Home / Deep Research / Malignant Non-Dysgerminomatous Germ Cell Tumor Of Ovary

Malignant Non-Dysgerminomatous Germ Cell Tumor Of Ovary

Recent developments (2023–2024 emphasis)

2026-05-07
Falcon MONDO:0016096 Model: Edison Scientific Literature 33 citations

1. Disease Information

1.1 What is the disease?

Malignant ovarian germ cell tumors (OvGCTs) arise from primitive germ cells and represent a rare subset of ovarian malignancies. They are often large and rapidly progressive, predominantly affecting adolescents and young adults. (saani2023clinicalchallengesin pages 2-3)

Non‑dysgerminomatous malignant OvGCTs correspond to non‑seminomatous histologies, especially yolk sac tumor, embryonal carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, immature teratoma, and mixed germ cell tumor. (margioulasiarkou2023therapeuticmanagementand pages 1-2, saani2023clinicalchallengesin pages 1-2)

1.2 Key identifiers (ontology/coding)

  • MONDO: MONDO_0018171 (malignant germ cell tumor of ovary) (OpenTargets Search: ovarian germ cell tumor)
  • Other identifiers (OMIM/Orphanet/ICD‑10/ICD‑11/MeSH): Not directly retrievable from the currently accessible evidence set and therefore not asserted.

1.3 Synonyms / alternative names

1.4 Evidence type

This report is derived from aggregated disease‑level resources (peer‑reviewed reviews/guideline syntheses and trial registry records), not from individual EHR case series extraction. (margioulasiarkou2023therapeuticmanagementand pages 1-2, saani2023clinicalchallengesin pages 5-6, NCT02429687 chunk 1)

2. Etiology

2.1 Disease causal factors (current understanding)

  • Developmental origin: OvGCTs are described as largely originating in utero, with incidence peaking in adolescence/young adulthood. (travis2024adolescentandyoung pages 3-4)
  • Genetic/molecular drivers: OvGCTs show low somatic mutation rates and relatively stable copy number profiles overall, with subtype‑specific alterations (e.g., KRAS in yolk sac tumors) and characteristic chromosomal changes (12p gain in many post‑pubertal GCTs). (travis2024adolescentandyoung pages 3-4)

2.2 Risk factors

Genetic / developmental risk context - Gonadal dysgenesis / disorders of sex development (DSD): Individuals with gonadal dysgenesis have substantially increased risk of OvGCT, with quoted excess risk ranging 0–60% depending on syndrome, and prophylactic gonadectomy is advised for high‑risk syndromes (examples listed: Turner’s and Swyer). (travis2024adolescentandyoung pages 3-4)

Demographic / geographic context - Regional variation in the proportion of ovarian tumors that are OvGCTs is reported (North America ~2%, Europe ~1.3%, Central/South America ~3.9%, Asia ~4.2%). (travis2024adolescentandyoung pages 3-4) - One review notes higher prevalence in women of Asian and African descent and large regional variation in proportion of ovarian tumors classified as GCTs. (saani2023clinicalchallengesin pages 1-2)

Environmental / lifestyle risk factors - No specific, well‑supported environmental or lifestyle risk factors were identified in the retrieved sources.

2.3 Protective factors

No protective factors were identified in the retrieved evidence.

2.4 Gene–environment interactions

No explicit gene–environment interaction evidence was identified in the retrieved evidence.

3. Phenotypes

3.1 Common presenting phenotypes (with suggested HPO terms)

Clinical presentation is commonly dominated by symptoms of a rapidly enlarging pelvic mass. - Abdominal/pelvic pain (HPO: HP:0002027 Abdominal pain) (saani2023clinicalchallengesin pages 2-3) - Palpable abdominal/pelvic mass (HPO: HP:0003270 Abdominal mass; also consider HP:0000023 Abdominal distension) (saani2023clinicalchallengesin pages 2-3)

Age of onset is typically adolescence/young adulthood (HPO context: HP:0003593 Infantile onset not applicable; instead use onset annotations in metadata). OvGCTs are described as leading gynecologic malignancies in women <25 and incidence peaks in adolescence. (travis2024adolescentandyoung pages 3-4)

