] Enrich
COVID-19,Influenza, andRespiratory_Syncytial_Virus_Infectionvaccine treatments withtherapeutic_modality: VACCINE, specificNCITtherapeutic_agentterms, andtarget_mechanisms - [x] Enrich childhood viral VPDs (
Measles,Mumps,Rubella,Chickenpox,Paralytic_Poliomyelitis) withtarget_mechanisms - [x] Enrich bacterial toxoid & enteric VPDs (
Pertussis,Tetanus,Pneumococcal_Pneumonia,Cholera,Typhoid_Fever) withtarget_mechanismsandNCITvaccine agent CURIEs - [x] Enrich
Hepatitis_B,Ebola_Virus_Disease_EVD,Malaria, andTransitional_Cell_Carcinoma(intravesical BCG) withtherapeutic_modality: VACCINEandtarget_mechanisms - [x] Add vaccine treatments and
target_mechanismstoDengue,Chikungunya,Monkeypox,Bacterial_meningitis, andTuberculosis(BCG) - [x] Batch 2 Track 1: Wire
target_mechanisms(treatment_effect: INHIBITS) with verifiedevidence:blocks across 10 KB disorders with pathogen-matchedVACCINEtreatments (Adenovirus_Respiratory_Infection,Anal_Canal_Carcinoma,Cervical_Squamous_Cell_Carcinoma,Glanders,Gonorrhea,Hand_Foot_and_Mouth_Disease,Hantavirus_Hemorrhagic_Fever_with_Renal_Syndrome,Late_Complement_Component_Deficiency,Penile_Cancer, andViral_Encephalitis) plusRubellaevidence grading repair - [x] Batch 2 Track 2: Add evidence-backed vaccine/immunoprophylaxis entries and module conformance hooks across
Hepatitis_E,Buruli_Ulcer,Clostridioides_difficile_Infection,Prostate_Adenocarcinoma, andCutaneous_Melanoma
Phase 3: Cross-Repo ai-gene-review, MRO / IEDB & Module Integration
- [x] Integrate
MRO(MHC Restriction Ontology, IEDB's native MHC ontology) intoconf/oak_config.yaml,src/dismech/schema/dismech.yaml(MHCTerm,MHCDescriptor,Genetic.mhc_term,TreatmentEffectModifier.mhc_term, plusProteinComplexTermviaGO:0042611),src/dismech/term_tooltips.py, andsrc/dismech/templates/disorder.html.j2 - [x] Seed
cache/mro/terms.csvand annotatemhc_termon key HLA-restricted vaccine effect modifiers (Hepatitis_BHLA-DRB1*03:01MRO:0001284andHLA class II protein complexMRO:0001356) - [ ] Coordinate
HUMAN/FUT2andROTA/VP4,ROTA/VP7,ROTA/NSP4gene reviews in~/repos/ai-gene-reviewalongsideRotaviral_Enteritis.yaml - [x] Create
kb/modules/polysaccharide_conjugate_t_dependent_switching.yaml,kb/modules/vaccine_induced_mucosal_iga_neutralization.yaml, andkb/modules/toxoid_neutralizing_humoral_immunity.yamland wireconforms_toacross 10 VPD entries - [ ] Prototype optional
pathogen_genes(uniprot:CURIE) support insrc/dismech/schema/model.yamlandsrc/dismech/ingest/genes.pyso viral antigen targets join directly toai-gene-review
NOTES
Useful Commands
# Validate a disorder entry after adding vaccine target_mechanisms
just validate kb/disorders/Rotaviral_Enteritis.yaml
# Verify term labels against NCIT / HGNC / GO caches
just validate-terms-file kb/disorders/Rotaviral_Enteritis.yaml
# Rebuild browser + project pages
just render-projects