Rabies

Infectious Disease MONDO:0019173 Viral Infection Neglected tropical disease

Rabies is an acute, progressive viral encephalitis caused by rabies virus, typically transmitted through animal bites with centrifugal spread to the salivary glands.

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⚙

Pathophysiology

Viral encephalitis

Rabies causes acute, progressive viral encephalitis.

Show evidence (1 reference)

PMID:12144896 SUPPORT

"Rabies is an acute, progressive, incurable viral encephalitis."

The abstract defines rabies as viral encephalitis.

Centripetal spread to the central nervous system

Virus spreads from peripheral wounds toward the CNS.

Show evidence (1 reference)

PMID:12144896 SUPPORT

"once the virus is deposited in peripheral wounds, centripetal passage occurs towards the central nervous system."

The abstract describes centripetal spread to the CNS.

●

Phenotypes

Infectious encephalitis VERY_FREQUENT Neurologic HP:0002383

Show evidence (1 reference)

PMID:12144896 SUPPORT

"Rabies is an acute, progressive, incurable viral encephalitis."

Rabies presents as infectious encephalitis.

💊

Treatments

Rabies post-exposure vaccination

Action: vaccination MAXO:0001017

Post-exposure prophylaxis includes rabies vaccination.

Show evidence (1 reference)

PMID:12144896 SUPPORT

"Prophylaxis encompasses thorough wound treatment, vaccine administration, and inoculation of rabies immunoglobulin."

The abstract describes vaccine administration for prophylaxis.

Rabies immunoglobulin administration

Action: Pharmacotherapy NCIT:C15986

Rabies immune globulin is used in post-exposure prophylaxis.

Show evidence (1 reference)

PMID:12144896 SUPPORT

"Prophylaxis encompasses thorough wound treatment, vaccine administration, and inoculation of rabies immunoglobulin."

The abstract includes rabies immunoglobulin as part of prophylaxis.

{ }

Source YAML

click to show

name: Rabies
creation_date: '2026-01-26T15:56:41Z'
updated_date: '2026-04-11T00:45:07Z'
category: Infectious Disease
description: >-
  Rabies is an acute, progressive viral encephalitis caused by rabies virus,
  typically transmitted through animal bites with centrifugal spread to the
  salivary glands.
disease_term:
  term:
    id: MONDO:0019173
    label: rabies
  preferred_term: Rabies
parents:
- Viral Infection
- Neglected tropical disease
infectious_agent:
- name: Rabies virus
  infectious_agent_term:
    preferred_term: Lyssavirus rabies
    term:
      id: NCBITaxon:11292
      label: Lyssavirus rabies
  description: Neurotropic lyssavirus causing rabies.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:12144896
    reference_title: "Rabies re-examined."
    supports: SUPPORT
    snippet: "The causative agents are neurotropic RNA viruses in the family Rhabdoviridae, genus Lyssavirus."
    explanation: The abstract identifies lyssaviruses as the causative agents.
transmission:
- name: Animal bite transmission
  description: Rabies is transmitted mainly via animal bites with virus deposited in wounds.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:12144896
    reference_title: "Rabies re-examined."
    supports: SUPPORT
    snippet: "Viral transmission occurs mainly via animal bite, and once the virus is deposited in peripheral wounds"
    explanation: The abstract specifies bite transmission and peripheral wound deposition.
pathophysiology:
- name: Viral encephalitis
  description: Rabies causes acute, progressive viral encephalitis.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:12144896
    reference_title: "Rabies re-examined."
    supports: SUPPORT
    snippet: "Rabies is an acute, progressive, incurable viral encephalitis."
    explanation: The abstract defines rabies as viral encephalitis.
- name: Centripetal spread to the central nervous system
  description: Virus spreads from peripheral wounds toward the CNS.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:12144896
    reference_title: "Rabies re-examined."
    supports: SUPPORT
    snippet: "once the virus is deposited in peripheral wounds, centripetal passage occurs towards the central nervous system."
    explanation: The abstract describes centripetal spread to the CNS.
phenotypes:
- name: Infectious encephalitis
  category: Neurologic
  frequency: VERY_FREQUENT
  phenotype_term:
    preferred_term: Infectious encephalitis
    term:
      id: HP:0002383
      label: Infectious encephalitis
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:12144896
    reference_title: "Rabies re-examined."
    supports: SUPPORT
    snippet: "Rabies is an acute, progressive, incurable viral encephalitis."
    explanation: Rabies presents as infectious encephalitis.
treatments:
- name: Rabies post-exposure vaccination
  description: Post-exposure prophylaxis includes rabies vaccination.
  treatment_term:
    preferred_term: vaccination
    term:
      id: MAXO:0001017
      label: vaccination
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:12144896
    reference_title: "Rabies re-examined."
    supports: SUPPORT
    snippet: "Prophylaxis encompasses thorough wound treatment, vaccine administration, and inoculation of rabies immunoglobulin."
    explanation: The abstract describes vaccine administration for prophylaxis.
- name: Rabies immunoglobulin administration
  description: Rabies immune globulin is used in post-exposure prophylaxis.
  treatment_term:
    preferred_term: Pharmacotherapy
    term:
      id: NCIT:C15986
      label: Pharmacotherapy
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:12144896
    reference_title: "Rabies re-examined."
    supports: SUPPORT
    snippet: "Prophylaxis encompasses thorough wound treatment, vaccine administration, and inoculation of rabies immunoglobulin."
    explanation: The abstract includes rabies immunoglobulin as part of prophylaxis.
references:
- reference: DOI:10.1016/j.lansea.2024.100452
  title: 'Rabies control in Bangladesh and prediction of human rabies cases by 2030: a One Health approach'
  found_in:
  - Rabies-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: 'Rabies control in Bangladesh and prediction of human rabies cases by 2030: a One Health approach'
    supporting_text: 'Rabies control in Bangladesh and prediction of human rabies cases by 2030: a One Health approach'
- reference: DOI:10.1038/s41541-024-01030-8
  title: Evaluation of one year immunity following rabies post-exposure prophylaxis in dog bite cases
  found_in:
  - Rabies-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: Evaluation of one year immunity following rabies post-exposure prophylaxis in dog bite cases
    supporting_text: Evaluation of one year immunity following rabies post-exposure prophylaxis in dog bite cases
- reference: DOI:10.1093/cid/ciad098
  title: Fatal Human Rabies Infection With Suspected Host-Mediated Failure of Post-Exposure Prophylaxis Following a Recognized Zoonotic Exposure—Minnesota, 2021
  found_in:
  - Rabies-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: No human rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) failure has been documented in the United States using modern cell culture–based vaccines.
    supporting_text: No human rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) failure has been documented in the United States using modern cell culture–based vaccines.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.1093/cid/ciad098
      reference_title: Fatal Human Rabies Infection With Suspected Host-Mediated Failure of Post-Exposure Prophylaxis Following a Recognized Zoonotic Exposure—Minnesota, 2021
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
      snippet: No human rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) failure has been documented in the United States using modern cell culture–based vaccines.
      explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Rabies.
- reference: DOI:10.1101/2024.11.05.24316773
  title: 'Rabies Test Accuracy: Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis for Human and Canine Diagnostics'
  found_in:
  - Rabies-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: Rabies is almost invariably fatal once clinical symptoms manifest.
    supporting_text: Rabies is almost invariably fatal once clinical symptoms manifest.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.1101/2024.11.05.24316773
      reference_title: 'Rabies Test Accuracy: Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis for Human and Canine Diagnostics'
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: OTHER
      snippet: Rabies is almost invariably fatal once clinical symptoms manifest.
      explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Rabies.
- reference: DOI:10.1186/s42522-024-00129-1
  title: 'Documenting challenges in achieving rabies elimination by 2030 in low-middle income countries; a Kenyan case study from Lamu County, 2020–2022: mixed methods approach'
  found_in:
  - Rabies-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: 'Documenting challenges in achieving rabies elimination by 2030 in low-middle income countries; a Kenyan case study from Lamu County, 2020–2022: mixed methods approach'
    supporting_text: 'Documenting challenges in achieving rabies elimination by 2030 in low-middle income countries; a Kenyan case study from Lamu County, 2020–2022: mixed methods approach'
- reference: DOI:10.15585/mmwr.mm7118a2
  title: 'Use of a Modified Preexposure Prophylaxis Vaccination Schedule to Prevent Human Rabies: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices — United States, 2022'
  found_in:
  - Rabies-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: 'Use of a Modified Preexposure Prophylaxis Vaccination Schedule to Prevent Human Rabies: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices — United States, 2022'
    supporting_text: 'Use of a Modified Preexposure Prophylaxis Vaccination Schedule to Prevent Human Rabies: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices — United States, 2022'
- reference: DOI:10.20506/rst.se.3560
  title: 'Elimination of dog-mediated human rabies: scientific tools, One Health and partnerships'
  found_in:
  - Rabies-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: 'Elimination of dog-mediated human rabies: scientific tools, One Health and partnerships'
    supporting_text: 'Elimination of dog-mediated human rabies: scientific tools, One Health and partnerships'
- reference: DOI:10.3389/fitd.2025.1662211
  title: Participatory approach in designing a One Health rabies surveillance form for integrated bite case management in Uganda
  found_in:
  - Rabies-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: Rabies, a neglected viral zoonotic disease endemic in Uganda, is one of the country’s top seven priority zoonotic diseases.
    supporting_text: Rabies, a neglected viral zoonotic disease endemic in Uganda, is one of the country’s top seven priority zoonotic diseases.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.3389/fitd.2025.1662211
      reference_title: Participatory approach in designing a One Health rabies surveillance form for integrated bite case management in Uganda
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: OTHER
      snippet: Rabies, a neglected viral zoonotic disease endemic in Uganda, is one of the country’s top seven priority zoonotic diseases.
      explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Rabies.
- reference: DOI:10.3389/fvets.2023.1147543
  title: Evaluation of country infrastructure as an indirect measure of dog-mediated human rabies deaths
  found_in:
  - Rabies-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: Rabies is a neglected disease, primarily due to poor detection stemming from limited surveillance and diagnostic capabilities in most countries.
    supporting_text: Rabies is a neglected disease, primarily due to poor detection stemming from limited surveillance and diagnostic capabilities in most countries.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.3389/fvets.2023.1147543
      reference_title: Evaluation of country infrastructure as an indirect measure of dog-mediated human rabies deaths
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: COMPUTATIONAL
      snippet: Rabies is a neglected disease, primarily due to poor detection stemming from limited surveillance and diagnostic capabilities in most countries.
      explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Rabies.
- reference: DOI:10.3390/diagnostics15040412
  title: 'Evaluating Rabies Test Accuracy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Human and Canine Diagnostic Methods'
  found_in:
  - Rabies-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: Rabies is almost invariably fatal once clinical symptoms manifest.
    supporting_text: Rabies is almost invariably fatal once clinical symptoms manifest.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.3390/diagnostics15040412
      reference_title: 'Evaluating Rabies Test Accuracy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Human and Canine Diagnostic Methods'
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: OTHER
      snippet: Rabies is almost invariably fatal once clinical symptoms manifest.
      explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Rabies.
- reference: DOI:10.3390/pathogens14060586
  title: 'The Challenge of Lyssavirus Infections in Domestic and Other Animals: A Mix of Virological Confusion, Consternation, Chagrin, and Curiosity'
  found_in:
  - Rabies-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: Lyssaviruses are RNA viruses in the Family Rhabdoviridae, Genus Lyssavirus.
    supporting_text: Lyssaviruses are RNA viruses in the Family Rhabdoviridae, Genus Lyssavirus.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.3390/pathogens14060586
      reference_title: 'The Challenge of Lyssavirus Infections in Domestic and Other Animals: A Mix of Virological Confusion, Consternation, Chagrin, and Curiosity'
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: OTHER
      snippet: Lyssaviruses are RNA viruses in the Family Rhabdoviridae, Genus Lyssavirus.
      explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Rabies.
- reference: DOI:10.3390/pathogens14080728
  title: 'Global Perspectives on Rabies Control and Elimination: A Scoping Review of Dog Owners’ Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices'
  found_in:
  - Rabies-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: Rabies is a fatal but entirely vaccine-preventable disease, with the highest risk in areas where free-roaming domestic dogs are prevalent.
    supporting_text: Rabies is a fatal but entirely vaccine-preventable disease, with the highest risk in areas where free-roaming domestic dogs are prevalent.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.3390/pathogens14080728
      reference_title: 'Global Perspectives on Rabies Control and Elimination: A Scoping Review of Dog Owners’ Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices'
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
      snippet: Rabies is a fatal but entirely vaccine-preventable disease, with the highest risk in areas where free-roaming domestic dogs are prevalent.
      explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Rabies.
- reference: DOI:10.3390/vaccines13070775
  title: 'Circulating Antibody’s Role During Post-Exposure Prophylaxis, and Beyond for Rabies: A Review'
  found_in:
  - Rabies-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: Since the introduction of Pasteur’s rabies vaccine in 1885, rabies prophylaxis and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) have been widely administered globally under the recommendation of the World Health Organization (WHO).
    supporting_text: Since the introduction of Pasteur’s rabies vaccine in 1885, rabies prophylaxis and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) have been widely administered globally under the recommendation of the World Health Organization (WHO).
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.3390/vaccines13070775
      reference_title: 'Circulating Antibody’s Role During Post-Exposure Prophylaxis, and Beyond for Rabies: A Review'
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
      snippet: Since the introduction of Pasteur’s rabies vaccine in 1885, rabies prophylaxis and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) have been widely administered globally under the recommendation of the World Health Organization (WHO).
      explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Rabies.
- reference: DOI:10.7759/cureus.62429
  title: 'Rabies Vaccine for Prophylaxis and Treatment of Rabies: A Narrative Review'
  found_in:
  - Rabies-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: 'Rabies Vaccine for Prophylaxis and Treatment of Rabies: A Narrative Review'
    supporting_text: 'Rabies Vaccine for Prophylaxis and Treatment of Rabies: A Narrative Review'