3.2 Laboratory abnormalities / biomarkers (with suggested HPO terms)

Quantitative data (immature teratoma): In a pediatric trial (INT‑0106) AFP was elevated in 34% of children with pure ovarian immature teratoma (mean 32 ng/mL, range 13–60), versus 83% with Heifetz lesions/microscopic yolk‑sac foci (mean 304 ng/mL, range 80–1045). (pashankar2024consensusandcontroversy pages 2-3)

3.3 Quality of life impact

The disease and its treatment can impact fertility and long‑term health. A 2024 JCO review emphasizes the need to de‑intensify therapy because late effects of cisplatin‑based therapy (e.g., ototoxicity, neurotoxicity, cardiovascular disease) have emerged as important survivorship issues in germ cell tumors. (travis2024adolescentandyoung pages 3-4)

4. Genetic / Molecular Information

4.1 Recurrently implicated genes (somatic; subtype‑dependent)

The retrieved 2023–2024 reviews describe the following patterns: - KRAS recurrent mutations in ovarian yolk sac tumors (travis2024adolescentandyoung pages 3-4) - PIK3CA and AKT1 amplification in ovarian yolk sac tumors (travis2024adolescentandyoung pages 3-4) - KIT mutation/amplification in dysgerminoma (included here for context/contrast) (travis2024adolescentandyoung pages 3-4) - TP53 alterations largely restricted to cisplatin‑resistant GCTs; MDM2 amplification linked to cisplatin resistance (travis2024adolescentandyoung pages 3-4)

Open Targets’ disease‑gene aggregation for “malignant germ cell tumor of ovary” lists evidence linking the disease to KIT, KRAS, TP53, DICER1, CDKN2A, FANCM, among others, with supporting PMIDs surfaced by the platform. (OpenTargets Search: ovarian germ cell tumor)

4.2 Chromosomal abnormalities / structural features

  • Gain of chromosome 12p / i(12p): described as a near‑universal feature of post‑pubertal GCTs, present in most OvGCTs; pure mature/immature teratomas are notable exceptions. (travis2024adolescentandyoung pages 3-4)
  • A 2023 review summarizes copy‑number changes and notes 12p gains essentially in all tumors except pure immature teratomas, and reports additional focal deletions in yolk sac tumors. (saani2023clinicalchallengesin pages 9-10)

4.3 Epigenetic information

No disease‑specific epigenetic mechanisms were identified in the retrieved evidence.

4.4 Molecular profiling / emerging biomarkers

5. Environmental Information

No robust environmental toxins, lifestyle exposures, or infectious triggers were identified in the retrieved evidence as causal or modifying factors for malignant ovarian non‑dysgerminomatous GCTs.

6. Mechanism / Pathophysiology

6.1 High‑level causal chain (current model)

1) Developmental mis‑specification or persistence of primordial germ cells (PGCs) (described as in‑utero origin and PGC biology) → 2) acquisition of subtype‑specific genetic/copy‑number changes (e.g., 12p gain in many tumors; KRAS in yolk sac tumors) → 3) emergence of malignant histologies with characteristic differentiation programs (e.g., endodermal differentiation in yolk sac tumors) → 4) clinically rapid growth presenting as pelvic/abdominal mass/pain and secretion of oncofetal markers (AFP, β‑hCG) that enable monitoring. (travis2024adolescentandyoung pages 3-4, saani2023clinicalchallengesin pages 2-3)

6.2 Molecular pathways and cellular processes

Suggested GO biological process terms (examples): - GO:0008283 cell population proliferation - GO:0006915 apoptotic process - GO:0007169 transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase signaling pathway (KIT context) - GO:0014068 positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling (PI3K/AKT context)

6.3 Cell types (suggested CL terms)

  • Primordial germ cell / germ cell (Cell Ontology: e.g., CL:0000670 primordial germ cell; CL:0000016 male germ cell is not appropriate for ovary; use germ‑cell generic terms)
  • Ovarian somatic support cells are relevant for microenvironment but not directly evidenced in retrieved texts.

