Botulism

name: Botulism
creation_date: '2026-02-02T00:16:36Z'
updated_date: '2026-02-17T21:53:14Z'
category: Infectious Disease
parents:
- Bacterial Infection
disease_term:
  preferred_term: botulism
  term:
    id: MONDO:0005498
    label: botulism
description: >-
  Botulism is a neuroparalytic illness caused by botulinum toxin exposure.
pathophysiology:
- name: Botulinum Neurotoxin-Mediated Neuromuscular Blockade
  description: >-
    Botulinum toxin causes neuroparalysis by disrupting neuromuscular function,
    resulting in descending paralysis.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:31157190
    supports: SUPPORT
    snippet: "Botulism is rare neuroparalytic disease caused by botulinum toxin, one
      of the most toxic substances known."
    explanation: The abstract identifies botulinum toxin as the cause of the
      neuroparalytic disease.
- name: Acetylcholine Release Inhibition
  description: >-
    Botulinum toxin blocks stimulus-induced acetylcholine release at
    presynaptic nerve terminals, impairing neuromuscular transmission.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:8331029
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: IN_VITRO
    snippet: "Clostridium botulinum type toxin A (BoTx) blocks stimulus-induced acetylcholine
      (ACh) release from presynaptic nerve terminals at peripheral neuromuscular junctions."
    explanation: The abstract reports botulinum toxin inhibition of
      acetylcholine release at neuromuscular junctions.
phenotypes:
- name: Paralysis
  category: Neurologic
  frequency: VERY_FREQUENT
  phenotype_term:
    preferred_term: Paralysis
    term:
      id: HP:0003470
      label: Paralysis
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:31157190
    supports: SUPPORT
    snippet: "The clinical manifestations are flaccid, symmetrical, descending paralysis
      affecting cranial and peripheral nerves."
    explanation: The abstract describes descending paralysis as the key clinical
      manifestation.
treatments:
- name: Botulinum Antitoxin
  description: Administration of botulinum antitoxin to neutralize circulating
    toxin.
  treatment_term:
    preferred_term: pharmacotherapy
    term:
      id: MAXO:0000058
      label: pharmacotherapy
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:31157190
    supports: SUPPORT
    snippet: "The only specific treatment is botulinum antitoxin."
    explanation: The abstract identifies botulinum antitoxin as the specific
      treatment.
references:
- reference: DOI:10.1002/1873-3468.12969
  title: Identification of a novel botulinum neurotoxin gene cluster in
    <i>Enterococcus</i>
  findings: []
- reference: DOI:10.1007/s44197-024-00255-z
  title: 'The First Reported Foodborne Botulism Outbreak in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia:
    Lessons Learned'
  findings: []
- reference: DOI:10.1021/cb700020v
  title: Peculiar Binding of Botulinum Neurotoxins
  findings: []
- reference: DOI:10.1038/s41467-023-37860-8
  title: Structural basis for botulinum neurotoxin E recognition of synaptic
    vesicle protein 2
  findings: []
- reference: DOI:10.1038/s41467-024-47322-4
  title: Structural basis for antiepileptic drugs and botulinum neurotoxin
    recognition of SV2A
  findings: []
- reference: DOI:10.1073/pnas.1008302107
  title: Targeting botulinum neurotoxin persistence by the ubiquitin-proteasome
    system
  findings: []
- reference: DOI:10.1073/pnas.1908051116
  title: Gangliosides interact with synaptotagmin to form the high-affinity
    receptor complex for botulinum neurotoxin B
  findings: []
- reference: DOI:10.1073/pnas.96.6.3200
  title: 'Functional repair of motor endplates after botulinum neurotoxin type A poisoning:
    Biphasic switch of synaptic activity between nerve sprouts and their parent terminals'
  findings: []
- reference: DOI:10.1101/2023.10.17.562749
  title: Botulinum toxin intoxication requires retrograde transport and membrane
    translocation at the ER in RenVM neurons
  findings: []
- reference: DOI:10.1111/jnc.70187
  title: 'Botulinum Neurotoxins: History, Mechanism, and Applications. A Narrative
    Review'
  findings: []
- reference: DOI:10.1128/aem.02838-14
  title: Positive Regulation of Botulinum Neurotoxin Gene Expression by CodY in
    Clostridium botulinum ATCC 3502
  findings: []
- reference: DOI:10.14573/altex.2312071
  title: A sensitive cell-based assay for testing potency of Botulinum
    neurotoxin type A
  findings: []
- reference: DOI:10.15252/embj.2022112095
  title: Presynaptic targeting of botulinum neurotoxin type A requires a
    tripartite <scp>PSG‐Syt1</scp> ‐ <scp>SV2</scp> plasma membrane nanocluster
    for synaptic vesicle entry
  findings: []
- reference: DOI:10.31646/gbio.292
  title: Botulism outbreak in Russia connected to readymade salads
  findings: []
- reference: DOI:10.3389/fphar.2021.763950
  title: Screening of a Focused Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway Inhibitor Library
    Identifies Small Molecules as Novel Modulators of Botulinum Neurotoxin Type
    A Toxicity
  findings: []
- reference: DOI:10.3390/ijms26020777
  title: 'Botulinum Toxin: A Comprehensive Review of Its Molecular Architecture and
    Mechanistic Action'
  findings: []
- reference: PMID:10601338
  title: Botulinum neurotoxin A blocks synaptic vesicle exocytosis but not
    endocytosis at the nerve terminal.
  findings: []
- reference: PMID:17666397
  title: Crucial role of the disulfide bridge between botulinum neurotoxin light
    and heavy chains in protease translocation across membranes.
  findings: []
- reference: PMID:23621114
  title: Identification of the SV2 protein receptor-binding site of botulinum
    neurotoxin type E.
  findings: []
- reference: PMID:23643538
  title: SNARE proteins synaptobrevin, SNAP-25, and syntaxin are involved in
    rapid and slow endocytosis at synapses.
  findings: []