📚

References & Deep Research

References

DOI:10.1016/j.lansea.2024.100452

Rabies control in Bangladesh and prediction of human rabies cases by 2030: a One Health approach

1 finding

Rabies control in Bangladesh and prediction of human rabies cases by 2030: a One Health approach

"Rabies control in Bangladesh and prediction of human rabies cases by 2030: a One Health approach"

DOI:10.1038/s41541-024-01030-8

Evaluation of one year immunity following rabies post-exposure prophylaxis in dog bite cases

1 finding

Evaluation of one year immunity following rabies post-exposure prophylaxis in dog bite cases

"Evaluation of one year immunity following rabies post-exposure prophylaxis in dog bite cases"

DOI:10.1093/cid/ciad098

Fatal Human Rabies Infection With Suspected Host-Mediated Failure of Post-Exposure Prophylaxis Following a Recognized Zoonotic Exposure—Minnesota, 2021

1 finding

No human rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) failure has been documented in the United States using modern cell culture–based vaccines.

"No human rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) failure has been documented in the United States using modern cell culture–based vaccines."

Show evidence (1 reference)

DOI:10.1093/cid/ciad098 SUPPORT Human Clinical

"No human rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) failure has been documented in the United States using modern cell culture–based vaccines."

Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Rabies.

DOI:10.1101/2024.11.05.24316773

Rabies Test Accuracy: Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis for Human and Canine Diagnostics

1 finding

Rabies is almost invariably fatal once clinical symptoms manifest.

"Rabies is almost invariably fatal once clinical symptoms manifest."

Show evidence (1 reference)

DOI:10.1101/2024.11.05.24316773 SUPPORT Other

"Rabies is almost invariably fatal once clinical symptoms manifest."

Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Rabies.

DOI:10.1186/s42522-024-00129-1

Documenting challenges in achieving rabies elimination by 2030 in low-middle income countries; a Kenyan case study from Lamu County, 2020–2022: mixed methods approach

1 finding

Documenting challenges in achieving rabies elimination by 2030 in low-middle income countries; a Kenyan case study from Lamu County, 2020–2022: mixed methods approach

"Documenting challenges in achieving rabies elimination by 2030 in low-middle income countries; a Kenyan case study from Lamu County, 2020–2022: mixed methods approach"

DOI:10.15585/mmwr.mm7118a2

Use of a Modified Preexposure Prophylaxis Vaccination Schedule to Prevent Human Rabies: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices — United States, 2022

1 finding

Use of a Modified Preexposure Prophylaxis Vaccination Schedule to Prevent Human Rabies: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices — United States, 2022

"Use of a Modified Preexposure Prophylaxis Vaccination Schedule to Prevent Human Rabies: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices — United States, 2022"

DOI:10.20506/rst.se.3560

Elimination of dog-mediated human rabies: scientific tools, One Health and partnerships

1 finding

Elimination of dog-mediated human rabies: scientific tools, One Health and partnerships

"Elimination of dog-mediated human rabies: scientific tools, One Health and partnerships"

DOI:10.3389/fitd.2025.1662211

Participatory approach in designing a One Health rabies surveillance form for integrated bite case management in Uganda

1 finding

Rabies, a neglected viral zoonotic disease endemic in Uganda, is one of the country’s top seven priority zoonotic diseases.

"Rabies, a neglected viral zoonotic disease endemic in Uganda, is one of the country’s top seven priority zoonotic diseases."

Show evidence (1 reference)

DOI:10.3389/fitd.2025.1662211 SUPPORT Other

"Rabies, a neglected viral zoonotic disease endemic in Uganda, is one of the country’s top seven priority zoonotic diseases."

Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Rabies.

DOI:10.3389/fvets.2023.1147543

Evaluation of country infrastructure as an indirect measure of dog-mediated human rabies deaths

1 finding

Rabies is a neglected disease, primarily due to poor detection stemming from limited surveillance and diagnostic capabilities in most countries.

"Rabies is a neglected disease, primarily due to poor detection stemming from limited surveillance and diagnostic capabilities in most countries."

Show evidence (1 reference)

DOI:10.3389/fvets.2023.1147543 SUPPORT Computational

"Rabies is a neglected disease, primarily due to poor detection stemming from limited surveillance and diagnostic capabilities in most countries."

Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Rabies.

DOI:10.3390/diagnostics15040412

Evaluating Rabies Test Accuracy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Human and Canine Diagnostic Methods

1 finding

Rabies is almost invariably fatal once clinical symptoms manifest.

"Rabies is almost invariably fatal once clinical symptoms manifest."

Show evidence (1 reference)

DOI:10.3390/diagnostics15040412 SUPPORT Other

"Rabies is almost invariably fatal once clinical symptoms manifest."

Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Rabies.

DOI:10.3390/pathogens14060586

The Challenge of Lyssavirus Infections in Domestic and Other Animals: A Mix of Virological Confusion, Consternation, Chagrin, and Curiosity

1 finding

Lyssaviruses are RNA viruses in the Family Rhabdoviridae, Genus Lyssavirus.

"Lyssaviruses are RNA viruses in the Family Rhabdoviridae, Genus Lyssavirus."

Show evidence (1 reference)

DOI:10.3390/pathogens14060586 SUPPORT Other

"Lyssaviruses are RNA viruses in the Family Rhabdoviridae, Genus Lyssavirus."

Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Rabies.

DOI:10.3390/pathogens14080728

Global Perspectives on Rabies Control and Elimination: A Scoping Review of Dog Owners’ Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices

1 finding

Rabies is a fatal but entirely vaccine-preventable disease, with the highest risk in areas where free-roaming domestic dogs are prevalent.

"Rabies is a fatal but entirely vaccine-preventable disease, with the highest risk in areas where free-roaming domestic dogs are prevalent."

Show evidence (1 reference)

DOI:10.3390/pathogens14080728 SUPPORT Human Clinical

"Rabies is a fatal but entirely vaccine-preventable disease, with the highest risk in areas where free-roaming domestic dogs are prevalent."

Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Rabies.