7. Anatomical Structures Affected

7.1 Organ/tissue level

7.2 Metastatic/secondary sites (reported patterns)

Recurrences commonly involve the peritoneum and retroperitoneal lymph nodes within the first two years. (saani2023clinicalchallengesin pages 3-5)

Suggested UBERON terms: - UBERON:0002358 peritoneum - UBERON:0002416 retroperitoneum

8. Temporal Development

8.1 Onset

  • Peak incidence in adolescence/young adulthood; OvGCT incidence in females aged 15–19 is reported as ~1.2 per 100,000, and OvGCTs are the leading gynecologic malignancies in women <25. (travis2024adolescentandyoung pages 3-4)

8.2 Progression/course

9. Inheritance and Population

9.1 Epidemiology

9.2 Inheritance pattern

No Mendelian inheritance pattern is established for malignant ovarian non‑dysgerminomatous GCTs in the retrieved evidence. The 2024 JCO review discusses substantial heritability in testicular GCT and polygenic architecture, suggesting common variant contributions may exist, but this is not a direct inheritance model for ovarian disease. (travis2024adolescentandyoung pages 3-4)

10. Diagnostics

10.1 Clinical tests and biomarkers

Serum markers (core): β‑hCG, AFP, LDH (often CA125 also) are recommended in suspicious ovarian masses, with serial measurement post‑op and before chemo cycles. (margioulasiarkou2023therapeuticmanagementand pages 12-13, saani2023clinicalchallengesin pages 2-3)

Imaging: pelvic ultrasound first; then abdomino‑pelvic CT or MRI and chest imaging (X‑ray or low‑dose CT). PET is reserved for selected cases. (margioulasiarkou2023therapeuticmanagementand pages 12-13, margioulasiarkou2023therapeuticmanagementand pages 4-5)

Pathology/IHC and cytogenetics: immunohistochemistry panels (SALL4, OCT3/4, PLAP, NANOG, AFP, glypican‑3, SOX2/SOX10, etc.) and FISH for isochromosome 12p in difficult cases are recommended. (margioulasiarkou2023therapeuticmanagementand pages 12-13)

10.2 Staging and surgical staging elements

FIGO staging is used; staging surgery for macroscopic stage I includes omentectomy/omental biopsy and peritoneal washings/biopsies, with selective node excision rather than routine lymphadenectomy. (saani2023clinicalchallengesin pages 2-3, margioulasiarkou2023therapeuticmanagementand pages 5-7)

10.3 Differential diagnosis

Not systematically detailed in the retrieved sources; diagnostic IHC/FISH recommendations imply the main differential includes other non‑epithelial ovarian tumors and mixed histologies. (margioulasiarkou2023therapeuticmanagementand pages 12-13)

11. Outcome / Prognosis

11.1 Survival and response

11.2 Prognostic factors

Guideline synthesis lists key adverse prognostic factors including stage > I, incomplete resection, and yolk sac histology; premenarche age at diagnosis is also noted as unfavorable. (margioulasiarkou2023therapeuticmanagementand pages 13-14)

12. Treatment

12.1 Standard of care (real-world implementation)

Surgery (fertility-sparing when oncologically safe) - Unilateral salpingo‑oophorectomy/oophorectomy with staging is emphasized; contralateral ovarian biopsy is discouraged when grossly normal. (margioulasiarkou2023therapeuticmanagementand pages 16-17)

Chemotherapy - BEP (bleomycin, etoposide, cisplatin) is the most widely used regimen; typical guidance is 3 cycles after complete resection and 4 cycles if macroscopic residual disease, with bleomycin often omitted after cycle 3 to reduce pulmonary toxicity. (margioulasiarkou2023therapeuticmanagementand pages 16-17)

Surveillance - Active surveillance with serial markers and imaging is recommended for selected early-stage patients with normalizing markers; follow-up can extend up to 10 years in some guidance. (margioulasiarkou2023therapeuticmanagementand pages 16-17)

MAXO suggestions (examples): - MAXO:0000004 surgical procedure (fertility-sparing resection) - MAXO:0000747 chemotherapy (BEP regimen) - MAXO:0000058 active surveillance

12.2 Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT)

A 2023 systematic review/meta-analysis of retrospective series reported that in advanced MOGCT: - NACT was used in ~40% of advanced cases and achieved ~95.8% response rate. - Comparator studies showed broadly similar OS and DFS ranges vs primary debulking surgery (OS 87–100% vs 70–100%; DFS 87–100% vs 70–100%), though evidence quality was limited and bias concerns were noted. (sakaguchimukaida2023systematicreviewof pages 1-2)

12.3 Controversies: immature teratoma adjuvant chemotherapy

A 2024 MaGIC consortium perspective emphasizes that many retrospective/consortium studies show no DFS/OS benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy in fully resected stage I ovarian immature teratoma, and that no randomized trials exist; MaGIC supports surveillance after surgery for pediatric IT regardless of stage/grade and supports surgery alone for adult stage I in the evidence base. (pashankar2024consensusandcontroversy pages 4-6)

A guideline comparison table image illustrates variation by stage/grade among groups (surveillance vs chemotherapy thresholds). (margioulasiarkou2023therapeuticmanagementand media 71d74127)

12.4 Experimental/ongoing trials (ClinicalTrials.gov)

  • NCT02429687 (MOGCT-01): Randomized Phase 3; post‑surgery stage IIA–IVB MOGCT; paclitaxel+carboplatin vs BEP; primary endpoint PFS (follow-up up to 5 years). URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02429687 (NCT02429687 chunk 1)
  • NCT03067181: COG randomized Phase 3 across pediatric/adult GCTs including stage I ovarian immature teratoma and stage I non‑seminomatous malignant ovarian GCTs; includes active surveillance and compares carboplatin‑ vs cisplatin‑based regimens; endpoints include OS/EFS and ototoxicity, plus biomarker correlates (tumor markers and serum miRNA). URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03067181 (NCT03067181 chunk 1)

13. Prevention

  • Primary prevention: No specific modifiable environmental risk factors were identified in retrieved evidence.
  • Secondary prevention: No population screening strategies are established; early diagnosis relies on evaluation of symptoms/mass and tumor markers/imaging. (margioulasiarkou2023therapeuticmanagementand pages 12-13)
  • Risk‑reduction in high‑risk syndromes: prophylactic gonadectomy is recommended in high‑risk gonadal dysgenesis syndromes. (travis2024adolescentandyoung pages 3-4)

14. Other Species / Natural Disease

No naturally occurring veterinary analogs or cross‑species transmission information were identified in the retrieved evidence.

15. Model Organisms

No specific model organism systems (mouse/zebrafish/cell lines/organoids) were described in the retrieved evidence set.

Recent developments (2023–2024 emphasis)

  1. Consensus/controversy evolution for immature teratoma: 2024 MaGIC perspective advocating surveillance in many settings vs persistent guideline recommendations for adjuvant chemotherapy in adults, highlighting a key practice gap and need for trials. (pashankar2024consensusandcontroversy pages 4-6, pashankar2024consensusandcontroversy pages 6-7)
  2. Treatment optimization / de‑intensification and survivorship: 2024 JCO review emphasizes late effects of cisplatin and the need for innovations and trial designs that span ages/sexes, incorporating molecular risk stratification. (travis2024adolescentandyoung pages 3-4)
  3. NACT evidence consolidation: 2023 systematic review/meta‑analysis provides quantitative synthesis (response ~95.8%, similar survival ranges vs PDS in limited comparative data), motivating prospective evaluation. (sakaguchimukaida2023systematicreviewof pages 1-2)
  4. Biomarker pipeline: circulating miRNAs (miR‑371~373/miR‑302; M371) are highlighted as promising biomarkers, with clinical utility in ovarian/pediatric settings still being defined. (travis2024adolescentandyoung pages 11-12)

Authoritative-source abstract quotations (direct)

Notes on evidence gaps

Despite targeted retrieval, the current tool‑accessible corpus did not provide: - ICD‑10/ICD‑11, MeSH, Orphanet, OMIM mappings specific to “malignant non‑dysgerminomatous ovarian germ cell tumor.” - Robust, validated environmental/lifestyle protective factors or gene–environment interaction evidence. - Specific animal models or standardized QoL instrument outcomes for this tumor type.

These items should be filled by direct queries to ontology services (MONDO/MeSH/Orphanet/ICD browsers) and specialized resources (SEER/GBD, GeneReviews/ClinGen/ClinVar, model organism databases) in a follow‑on extraction step.

References

  1. (margioulasiarkou2023therapeuticmanagementand pages 1-2): Chrysoula Margioula-Siarkou, Stamatios Petousis, Georgia Margioula-Siarkou, George Mavromatidis, Fotios Chatzinikolaou, Emmanouel Hatzipantelis, Frédéric Guyon, and Konstantinos Dinas. Therapeutic management and prognostic factors for ovarian malignant tumours in adolescents: a comprehensive review of current guidelines. Diagnostics, 13:1080, Mar 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13061080, doi:10.3390/diagnostics13061080. This article has 20 citations.