DOI:10.3390/vaccines13070775

Circulating Antibody’s Role During Post-Exposure Prophylaxis, and Beyond for Rabies: A Review

1 finding

Since the introduction of Pasteur’s rabies vaccine in 1885, rabies prophylaxis and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) have been widely administered globally under the recommendation of the World Health Organization (WHO).

"Since the introduction of Pasteur’s rabies vaccine in 1885, rabies prophylaxis and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) have been widely administered globally under the recommendation of the World Health Organization (WHO)."

Show evidence (1 reference)

DOI:10.3390/vaccines13070775 SUPPORT Human Clinical

Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Rabies.

DOI:10.7759/cureus.62429

Rabies Vaccine for Prophylaxis and Treatment of Rabies: A Narrative Review

1 finding

Rabies Vaccine for Prophylaxis and Treatment of Rabies: A Narrative Review

"Rabies Vaccine for Prophylaxis and Treatment of Rabies: A Narrative Review"

Deep Research

Falcon ▸

Disease Characteristics Research Template

Edison Scientific Literature 51 citations 2026-04-04T16:13:16.365315

Question: You are an expert researcher providing comprehensive, well-cited information.

Provide detailed information focusing on: 1. Key concepts and definitions with current understanding 2. Recent developments and latest research (prioritize 2023-2024 sources) 3. Current applications and real-world implementations 4. Expert opinions and analysis from authoritative sources 5. Relevant statistics and data from recent studies

Format as a comprehensive research report with proper citations. Include URLs and publication dates where available. Always prioritize recent, authoritative sources and provide specific citations for all major claims.

Disease Characteristics Research Template

Target Disease

Disease Name: Rabies
MONDO ID: (if available)
Category: Infectious Disease

Research Objectives

Please provide a comprehensive research report on Rabies covering all of the disease characteristics listed below. This report will be used to populate a disease knowledge base entry. Be thorough and cite primary literature (PMID preferred) for all claims.

For each section, suggested databases/resources are listed. These are the first places you should search for information on each topic.

1. Disease Information

Search first: OMIM, Orphanet, ICD-10/ICD-11, MeSH, PubMed

What is the disease? Provide a concise overview.
What are the key identifiers? (OMIM, Orphanet, ICD-10/ICD-11, MeSH, Mondo)
What are the common synonyms and alternative names?
Is the information derived from individual patients (e.g., EHR) or aggregated disease-level resources?

2. Etiology

Disease Causal Factors: What are the primary causes? (genetic, environmental, infectious, mechanistic)
Risk Factors:

Search first: PubMed, Cochrane Library, UpToDate, clinical guidelines, ClinVar, ClinGen, GWAS Catalog, PheGenI, CTD, CDC, WHO, epidemiological databases
Genetic risk factors (causal variants, susceptibility loci, modifier genes)
Environmental risk factors (toxins, lifestyle, occupational exposures, age, sex, family history)
Protective Factors:

Search first: PubMed, Cochrane Library, clinical trial databases, GWAS Catalog, gnomAD, WHO, CDC, nutrition databases
Genetic protective factors (protective variants, modifier alleles)
Environmental protective factors (diet, lifestyle, exposures that reduce risk)
Gene-Environment Interactions: How do genetic and environmental factors interact to influence disease?

Search first: CTD, PubMed, PheGenI, GxE databases

3. Phenotypes

Search first: HPO (Human Phenotype Ontology), OMIM, Orphanet, PubMed, clinicaltrials.gov, MedDRA, SNOMED CT, DECIPHER, LOINC

For each phenotype, provide: - Phenotype type: symptoms, clinical signs, physical manifestations, behavioral changes, or laboratory abnormalities

For symptoms/signs: HPO, OMIM, Orphanet, PubMed For behavioral changes: HPO, DSM, RDoC (Research Domain Criteria), PubMed For laboratory abnormalities: LOINC, SNOMED CT, LabTests Online, PubMed - Phenotype characteristics: Search first: OMIM, Orphanet, HPO, PubMed - Age of symptom onset (neonatal, childhood, adult-onset, late-onset) - Symptom severity (mild, moderate, severe, variable) - Symptom progression (stable, progressive, episodic, fluctuating) - Frequency among affected individuals (percentage or qualitative) - Quality of life impact: Effects on daily functioning and well-being (per-phenotype when possible) Search first: EQ-5D database, SF-36, WHO QOL databases, PubMed - Suggest HPO (Human Phenotype Ontology) terms for each phenotype

4. Genetic/Molecular Information

Causal Genes: Gene mutations or chromosomal abnormalities responsible for disease (gene symbols, OMIM IDs)

Search first: OMIM, ClinVar, HGMD, Ensembl, NCBI Gene
Pathogenic Variants:
Affected genes (gene symbols, HGNC IDs) > Search first: OMIM, NCBI Gene, Ensembl, HGNC, UniProt, GeneCards
Variant classification (pathogenic, likely pathogenic, VUS per ACMG/AMP guidelines) > Search first: ClinVar, ClinGen, ACMG/AMP guidelines, VarSome
Variant type/class (missense, frameshift, nonsense, splice-site, structural)
Allele frequency in population databases > Search first: gnomAD, 1000 Genomes, ExAC, TOPMed, dbSNP
Somatic vs germline origin > Search first: COSMIC (somatic), ClinVar, ICGC, TCGA
Functional consequences (loss of function, gain of function, dominant negative)
Modifier Genes: Genes that modify disease severity or expression
Epigenetic Information: DNA methylation, histone modifications, chromatin changes affecting disease

Search first: ENCODE, Roadmap Epigenomics, MethBase, DiseaseMeth
Chromosomal Abnormalities: Large-scale genetic changes (aneuploidy, translocations, inversions)

Search first: DECIPHER, ClinVar, ECARUCA, UCSC Genome Browser

5. Environmental Information

Environmental Factors: Non-genetic contributing factors (toxins, radiation, pollution, occupational exposure)

Search first: CTD (Comparative Toxicogenomics Database), TOXNET, PubMed, EPA databases
Lifestyle Factors: Behavioral factors (smoking, diet, exercise, alcohol consumption)

Search first: CDC databases, WHO, PubMed, NHANES
Infectious Agents: If applicable, pathogens causing or triggering disease (bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites)

Search first: NCBI Taxonomy, ViPR, BV-BRC, MicrobeDB, GIDEON

6. Mechanism / Pathophysiology

Molecular Pathways: Specific signaling cascades or biochemical pathways involved (Wnt, MAPK, mTOR, PI3K-AKT, etc.)

Search first: KEGG, Reactome, WikiPathways, PathBank, BioCyc
Cellular Processes: Cell-level mechanisms (apoptosis, autophagy, cell cycle dysregulation, inflammation, etc.)

Search first: Gene Ontology (GO), Reactome, KEGG, PubMed
Protein Dysfunction: How protein structure or function is altered (misfolding, aggregation, loss of function, gain of function)

Search first: UniProt, PDB (Protein Data Bank), InterPro, Pfam, AlphaFold
Metabolic Changes: Alterations in metabolic processes (energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism)

Search first: KEGG, BioCyc, HMDB (Human Metabolome Database), BRENDA
Immune System Involvement: Role of immune response (autoimmunity, immunodeficiency, chronic inflammation)

Search first: ImmPort, Immunome Database, IEDB, Gene Ontology
Tissue Damage Mechanisms: How tissues/ are injured (oxidative stress, ischemia, fibrosis, necrosis)

Search first: PubMed, Gene Ontology, Reactome
Biochemical Abnormalities: Specific molecular defects (enzyme deficiencies, receptor dysfunction, ion channel defects)

Search first: BRENDA, UniProt, KEGG, OMIM, PubMed
Epigenetic Changes: DNA methylation, histone modifications affecting gene expression in disease

Search first: ENCODE, Roadmap Epigenomics, MethBase, DiseaseMeth
Molecular Profiling (if available):
Transcriptomics/gene expression changes > Search first: GEO (Gene Expression Omnibus), ArrayExpress, GTEx, Human Cell Atlas, SRA
Proteomics findings > Search first: PRIDE, ProteomeXchange, Human Protein Atlas, STRING, BioGRID
Metabolomics signatures > Search first: MetaboLights, Metabolomics Workbench, HMDB, METLIN
Lipidomics alterations > Search first: LIPID MAPS, SwissLipids, LipidHome, Metabolomics Workbench
Genomic structural features > Search first: UCSC Genome Browser, Ensembl, NCBI, dbVar, DGV
Advanced Technologies (if applicable):
Single-cell analysis findings (cell-type specific mechanisms, cellular heterogeneity) > Search first: Human Cell Atlas, Single Cell Portal, GEO, CELLxGENE
Spatial transcriptomics findings > Search first: GEO, Spatial Research, Vizgen, 10x Genomics data
Multi-omics integration results > Search first: TCGA, ICGC, cBioPortal, LinkedOmics, PubMed
Functional genomics screens (CRISPR, RNAi) > Search first: DepMap, GenomeRNAi, PubMed, BioGRID ORCS

For each mechanism, describe: - The causal chain from initial trigger to clinical manifestation - Which mechanisms are upstream vs downstream - What cell types and biological processes are involved - Suggest GO terms for biological processes and CL terms for cell types

7. Anatomical Structures Affected

Organ Level:
Primary organs directly affected
Secondary organ involvement (complications, secondary effects)
Body systems involved (cardiovascular, nervous, digestive, respiratory, endocrine, etc.)