  2. (saani2023clinicalchallengesin pages 1-2): Iqra Saani, Nitish Raj, Raja Sood, Shahbaz Ansari, Haider Abbas Mandviwala, Elisabet Sanchez, and Stergios Boussios. Clinical challenges in the management of malignant ovarian germ cell tumours. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20:6089, Jun 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20126089, doi:10.3390/ijerph20126089. This article has 79 citations.

  3. (OpenTargets Search: ovarian germ cell tumor): Open Targets Query (ovarian germ cell tumor, 26 results). Buniello, A. et al. (2025). Open Targets Platform: facilitating therapeutic hypotheses building in drug discovery. Nucleic Acids Research.

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  5. (saani2023clinicalchallengesin pages 2-3): Iqra Saani, Nitish Raj, Raja Sood, Shahbaz Ansari, Haider Abbas Mandviwala, Elisabet Sanchez, and Stergios Boussios. Clinical challenges in the management of malignant ovarian germ cell tumours. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20:6089, Jun 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20126089, doi:10.3390/ijerph20126089. This article has 79 citations.

  6. (margioulasiarkou2023therapeuticmanagementand pages 12-13): Chrysoula Margioula-Siarkou, Stamatios Petousis, Georgia Margioula-Siarkou, George Mavromatidis, Fotios Chatzinikolaou, Emmanouel Hatzipantelis, Frédéric Guyon, and Konstantinos Dinas. Therapeutic management and prognostic factors for ovarian malignant tumours in adolescents: a comprehensive review of current guidelines. Diagnostics, 13:1080, Mar 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13061080, doi:10.3390/diagnostics13061080. This article has 20 citations.

  7. (saani2023clinicalchallengesin pages 5-6): Iqra Saani, Nitish Raj, Raja Sood, Shahbaz Ansari, Haider Abbas Mandviwala, Elisabet Sanchez, and Stergios Boussios. Clinical challenges in the management of malignant ovarian germ cell tumours. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20:6089, Jun 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20126089, doi:10.3390/ijerph20126089. This article has 79 citations.

  8. (margioulasiarkou2023therapeuticmanagementand pages 16-17): Chrysoula Margioula-Siarkou, Stamatios Petousis, Georgia Margioula-Siarkou, George Mavromatidis, Fotios Chatzinikolaou, Emmanouel Hatzipantelis, Frédéric Guyon, and Konstantinos Dinas. Therapeutic management and prognostic factors for ovarian malignant tumours in adolescents: a comprehensive review of current guidelines. Diagnostics, 13:1080, Mar 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13061080, doi:10.3390/diagnostics13061080. This article has 20 citations.

  9. (travis2024adolescentandyoung pages 3-4): Lois B. Travis, Darren R. Feldman, Chunkit Fung, Jenny N. Poynter, Michelle Lockley, and A. Lindsay Frazier. Adolescent and young adult germ cell tumors: epidemiology, genomics, treatment, and survivorship. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, pages JCO2301099, Oct 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.23.01099, doi:10.1200/jco.23.01099. This article has 32 citations.

  10. (pashankar2024consensusandcontroversy pages 2-3): Farzana Pashankar, Matthew J. Murray, Joanna Gell, Nicola MacDonald, Jonathan Shamash, Deborah F. Billmire, Lindsay Klosterkemper, Thomas Olson, Michelle S. Hirsch, Michelle Lockley, Sara Stoneham, and A. Lindsay Frazier. Consensus and controversy in the management of paediatric and adult patients with ovarian immature teratoma: the malignant germ cell international consortium perspective. eClinicalMedicine, 69:102453, Mar 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102453, doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102453. This article has 19 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.

  11. (saani2023clinicalchallengesin pages 3-5): Iqra Saani, Nitish Raj, Raja Sood, Shahbaz Ansari, Haider Abbas Mandviwala, Elisabet Sanchez, and Stergios Boussios. Clinical challenges in the management of malignant ovarian germ cell tumours. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20:6089, Jun 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20126089, doi:10.3390/ijerph20126089. This article has 79 citations.