Search first: Uberon, FMA (Foundational Model of Anatomy), OMIM, HPO, ICD-11, MeSH, SNOMED CT
Tissue and Cell Level:
Specific tissue types affected (epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous)
Specific cell populations targeted (with Cell Ontology terms)

Search first: Uberon, Human Protein Atlas, Cell Ontology, Human Cell Atlas, CellMarker, PanglaoDB
Subcellular Level:
Cellular compartments involved (mitochondria, nucleus, ER, lysosomes) (with GO Cellular Component terms)

Search first: Gene Ontology (Cellular Component), UniProt, Human Protein Atlas
Localization:
Specific anatomical sites (with UBERON terms) > Search first: FMA, Uberon, NeuroNames (for brain), SNOMED CT
Lateralization (unilateral, bilateral, asymmetric) > Search first: HPO, clinical literature, imaging databases

8. Temporal Development

Onset:
Typical age of onset (congenital, pediatric, adult, geriatric)
Onset pattern (acute, subacute, chronic, insidious)

Search first: OMIM, Orphanet, HPO, PubMed
Progression:
Disease stages (early, intermediate, advanced, end-stage) > Search first: Cancer Staging Manual (AJCC), WHO classifications, PubMed
Progression rate (rapid, slow, variable)
Disease course pattern (episodic, relapsing-remitting, progressive, stable)
Disease duration (self-limited, chronic lifelong)

Search first: Disease registries, longitudinal cohort databases, natural history studies, PubMed, Orphanet, OMIM
Patterns:
Remission patterns (spontaneous, treatment-induced) > Search first: Clinical trial databases, disease registries, PubMed
Critical periods (time windows of vulnerability or opportunity for intervention) > Search first: PubMed, developmental biology databases, clinical guidelines

9. Inheritance and Population

Epidemiology:
Prevalence (cases per 100,000 at given time)
Incidence (new cases per 100,000 per year)

Search first: Orphanet, CDC, WHO, GBD (Global Burden of Disease), national registries, SEER, disease registries
For Genetic Etiology:
Inheritance pattern (AD, AR, X-linked, mitochondrial, multifactorial, polygenic) > Search first: OMIM, Orphanet, ClinVar, GTR (Genetic Testing Registry)
Penetrance (complete, incomplete, age-dependent) > Search first: ClinVar, OMIM, PubMed, ClinGen
Expressivity (variable, consistent) > Search first: OMIM, ClinVar, PubMed
Genetic anticipation (increasing severity in successive generations) > Search first: OMIM, PubMed (especially for repeat expansion disorders)
Germline mosaicism > Search first: ClinVar, OMIM, genetic counseling literature, PubMed
Founder effects (population-specific mutations) > Search first: gnomAD, population genetics databases, PubMed
Consanguinity role > Search first: OMIM, population studies, genetic counseling resources
Carrier frequency > Search first: gnomAD, carrier screening databases, GeneReviews, GTR
Population Demographics:
Affected populations (ethnic or demographic groups with higher prevalence) > Search first: gnomAD, 1000 Genomes, PAGE Study, PubMed, population registries
Geographic distribution (endemic areas, regional variation) > Search first: WHO, CDC, GBD, Orphanet, geographic epidemiology databases
Geographic distribution of specific variants
Sex ratio (male:female) > Search first: Disease registries, OMIM, PubMed, epidemiological databases
Age distribution of affected individuals > Search first: CDC, disease registries, SEER, Orphanet

10. Diagnostics

Clinical Tests:
Laboratory tests (blood, urine, tissue chemistry, specific enzyme assays) > Search first: LOINC, LabTests Online, PubMed
Biomarkers (proteins, metabolites, genetic markers, circulating biomarkers) > Search first: FDA Biomarker List, BEST (Biomarkers, EndpointS, and other Tools), PubMed
Imaging studies (X-ray, CT, MRI, PET, ultrasound) > Search first: RadLex, DICOM, Radiopaedia, imaging databases
Functional tests (pulmonary function, cardiac stress tests) > Search first: LOINC, clinical guidelines, PubMed
Electrophysiology (EEG, EMG, ECG, nerve conduction studies) > Search first: LOINC, clinical neurophysiology databases, PubMed
Biopsy findings (histopathology, immunohistochemistry) > Search first: SNOMED CT, College of American Pathologists resources, PubMed
Pathology findings (microscopic examination) > Search first: SNOMED CT, Digital Pathology databases, PubMed
Genetic Testing:

Search first: GTR (Genetic Testing Registry), GeneReviews, ClinGen
Overview of recommended genetic testing approach
Whole genome sequencing (WGS) utility > Search first: GTR, ClinVar, GEL (Genomics England), gnomAD
Whole exome sequencing (WES) utility > Search first: GTR, ClinVar, OMIM, GeneMatcher
Gene panels (which panels, which genes) > Search first: GTR, ClinVar, laboratory-specific databases
Single gene testing > Search first: GTR, ClinVar, OMIM, GeneReviews
Chromosomal microarray (CMA) > Search first: DECIPHER, ClinVar, dbVar, ECARUCA
Karyotyping > Search first: Chromosome Abnormality Database, ClinVar, cytogenetics resources
FISH > Search first: ClinVar, cytogenetics databases, PubMed
Mitochondrial DNA testing > Search first: MITOMAP, MSeqDR, ClinVar, GTR
Repeat expansion testing > Search first: GTR, ClinVar, repeat expansion databases, PubMed
Omics-Based Diagnostics (if applicable):
RNA sequencing / transcriptomics > Search first: GEO, ArrayExpress, GTEx, RNA-seq databases
Proteomics > Search first: PRIDE, ProteomeXchange, FDA Biomarker database
Metabolomics > Search first: MetaboLights, Metabolomics Workbench, HMDB
Epigenomics > Search first: GEO, ENCODE, Roadmap Epigenomics, MethBase
Liquid biopsy > Search first: COSMIC, ClinVar, liquid biopsy databases, PubMed
Clinical Criteria:
Standardized diagnostic criteria (DSM, ICD, society guidelines) > Search first: DSM-5, ICD-11, clinical society guidelines, UpToDate
Differential diagnosis (other conditions to rule out, with distinguishing features) > Search first: DynaMed, UpToDate, clinical decision support systems
Screening:
Screening methods for asymptomatic individuals (newborn screening, carrier screening, cascade screening) > Search first: ACMG recommendations, CDC newborn screening, GTR

11. Outcome/Prognosis

Survival and Mortality:
Survival rate (5-year, 10-year, overall) > Search first: SEER, cancer registries, disease-specific registries, PubMed
Life expectancy (with and without treatment if applicable) > Search first: Orphanet, disease registries, actuarial databases, PubMed
Mortality rate > Search first: CDC, WHO, GBD, national mortality databases
Disease-specific mortality (deaths directly attributable to disease) > Search first: Disease registries, CDC Wonder, GBD, PubMed
Morbidity and Function:
Morbidity (disease-related disability and health impacts) > Search first: GBD, WHO, disability databases, PubMed
Disability outcomes (long-term functional impairments) > Search first: ICF (International Classification of Functioning), disability registries
Quality of life measures (EQ-5D, SF-36, PROMIS, disease-specific tools) > Search first: EQ-5D database, SF-36, PROMIS, PubMed
Disease Course:
Complications (secondary problems: infections, organ failure, etc.) > Search first: ICD codes, disease registries, clinical databases, PubMed
Recovery potential (likelihood and extent of recovery, with vs without treatment) > Search first: Natural history studies, rehabilitation databases, PubMed
Prediction:
Prognostic factors (age, disease severity, biomarkers, treatment response) > Search first: Prognostic models databases, clinical calculators, PubMed
Prognostic biomarkers (molecular markers predicting disease course) > Search first: FDA Biomarker database, PubMed, cancer prognostic databases

12. Treatment

Pharmacotherapy:
Pharmacological treatments (drug names, drug classes, mechanisms of action) > Search first: DrugBank, RxNorm, ATC classification, DailyMed, FDA databases
Pharmacogenomics (how genetic variants affect drug metabolism, efficacy, toxicity) > Search first: PharmGKB, CPIC (Clinical Pharmacogenetics), FDA Table of PGx Biomarkers
Advanced Therapeutics:
Gene therapy (viral vectors, CRISPR, gene replacement, gene editing) > Search first: ClinicalTrials.gov, FDA gene therapy database, ASGCT resources
Cell therapy (stem cell transplant, CAR-T, cellular therapeutics) > Search first: ClinicalTrials.gov, FDA cell therapy database, FACT standards
RNA-based therapies (ASOs, siRNA, mRNA therapies) > Search first: ClinicalTrials.gov, FDA approvals, PubMed
Targeted therapies (treatments directed at specific molecular targets) > Search first: My Cancer Genome, OncoKB, ClinicalTrials.gov, FDA approvals
Immunotherapies (checkpoint inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies) > Search first: Cancer Immunotherapy Database, FDA approvals, ClinicalTrials.gov
Surgical and Interventional:
Surgical interventions (types of surgery, timing, outcomes) > Search first: CPT codes, surgical registries, clinical guidelines, PubMed
Supportive and Rehabilitative:
Supportive care (symptom management, pain control, nutrition) > Search first: Clinical guidelines, Cochrane Library, PubMed
Rehabilitation (physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy) > Search first: Rehabilitation medicine databases, clinical guidelines, PubMed
Experimental:
Experimental treatments in clinical trials (with NCT identifiers if available) > Search first: ClinicalTrials.gov, EU Clinical Trials Register, WHO ICTRP
Treatment Outcomes:
Treatment response rates > Search first: Clinical trial databases, FDA reviews, systematic reviews, PubMed
Side effects and adverse events > Search first: FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS), MedWatch, PubMed
Treatment Strategy:
Treatment algorithms (clinical pathways, decision trees) > Search first: Clinical practice guidelines, NCCN Guidelines, UpToDate
Combination therapies > Search first: ClinicalTrials.gov, treatment guidelines, PubMed
Personalized medicine approaches (genotype-guided treatment) > Search first: My Cancer Genome, CIViC, PharmGKB, precision medicine databases

For each treatment, suggest MAXO (Medical Action Ontology) terms where applicable.

13. Prevention

Prevention Levels:
Primary prevention (preventing disease occurrence: vaccination, risk factor modification) > Search first: CDC, WHO, USPSTF recommendations, Cochrane Library
Secondary prevention (early detection and treatment: screening programs, early intervention) > Search first: USPSTF, CDC screening guidelines, WHO
Tertiary prevention (preventing complications in those with disease) > Search first: Clinical guidelines, disease management protocols, PubMed
Immunization: Vaccine strategies (if applicable)

Search first: CDC vaccine schedules, WHO immunization, FDA vaccine database
Screening and Early Detection:
Screening programs (population-based: newborn screening, cancer screening) > Search first: CDC screening programs, USPSTF, cancer screening databases
Genetic screening (carrier screening, preimplantation genetic diagnosis, prenatal testing) > Search first: ACMG recommendations, ACOG guidelines, GTR
Risk stratification (identifying high-risk individuals for targeted prevention) > Search first: Risk prediction models, clinical calculators, PubMed
Behavioral Interventions: Lifestyle modifications to reduce risk

Search first: CDC, WHO, behavioral intervention databases, Cochrane Library
Counseling: Genetic counseling (risk assessment, family planning guidance)

Search first: NSGC resources, ACMG guidelines, GeneReviews
Public Health:
Public health interventions (sanitation, vector control, health education) > Search first: CDC, WHO, public health databases, PubMed
Environmental interventions (reducing environmental risk factors) > Search first: EPA databases, WHO environmental health, PubMed
Prophylaxis: Preventive medications or procedures

Search first: Clinical guidelines, FDA approvals, PubMed

14. Other Species / Natural Disease

Taxonomy: Species affected (with NCBI Taxon identifiers)

Search first: NCBI Taxonomy
Breed: Specific breeds affected (with VBO identifiers if applicable)

Search first: VBO (Vertebrate Breed Ontology)
Gene: Orthologous genes in other species (with NCBI Gene IDs)

Search first: NCBI Gene
Natural Disease:
Naturally occurring disease in other species (companion animals, wildlife) > Search first: OMIA (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals), VetCompass, PubMed
Veterinary relevance and importance in animal health > Search first: OMIA, veterinary databases, PubMed
Comparative Biology:
Comparative pathology (similarities and differences across species) > Search first: OMIA, comparative pathology databases, PubMed
Evolutionary conservation of disease mechanisms > Search first: HomoloGene, OrthoMCL, Alliance of Genome Resources
Transmission (if applicable):
Zoonotic potential > Search first: CDC zoonotic diseases, WHO zoonoses, GIDEON
Cross-species susceptibility > Search first: NCBI Taxonomy, veterinary databases, PubMed

15. Model Organisms

Model Types:
Model organism type (mammalian, invertebrate, cellular, in vitro) > Search first: Alliance of Genome Resources, model organism databases
Specific model systems (mouse, rat, zebrafish, Drosophila, C. elegans, yeast, cell lines, organoids, iPSCs) > Search first: MGI, RGD, ZFIN, FlyBase, WormBase, SGD, ATCC, Cellosaurus
Induced models (drug treatment, surgical intervention, environmental manipulation) > Search first: MGI, model organism databases, PubMed
Genetic Models:
Types available (knockout, knock-in, transgenic, conditional, humanized) > Search first: MGI, IMPC, KOMP, EuMMCR, IMSR
Model Characteristics:
Phenotype recapitulation (how well model reproduces human disease features) > Search first: Model organism databases, comparative studies, PubMed
Model limitations (aspects of human disease not captured) > Search first: Model organism databases, PubMed, review articles
Applications:
Research applications (what aspects of disease can be studied) > Search first: Model organism databases, PubMed
Resources:
Model databases > Search first: MGI, RGD, ZFIN, FlyBase, WormBase, IMSR, EMMA, MMRRC

Citation Requirements

Cite primary literature (PMID preferred) for all mechanistic and clinical claims
Prioritize recent reviews and landmark papers
Include direct quotes from abstracts where possible to support key statements
Distinguish evidence source types: human clinical, model organism, in vitro, computational

Output Format

Structure your response as a comprehensive narrative organized by the sections above. For each section, provide: - Factual content with specific details (numbers, percentages, gene names, variant nomenclature) - Ontology term suggestions (HPO, GO, CL, UBERON, CHEBI, MAXO, MONDO) where applicable - Evidence citations with PMIDs - Direct quotes from abstracts to support key claims - Clear indication when information is not available or not applicable for this disease

This report will be used to populate a disease knowledge base entry with: - Pathophysiology descriptions with causal chains - Gene/protein annotations (HGNC, GO terms) - Phenotype associations (HP terms) with frequencies - Cell type involvement (CL terms) - Anatomical locations (UBERON terms) - Chemical entities (CHEBI terms) - Treatment annotations (MAXO terms) - Evidence items with PMIDs and exact abstract quotes - Epidemiology, prognosis, diagnostic, and prevention information - Animal model descriptions with phenotype recapitulation details

Rabies — Comprehensive Disease Characteristics Report (Infectious Disease)

Executive summary (current understanding)

Rabies is an acute, progressive encephalitis caused by a neurotropic, negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus in the family Rhabdoviridae (genus Lyssavirus), classically transmitted via bites/saliva exposure from infected mammals (especially dogs). Once clinical symptoms begin, rabies is almost invariably fatal; therefore, the public-health focus is on prevention through vaccination of reservoir animals and prompt human post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). (kaye2024rabiesvaccinefor pages 1-2)

Recent work (2023–2024) emphasizes (i) narrowing data gaps in global mortality estimation and program capacity using infrastructure-based indices, (ii) implementation science around One Health approaches (mass dog vaccination, surveillance, and bite case management), (iii) improved characterization of long-term immunity after vaccine-sparing intradermal PEP regimens, and (iv) continued development of rabies monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) as alternatives to rabies immunoglobulin (RIG). (bonaparte2023evaluationofcountry pages 1-2, ghosh2024rabiescontrolin pages 1-2, ya2024evaluationofone pages 1-2, chen2025circulatingantibody’srole pages 12-13)

Aspect	Key recent finding/statistic	Source (first author, year)	Publication venue	DOI/URL	Evidence type
Global burden and dog-mediated fraction	Rabies causes ~59,000 human deaths annually worldwide; >99% of human rabies deaths/cases are linked to infected dogs, with highest burden in Asia and Africa (ghosh2024rabiescontrolin pages 1-2, mwanyalu2025documentingchallengesin pages 1-2, okech2025participatoryapproachin pages 1-2)	Ghosh, 2024	Lancet Regional Health – Southeast Asia	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lansea.2024.100452	Epidemiologic analysis / One Health program study
STOP-R modeled deaths in endemic countries	STOP-R index estimated 40,111 human rabies deaths in 2022 (95% CI 25,854–74,344) across DMRVV-endemic countries; projected 32,349 by 2030 (bonaparte2023evaluationofcountry pages 1-2, bonaparte2023evaluationofcountry pages 6-7)	Bonaparte, 2023	Frontiers in Veterinary Science	https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2023.1147543	Modeling study
Bangladesh dog population and mass dog vaccination	Estimated dog population 1,668,140; density 12.83 dogs/km²; human:dog ratio 86.70; MDV vaccinated mean 21,295 dogs/district/year out of ~26,065 estimated dogs; 70% annual pulse coverage is the operational target for interruption of transmission (ghosh2024rabiescontrolin pages 1-2)	Ghosh, 2024	Lancet Regional Health – Southeast Asia	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lansea.2024.100452	National program analysis / forecasting
Kenya (Lamu County) implementation barriers	From 2020–2022, 73% (11/16) of facilities had human rabies vaccine stock-outs; 19% (3/16) had both vaccine and RIG; only 25% of health workers said first action was wound washing; 86% did not know recommended vaccine/RIG dosage and schedule (mwanyalu2025documentingchallengesin pages 1-2)	Mwanyalu, 2025	One Health Outlook	https://doi.org/10.1186/s42522-024-00129-1	Mixed-methods implementation study
PEP immunogenicity durability	After IPC intradermal PEP, all but 2 participants seroconverted by day 14; 87.0% retained neutralizing antibody titers ≥0.5 IU/mL at 12 months; IL-4 and IFN-γ T-cell responses persisted up to 1 year (ya2024evaluationofone pages 1-2, ya2024evaluationofone pages 2-3, ya2024evaluationofone pages 3-4)	Ya, 2024	NPJ Vaccines	https://doi.org/10.1038/s41541-024-01030-8	Prospective human immunogenicity study
Fatal PEP breakthrough infections	Systematic review identified 122 fatal breakthrough infections despite receipt of cell-culture vaccine; median exposure-to-symptom onset 20 days (IQR 16–24); deviations from core PEP practices in 56% (68/122) of cases (whitehouse2023humanrabiesdespite pages 1-3, whitehouse2023humanrabiesdespite pages 4-6)	Whitehouse, 2023	The Lancet Infectious Diseases	https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00641-7	Systematic review
Diagnostic accuracy: human tests	Meta-analysis: human ELISA median sensitivity 90.5%, specificity 95.0%; human RT-PCR median sensitivity 94.4%, specificity 97.7%; RT-PCR detects viral RNA from saliva, CSF, and tissue samples (candiapuma2025evaluatingrabiestest pages 8-9, candiapuma2025evaluatingrabiestest pages 2-4, candiapuma2025evaluatingrabiestest pages 14-16)	Candia-Puma, 2025	Diagnostics	https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15040412	Systematic review and meta-analysis
Diagnostic accuracy: canine/postmortem comparator tests	DFAT on brain tissue remains traditional postmortem gold standard, but pooled canine DFAT performance was variable (median sensitivity 79.2%, specificity 95.0%); canine rapid immunochromatographic tests had median sensitivity 93.5% and specificity 99.1% (candiapuma2025evaluatingrabiestest pages 9-12, candiapuma2024rabiestestaccuracy pages 1-3, candiapuma2024rabiestestaccuracy pages 12-14)	Candia-Puma, 2025	Diagnostics	https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15040412	Systematic review and meta-analysis
ACIP PrEP schedule update	U.S. ACIP 2022 recommends a 2-dose intramuscular rabies PrEP series on days 0 and 7 for risk categories 1–4, replacing the older 3-dose primary series for many at-risk groups (rao2022useofa media 7550c3e2)	Rao, 2022	MMWR	https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7118a2	U.S. guideline / expert recommendation
Dog vaccination threshold for elimination	Achieving ~70% dog vaccination coverage is repeatedly cited as the key herd-immunity threshold for interrupting dog-mediated rabies transmission (blumberg2024eliminationofdogmediated pages 1-2, beron2024dogmediatedrabiesvirus pages 1-3, ghosh2024rabiescontrolin pages 1-2)	Blumberg, 2024	Revue Scientifique et Technique de l'OIE	https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.se.3560	Expert review / public health policy
Real-world One Health surveillance / IBCM relevance	Uganda reported 190 human deaths in 2021–2024 and identified weak surveillance/PEP scarcity as drivers of a “cycle of neglect,” supporting integrated bite case management as a practical One Health response (okech2025participatoryapproachin pages 1-2)	Okech, 2025	Frontiers in Tropical Diseases	https://doi.org/10.3389/fitd.2025.1662211	Surveillance systems / implementation research

Table: This table summarizes major recent rabies findings across burden, prevention, diagnostics, and implementation. It is useful as a compact evidence map for building a disease knowledge base entry.

1. Disease information

1.1 Concise overview

Rabies is a vaccine-preventable zoonotic viral disease causing acute, progressive encephalitis/encephalomyelitis. Infection is typically acquired when virus-containing saliva from a rabid animal contacts broken skin or mucosal surfaces, most often via a bite. (kaye2024rabiesvaccinefor pages 1-2)

1.2 Key identifiers (knowledge-base readiness)

MONDO ID: Not available from the currently retrieved primary sources; must be mapped from an ontology resource (e.g., MONDO, MeSH) outside the present evidence set.
MeSH / ICD-10 / ICD-11: Not directly retrievable from the currently retrieved texts; needs dedicated ontology/database lookup.

1.3 Synonyms / alternative names

“Rabies”
“Rabies encephalitis” / “rabies encephalomyelitis” (clinical description in reviews). (kaye2024rabiesvaccinefor pages 1-2)

1.4 Source of information

This report is based on aggregated disease-level resources (systematic reviews, national program analyses, modeling studies) and primary clinical/immunology studies rather than EHR-derived patient cohorts, except where specific case reports are included (e.g., a fatal PEP failure case report). (ghosh2024rabiescontrolin pages 1-2, holzbauer2023fatalhumanrabies pages 3-4)

2. Etiology

2.1 Disease causal factors

Infectious cause: Rabies virus (RABV), a bullet-shaped, negative-sense ssRNA virus in Rhabdoviridae; described as a “neurotropic RNA virus.” (kaye2024rabiesvaccinefor pages 1-2, kaye2024rabiesvaccinefor pages 4-7)

2.2 Transmission and exposure ecology

Primary transmission occurs via bites and exposure to infected saliva through mucosal membranes or broken skin. (kaye2024rabiesvaccinefor pages 1-2)
In endemic settings, dogs are the dominant reservoir and driver of human infection; multiple sources reiterate that dog bites account for >99% of human rabies deaths/cases. (das2025globalperspectiveson pages 1-2, okech2025participatoryapproachin pages 1-2, ghosh2024rabiescontrolin pages 1-2)

2.3 Risk factors

Exposure-related * Bite location and severity (head/neck/face; multiple wounds; highly innervated sites such as fingers/face) are repeatedly over-represented among fatal “breakthrough” infections despite PEP. (whitehouse2023humanrabiesdespite pages 1-3, whitehouse2023humanrabiesdespite pages 4-6)

Health-system related (implementation risk factors) * Inadequate wound washing knowledge/practice and vaccine/RIG stockouts are documented barriers in elimination programs and increase the likelihood of missed or incomplete PEP. For example, in a Kenya case study, 73% of facilities had human rabies vaccine stock-outs and only 19% had both vaccine and RIG. (mwanyalu2025documentingchallengesin pages 1-2)

Host-related * Immunocompromise may contribute to rare PEP failures. A U.S. case report of fatal rabies after prompt ACIP-recommended PEP described no neutralizing antibodies by RFFIT and possible underlying immunodeficiency (IgM MGUS with reduced IgA/IgG). (holzbauer2023fatalhumanrabies pages 3-4)

2.4 Protective factors

Prompt and correct PEP (wound cleansing + vaccine ± passive immunization for severe exposures) is highly protective at the population level and is the central preventive intervention described across public health and clinical sources. (kaye2024rabiesvaccinefor pages 1-2, mwanyalu2025documentingchallengesin pages 1-2)
Mass dog vaccination achieving high coverage is protective at the population level by interrupting dog-to-dog transmission and reducing human exposures. (ghosh2024rabiescontrolin pages 1-2)

2.5 Gene–environment interactions

Rabies is not primarily a genetic disease; gene–environment interactions are not well-defined in the retrieved evidence. Rare apparent PEP failures likely reflect a combination of exposure intensity/anatomy + host immune status + care delivery factors rather than a known host genetic predisposition. (whitehouse2023humanrabiesdespite pages 1-3, holzbauer2023fatalhumanrabies pages 3-4)

3. Phenotypes (clinical presentation)

3.1 Core clinical phenotypes

From a 2024 narrative review, typical clinical features include a prodrome (fever, headache, fatigue) progressing to encephalomyelitis with hydrophobia and aerophobia; the review reports hydrophobia in ~80% and paralytic rabies in ~20%. (kaye2024rabiesvaccinefor pages 1-2)

Suggested HPO terms (examples; require final confirmation against HPO): * Hydrophobia (HP term to be mapped) * Aerophobia (HP term to be mapped) * Fever (HP:0001945) * Headache (HP:0002315) * Encephalitis (HP:0002383) * Paralysis (HP:0003470) * Dysphagia (HP:0002015) * Agitation / behavioral change (HPO mapping required)

3.2 Natural history and temporal development

A 2024 review describes five stages: incubation (days to years), prodrome, acute neurologic illness, coma, death. (kaye2024rabiesvaccinefor pages 1-2)

Notable 2023 update (breakthrough cases): In fatal breakthrough infections after PEP, median time from exposure to symptom onset was 20 days (IQR 16–24), reflecting very short incubation in many high-risk exposures. (whitehouse2023humanrabiesdespite pages 1-3)

3.3 Quality of life impact

Rabies causes severe neuropsychiatric and neurologic symptoms culminating in coma and death; quality-of-life instruments are not reported in the retrieved sources. Impact is inferred as profound due to near-universal fatality after symptom onset. (kaye2024rabiesvaccinefor pages 1-2)

4. Genetic / molecular information

Rabies is caused by a viral pathogen rather than human germline variants.

4.1 “Causal genes” / variants (human)

Not applicable as a primary etiology in the retrieved evidence.

4.2 Viral molecular targets relevant to prevention/therapy

Rabies virus glycoprotein G is the major neutralization target, underpinning vaccine-induced and passive antibody protection, and is the target of mAbs discussed as RIG alternatives. (chen2025circulatingantibody’srole pages 12-13)

5. Environmental information

Key environmental/lifestyle contributors in the retrieved evidence relate primarily to: * Dog ecology and free-roaming dog density (relevant to sustained transmission and outbreaks). (beron2024dogmediatedrabiesvirus pages 1-3) * Resource limitations and conflict/poverty that influence vaccine access, surveillance, and program performance (e.g., stockouts, underreporting). (mwanyalu2025documentingchallengesin pages 1-2, bonaparte2023evaluationofcountry pages 1-2)

6. Mechanism / pathophysiology

6.1 Causal chain (high-level)

Exposure/inoculation via bite/saliva →
Local replication and entry into peripheral nerves →
Neuroinvasion and spread within the CNS →
Progressive encephalitis/encephalomyelitis →
Coma and death.

A 2024 narrative review attributes death to “a massive inflammatory response in the CNS.” (kaye2024rabiesvaccinefor pages 1-2)

6.2 Immune evasion / immune response (current themes)

The 2024 review frames a major research target as “preventing the virus from evading the host’s innate immune response.” (kaye2024rabiesvaccinefor pages 4-7)

6.3 Suggested ontology terms

GO Biological Process (examples; to be curated): * innate immune response (GO:0045087) * inflammatory response (GO:0006954) * response to virus (GO:0009615)

Cell Ontology (CL) likely involved: * neurons (CL:0000540) * microglia (CL:0000129) * astrocytes (CL:0000127)

UBERON anatomical structures: * brain (UBERON:0000955) * spinal cord (UBERON:0002240) * peripheral nerve (UBERON:0001021)

6.4 Advanced technologies / recent developments

A 2024 review discusses exploratory approaches (e.g., CRISPR/Cas9, iPSC-based strategies) and AAV delivery as research directions, but these are not yet established clinical interventions for rabies. (kaye2024rabiesvaccinefor pages 4-7)

7. Anatomical structures affected

Primary system: Central nervous system (encephalitis/encephalomyelitis). (kaye2024rabiesvaccinefor pages 1-2)
Anatomical correlates of risk: Exposures to highly innervated sites (e.g., face/fingers) are associated with short incubation and higher risk even with PEP. (whitehouse2023humanrabiesdespite pages 4-6)

8. Temporal development

Typical incubation is described as days to years (broad range) in a 2024 narrative review; in contrast, breakthrough infections after PEP show very short incubation with median 20 days. (kaye2024rabiesvaccinefor pages 1-2, whitehouse2023humanrabiesdespite pages 1-3)

9. Inheritance and population

9.1 Epidemiology (recent data)

Global * Bangladesh analysis provides a clear statement: “Rabies… kills an estimated 59,000 people each year worldwide” and notes that “over 29 million individuals worldwide receive post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP)… resulting… [in] economic loss of US$ 8.6 billion.” (Published Aug 2024; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lansea.2024.100452) (ghosh2024rabiescontrolin pages 1-2)

Global estimates with uncertainty / program monitoring * A 2023 modeling study (STOP-R) estimated 40,111 deaths in 2022 (95% CI 25,854–74,344) in dog-mediated rabies virus variant endemic countries, projected to 32,349 by 2030 (95% CI 21,110–57,019). (Published 09 May 2023; https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2023.1147543) (bonaparte2023evaluationofcountry pages 1-2, bonaparte2023evaluationofcountry pages 6-7)

Regional distribution * Multiple sources emphasize highest burden in Asia and Africa. (blumberg2024eliminationofdogmediated pages 1-2, ghosh2024rabiescontrolin pages 1-2)

9.2 Population demographics

Many sources highlight disproportionate burden in children; however, quantitative child-specific fractions are not consistently available in the 2023–2024 sources retrieved here.

10. Diagnostics

10.1 Current diagnostic concepts

Postmortem diagnosis has historically relied on direct fluorescent antibody testing (DFAT) on brain tissue as a gold standard comparator, but performance varies across studies. (candiapuma2025evaluatingrabiestest pages 2-4, candiapuma2024rabiestestaccuracy pages 12-14)
Antemortem diagnosis can use RT-PCR detection of viral RNA from saliva, CSF, and tissue samples. (candiapuma2025evaluatingrabiestest pages 2-4)

10.2 Recent quantitative diagnostic accuracy synthesis (2025)

A 2025 systematic review/meta-analysis reported: * Human ELISA (8 studies; n=2,837): sensitivity range 85.9–99.9% (median 90.5%), specificity range 69.0–99.8% (median 95.0%). (https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15040412; published Feb 2025) (candiapuma2025evaluatingrabiestest pages 8-9) * Human RT-PCR (5 studies; n=456): sensitivity range 87.5–95.5% (median 94.4%), specificity range 83.3–99.8% (median 97.7%). (candiapuma2025evaluatingrabiestest pages 9-12) * The same review documents use of specimen types including serum, saliva, CSF, skin, oral swab, hair, and cornea across studies, reflecting multi-specimen strategies for antemortem diagnosis. (candiapuma2025evaluatingrabiestest pages 8-9)

Important limitation: specimen-specific antemortem performance for nuchal skin biopsy vs saliva vs CSF is not fully extractable from the provided excerpts; individual-study review would be required for test-by-specimen operating characteristics. (candiapuma2025evaluatingrabiestest pages 8-9, candiapuma2025evaluatingrabiestest pages 2-4)

11. Outcome / prognosis

Once symptomatic, rabies has a near-100% case fatality, which is repeatedly emphasized in reviews and public-health analyses. (kaye2024rabiesvaccinefor pages 1-2, ghosh2024rabiescontrolin pages 1-2)

11.1 Breakthrough infections despite PEP (2023 systematic review)

A 2023 Lancet Infectious Diseases systematic review (published May 2023; https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00641-7) identified 122 fatal breakthrough infections (1980–2022) after receipt of modern cell-culture vaccine before symptom onset. Deviations from core PEP practices were present in 56% of cases, severe wound patterns were common, and median incubation was 20 days. (whitehouse2023humanrabiesdespite pages 1-3)

12. Treatment

12.1 Standard of care (prevention-focused)

A 2024 narrative review states that PEP includes wound cleaning, human rabies immunoglobulin (HRIG), and inactivated rabies vaccines. (kaye2024rabiesvaccinefor pages 1-2)

12.2 ACIP (U.S.) PrEP schedule (guideline-based)

ACIP 2022 recommends a 2-dose IM pre-exposure series (days 0 and 7) for risk categories 1–4 (e.g., laboratory workers with live virus, frequent bat handlers, veterinarians, and certain travelers). (Published May 2022; https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7118a2) (rao2022useofa media 7550c3e2)

12.3 Passive immunization: RIG and mAbs (latest research direction)

A 2025 review summarizes that modern mAb cocktails are designed to meet WHO expectations of binding two or more non-overlapping epitopes on glycoprotein G and reports markedly higher early circulating antibody levels than HRIG in referenced studies (e.g., “over 10 times higher than that of HRIG” by day 1 for a cited mAb combination). (Published Jul 2025; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13070775) (chen2025circulatingantibody’srole pages 12-13)

Clinical trials (pipeline evidence): Multiple interventional trials exist evaluating rabies immune globulins and mAbs in simulated or real PEP contexts, including SYN023 programs and other candidates (e.g., NCT04644484; NCT03961555). (NCT04644484 chunk 1/2; NCT03961555 chunk 1/2/3)

12.4 Treatment outcomes: immunogenicity after PEP (2024 primary data)

A prospective immunology study in Cambodia assessed immunity for 12 months after a WHO-recommended, vaccine-sparing IPC intradermal PEP regimen: * At day 14, “all except two individuals seroconverted” for neutralizing antibodies ≥0.5 IU/mL, and 87% maintained ≥0.5 IU/mL at 12 months. (Published Nov 2024; https://doi.org/10.1038/s41541-024-01030-8) (ya2024evaluationofone pages 2-3) * Median neutralizing antibody titers were 0.05 IU/mL at day 7 and 3.38 IU/mL at day 14; titers remained near/above the protective threshold at month 6 and month 12. (ya2024evaluationofone pages 2-3)

MAXO suggestions (examples): * Rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (MAXO mapping required) * Rabies vaccination (MAXO mapping required) * Passive immunization (rabies immunoglobulin / monoclonal antibody) (MAXO mapping required)

13. Prevention

13.1 Primary prevention

Mass dog vaccination is repeatedly emphasized; achieving 70% coverage in annual pulse vaccination campaigns is expected to substantially reduce dog rabies and thereby human rabies. (ghosh2024rabiescontrolin pages 1-2)

13.2 Secondary prevention

PEP after exposure: prompt wound care and vaccination are central. Bangladesh’s national analysis reiterates massive PEP utilization globally: “over 29 million individuals worldwide receive post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP).” (ghosh2024rabiescontrolin pages 1-2)

13.3 Public health implementation (real-world)

Bangladesh: national One Health program analysis supports that increases in mass dog vaccination and anti-rabies vaccine (human) correlate with declining human rabies risk, suggesting feasibility of progress toward “Zero by 30.” (ghosh2024rabiescontrolin pages 1-2)
Kenya (Lamu): persistent stockouts and health worker knowledge gaps demonstrate operational constraints that directly undermine timely PEP and elimination targets. (mwanyalu2025documentingchallengesin pages 1-2)

14. Other species / natural disease

Rabies (lyssavirus infections) affects warm-blooded vertebrates; dogs are emphasized as the only domestic animal functioning as reservoir, vector, and victim, whereas other domestic species are spillover/bellwethers. (https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14060586; published Jun 2025) (candiapuma2025evaluatingrabiestest pages 17-19)

15. Model organisms

This report’s retrieved sources focus on clinical/public-health and do not comprehensively enumerate model systems. However, a 2024 narrative review describes multiple preclinical approaches including mouse studies of combination therapies and immunomodulation, and exploratory gene-therapy concepts (e.g., AAV-mediated RNAi). (kaye2024rabiesvaccinefor pages 4-4)

Expert interpretation and synthesis (authoritative analysis)

The primary scientific bottleneck is not vaccine efficacy but delivery fidelity. The 2023 systematic review of fatal breakthrough infections found that in 56% of reported deaths there were deviations from core PEP practices, and RIG administration errors (e.g., absent RIG, IM-only RIG without wound infiltration) were common. This supports the expert consensus that “failures” are frequently system/implementation failures rather than intrinsic biologic failure. (whitehouse2023humanrabiesdespite pages 1-3, whitehouse2023humanrabiesdespite pages 4-6)
Program evaluation is moving toward measurable capacity indices and implementation science. STOP-R (2023) illustrates an approach to infer rabies burden and elimination capacity from country-level infrastructure metrics, addressing surveillance gaps that limit direct measurement. (bonaparte2023evaluationofcountry pages 1-2)
Vaccine-sparing intradermal regimens can yield durable immunity, supporting scale-up in resource-limited settings. The NPJ Vaccines 2024 immunology study shows robust neutralizing antibody responses and persistence (87% ≥0.5 IU/mL at 12 months) under a shortened regimen, relevant where PEP cost/access limits completion. (ya2024evaluationofone pages 2-3)
Diagnostics are modernizing toward molecular/immunologic methods, but evidence heterogeneity remains. A 2025 meta-analysis supports high median performance for human RT-PCR and ELISA, while emphasizing variability and the need for protocol modernization and antemortem access. (candiapuma2025evaluatingrabiestest pages 8-9, candiapuma2025evaluatingrabiestest pages 14-16)

Evidence gaps / not fully resolved from retrieved sources

Ontology identifiers (MONDO, MeSH, ICD-10/11) could not be extracted from the current evidence set and require targeted database lookup.
Specimen-specific antemortem diagnostic accuracy (e.g., nuchal skin biopsy vs saliva vs CSF) is not fully extractable from the provided excerpts.
Comprehensive HPO/GO/CL/MAXO mappings require dedicated ontology queries; suggestions above are plausible but should be validated.

Key URLs and publication dates (from retrieved sources)

Ghosh et al., Lancet Regional Health – Southeast Asia (Aug 2024): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lansea.2024.100452 (ghosh2024rabiescontrolin pages 1-2)
Ya et al., NPJ Vaccines (Nov 2024): https://doi.org/10.1038/s41541-024-01030-8 (ya2024evaluationofone pages 1-2)
Whitehouse et al., Lancet Infectious Diseases (May 2023): https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00641-7 (whitehouse2023humanrabiesdespite pages 1-3)
Bonaparte et al., Frontiers in Veterinary Science (09 May 2023): https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2023.1147543 (bonaparte2023evaluationofcountry pages 1-2)
Rao et al., ACIP PrEP recommendations, MMWR (May 2022): https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7118a2 (rao2022useofa media 7550c3e2)
Candia-Puma et al., Diagnostics (Feb 2025): https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15040412 (candiapuma2025evaluatingrabiestest pages 9-12)

References

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(whitehouse2023humanrabiesdespite pages 4-6): Erin R Whitehouse, Anna Mandra, Jesse Bonwitt, Erin A Beasley, Joanna Taliano, and Agam K Rao. Human rabies despite post-exposure prophylaxis: a systematic review of fatal breakthrough infections after zoonotic exposures. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 23:e167-e174, May 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00641-7, doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00641-7. This article has 73 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.
(candiapuma2025evaluatingrabiestest pages 8-9): Mayron Antonio Candia-Puma, Leydi Pola-Romero, Haruna Luz Barazorda-Ccahuana, Luis Daniel Goyzueta-Mamani, Alexsandro Sobreira Galdino, Ricardo Andrez Machado-de-Ávila, Rodolfo Cordeiro Giunchetti, Eduardo Antonio Ferraz Coelho, and Miguel Angel Chávez-Fumagalli. Evaluating rabies test accuracy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of human and canine diagnostic methods. Diagnostics, 15:412, Feb 2025. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15040412, doi:10.3390/diagnostics15040412. This article has 1 citations.
(candiapuma2025evaluatingrabiestest pages 2-4): Mayron Antonio Candia-Puma, Leydi Pola-Romero, Haruna Luz Barazorda-Ccahuana, Luis Daniel Goyzueta-Mamani, Alexsandro Sobreira Galdino, Ricardo Andrez Machado-de-Ávila, Rodolfo Cordeiro Giunchetti, Eduardo Antonio Ferraz Coelho, and Miguel Angel Chávez-Fumagalli. Evaluating rabies test accuracy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of human and canine diagnostic methods. Diagnostics, 15:412, Feb 2025. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15040412, doi:10.3390/diagnostics15040412. This article has 1 citations.
(candiapuma2025evaluatingrabiestest pages 14-16): Mayron Antonio Candia-Puma, Leydi Pola-Romero, Haruna Luz Barazorda-Ccahuana, Luis Daniel Goyzueta-Mamani, Alexsandro Sobreira Galdino, Ricardo Andrez Machado-de-Ávila, Rodolfo Cordeiro Giunchetti, Eduardo Antonio Ferraz Coelho, and Miguel Angel Chávez-Fumagalli. Evaluating rabies test accuracy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of human and canine diagnostic methods. Diagnostics, 15:412, Feb 2025. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15040412, doi:10.3390/diagnostics15040412. This article has 1 citations.
(candiapuma2025evaluatingrabiestest pages 9-12): Mayron Antonio Candia-Puma, Leydi Pola-Romero, Haruna Luz Barazorda-Ccahuana, Luis Daniel Goyzueta-Mamani, Alexsandro Sobreira Galdino, Ricardo Andrez Machado-de-Ávila, Rodolfo Cordeiro Giunchetti, Eduardo Antonio Ferraz Coelho, and Miguel Angel Chávez-Fumagalli. Evaluating rabies test accuracy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of human and canine diagnostic methods. Diagnostics, 15:412, Feb 2025. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15040412, doi:10.3390/diagnostics15040412. This article has 1 citations.
(candiapuma2024rabiestestaccuracy pages 1-3): Mayron Antonio Candia-Puma, Leydi Pola-Romero, Haruna Luz Barazorda-Ccahuana, Luis Daniel Goyzueta-Mamani, Alexsandro Sobreira Galdino, Ricardo Andrez Machado-de-Ávila, Rodolfo Cordeiro Giunchetti, Eduardo Antonio Ferraz Coelho, and Miguel Angel Chávez-Fumagalli. Rabies test accuracy: comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis for human and canine diagnostics. MedRxiv, Nov 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.11.05.24316773, doi:10.1101/2024.11.05.24316773. This article has 1 citations.
(candiapuma2024rabiestestaccuracy pages 12-14): Mayron Antonio Candia-Puma, Leydi Pola-Romero, Haruna Luz Barazorda-Ccahuana, Luis Daniel Goyzueta-Mamani, Alexsandro Sobreira Galdino, Ricardo Andrez Machado-de-Ávila, Rodolfo Cordeiro Giunchetti, Eduardo Antonio Ferraz Coelho, and Miguel Angel Chávez-Fumagalli. Rabies test accuracy: comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis for human and canine diagnostics. MedRxiv, Nov 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.11.05.24316773, doi:10.1101/2024.11.05.24316773. This article has 1 citations.
(rao2022useofa media 7550c3e2): Agam K. Rao, Deborah Briggs, Susan M. Moore, Florence Whitehill, Doug Campos-Outcalt, Rebecca L. Morgan, Ryan M. Wallace, José R. Romero, Lynn Bahta, Sharon E. Frey, and Jesse D. Blanton. Use of a modified preexposure prophylaxis vaccination schedule to prevent human rabies: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices — united states, 2022. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 71:619-627, May 2022. URL: https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7118a2, doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7118a2. This article has 66 citations.
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(holzbauer2023fatalhumanrabies pages 3-4): Stacy M Holzbauer, Caroline A Schrodt, Rajesh M Prabhu, Rebecca J Asch-Kendrick, Malia Ireland, Carrie Klumb, Melanie J Firestone, Gongping Liu, Katie Harry, Jana M Ritter, Min Z Levine, Lillian A Orciari, Kimberly Wilkins, Pamela Yager, Crystal M Gigante, James A Ellison, Hui Zhao, Michael Niezgoda, Yu Li, Robin Levis, Dorothy Scott, Panayampalli S Satheshkumar, Brett W Petersen, Agam K Rao, W Robert Bell, Sonja M Bjerk, Sara Forrest, Wangcai Gao, Richard Dasheiff, Kari Russell, Melissa Pappas, Jessica Kiefer, Wesley Bickler, Anthony Wiseman, Joel Jurantee, R Ross Reichard, Kirk E Smith, Ruth Lynfield, Joni Scheftel, Ryan M Wallace, and Jesse Bonwitt. Fatal human rabies infection with suspected host-mediated failure of post-exposure prophylaxis following a recognized zoonotic exposure-minnesota, 2021. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 77:1201-1208, Mar 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciad098, doi:10.1093/cid/ciad098. This article has 18 citations.
(kaye2024rabiesvaccinefor pages 4-7): Alan D Kaye, Dominique M Perilloux, Elizabeth Field, Cody A Orvin, Spencer C Zaheri, William C Upshaw, Raju Behara, Tomasina Q Parker-Actlis, Adam M Kaye, Shahab Ahmadzadeh, Sahar Shekoohi, and Giustino Varrassi. Rabies vaccine for prophylaxis and treatment of rabies: a narrative review. Cureus, Jun 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.62429, doi:10.7759/cureus.62429. This article has 20 citations.
(das2025globalperspectiveson pages 1-2): Moumita Das, Valeriia Yustyniuk, Andres M. Perez, and Maria Sol Perez Aguirreburualde. Global perspectives on rabies control and elimination: a scoping review of dog owners’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices. Pathogens, 14:728, Jul 2025. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14080728, doi:10.3390/pathogens14080728. This article has 3 citations.
(candiapuma2025evaluatingrabiestest pages 17-19): Mayron Antonio Candia-Puma, Leydi Pola-Romero, Haruna Luz Barazorda-Ccahuana, Luis Daniel Goyzueta-Mamani, Alexsandro Sobreira Galdino, Ricardo Andrez Machado-de-Ávila, Rodolfo Cordeiro Giunchetti, Eduardo Antonio Ferraz Coelho, and Miguel Angel Chávez-Fumagalli. Evaluating rabies test accuracy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of human and canine diagnostic methods. Diagnostics, 15:412, Feb 2025. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15040412, doi:10.3390/diagnostics15040412. This article has 1 citations.
(kaye2024rabiesvaccinefor pages 4-4): Alan D Kaye, Dominique M Perilloux, Elizabeth Field, Cody A Orvin, Spencer C Zaheri, William C Upshaw, Raju Behara, Tomasina Q Parker-Actlis, Adam M Kaye, Shahab Ahmadzadeh, Sahar Shekoohi, and Giustino Varrassi. Rabies vaccine for prophylaxis and treatment of rabies: a narrative review. Cureus, Jun 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.62429, doi:10.7759/cureus.62429. This article has 20 citations.

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Pathophysiology

Phenotypes

Treatments

Source YAML

References & Deep Research

References

Deep Research

Disease Characteristics Research Template

Target Disease

Research Objectives

1. Disease Information

2. Etiology

3. Phenotypes

4. Genetic/Molecular Information

5. Environmental Information

6. Mechanism / Pathophysiology

7. Anatomical Structures Affected

8. Temporal Development

9. Inheritance and Population

10. Diagnostics

11. Outcome/Prognosis

12. Treatment

13. Prevention

14. Other Species / Natural Disease

15. Model Organisms

Citation Requirements

Output Format

Rabies — Comprehensive Disease Characteristics Report (Infectious Disease)

Executive summary (current understanding)

1. Disease information

1.1 Concise overview

1.2 Key identifiers (knowledge-base readiness)

1.3 Synonyms / alternative names

1.4 Source of information

2. Etiology

2.1 Disease causal factors

2.2 Transmission and exposure ecology

2.3 Risk factors

2.4 Protective factors

2.5 Gene–environment interactions

3. Phenotypes (clinical presentation)

3.1 Core clinical phenotypes

3.2 Natural history and temporal development

3.3 Quality of life impact

4. Genetic / molecular information

4.1 “Causal genes” / variants (human)

4.2 Viral molecular targets relevant to prevention/therapy

5. Environmental information

6. Mechanism / pathophysiology

6.1 Causal chain (high-level)

6.2 Immune evasion / immune response (current themes)

6.3 Suggested ontology terms

6.4 Advanced technologies / recent developments

7. Anatomical structures affected

8. Temporal development

9. Inheritance and population

9.1 Epidemiology (recent data)

9.2 Population demographics

10. Diagnostics

10.1 Current diagnostic concepts

10.2 Recent quantitative diagnostic accuracy synthesis (2025)

11. Outcome / prognosis

11.1 Breakthrough infections despite PEP (2023 systematic review)

12. Treatment

12.1 Standard of care (prevention-focused)

12.2 ACIP (U.S.) PrEP schedule (guideline-based)

12.3 Passive immunization: RIG and mAbs (latest research direction)

12.4 Treatment outcomes: immunogenicity after PEP (2024 primary data)

13. Prevention

13.1 Primary prevention

13.2 Secondary prevention

13.3 Public health implementation (real-world)

14. Other species / natural disease

15. Model organisms

Expert interpretation and synthesis (authoritative analysis)

Evidence gaps / not fully resolved from retrieved sources

Key URLs and publication dates (from retrieved sources)