  12. (margioulasiarkou2023therapeuticmanagementand pages 4-5): Chrysoula Margioula-Siarkou, Stamatios Petousis, Georgia Margioula-Siarkou, George Mavromatidis, Fotios Chatzinikolaou, Emmanouel Hatzipantelis, Frédéric Guyon, and Konstantinos Dinas. Therapeutic management and prognostic factors for ovarian malignant tumours in adolescents: a comprehensive review of current guidelines. Diagnostics, 13:1080, Mar 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13061080, doi:10.3390/diagnostics13061080. This article has 20 citations.

  13. (margioulasiarkou2023therapeuticmanagementand pages 5-7): Chrysoula Margioula-Siarkou, Stamatios Petousis, Georgia Margioula-Siarkou, George Mavromatidis, Fotios Chatzinikolaou, Emmanouel Hatzipantelis, Frédéric Guyon, and Konstantinos Dinas. Therapeutic management and prognostic factors for ovarian malignant tumours in adolescents: a comprehensive review of current guidelines. Diagnostics, 13:1080, Mar 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13061080, doi:10.3390/diagnostics13061080. This article has 20 citations.

  14. (saani2023clinicalchallengesin pages 14-16): Iqra Saani, Nitish Raj, Raja Sood, Shahbaz Ansari, Haider Abbas Mandviwala, Elisabet Sanchez, and Stergios Boussios. Clinical challenges in the management of malignant ovarian germ cell tumours. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20:6089, Jun 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20126089, doi:10.3390/ijerph20126089. This article has 79 citations.

  15. (saani2023clinicalchallengesin pages 9-10): Iqra Saani, Nitish Raj, Raja Sood, Shahbaz Ansari, Haider Abbas Mandviwala, Elisabet Sanchez, and Stergios Boussios. Clinical challenges in the management of malignant ovarian germ cell tumours. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20:6089, Jun 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20126089, doi:10.3390/ijerph20126089. This article has 79 citations.

  16. (travis2024adolescentandyoung pages 11-12): Lois B. Travis, Darren R. Feldman, Chunkit Fung, Jenny N. Poynter, Michelle Lockley, and A. Lindsay Frazier. Adolescent and young adult germ cell tumors: epidemiology, genomics, treatment, and survivorship. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, pages JCO2301099, Oct 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.23.01099, doi:10.1200/jco.23.01099. This article has 32 citations.

  17. (pashankar2024consensusandcontroversy pages 4-6): Farzana Pashankar, Matthew J. Murray, Joanna Gell, Nicola MacDonald, Jonathan Shamash, Deborah F. Billmire, Lindsay Klosterkemper, Thomas Olson, Michelle S. Hirsch, Michelle Lockley, Sara Stoneham, and A. Lindsay Frazier. Consensus and controversy in the management of paediatric and adult patients with ovarian immature teratoma: the malignant germ cell international consortium perspective. eClinicalMedicine, 69:102453, Mar 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102453, doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102453. This article has 19 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.

  18. (pashankar2024consensusandcontroversy pages 6-7): Farzana Pashankar, Matthew J. Murray, Joanna Gell, Nicola MacDonald, Jonathan Shamash, Deborah F. Billmire, Lindsay Klosterkemper, Thomas Olson, Michelle S. Hirsch, Michelle Lockley, Sara Stoneham, and A. Lindsay Frazier. Consensus and controversy in the management of paediatric and adult patients with ovarian immature teratoma: the malignant germ cell international consortium perspective. eClinicalMedicine, 69:102453, Mar 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102453, doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102453. This article has 19 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.

  19. (pashankar2024consensusandcontroversy pages 7-8): Farzana Pashankar, Matthew J. Murray, Joanna Gell, Nicola MacDonald, Jonathan Shamash, Deborah F. Billmire, Lindsay Klosterkemper, Thomas Olson, Michelle S. Hirsch, Michelle Lockley, Sara Stoneham, and A. Lindsay Frazier. Consensus and controversy in the management of paediatric and adult patients with ovarian immature teratoma: the malignant germ cell international consortium perspective. eClinicalMedicine, 69:102453, Mar 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102453, doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102453. This article has 19 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.

  20. (margioulasiarkou2023therapeuticmanagementand pages 7-8): Chrysoula Margioula-Siarkou, Stamatios Petousis, Georgia Margioula-Siarkou, George Mavromatidis, Fotios Chatzinikolaou, Emmanouel Hatzipantelis, Frédéric Guyon, and Konstantinos Dinas. Therapeutic management and prognostic factors for ovarian malignant tumours in adolescents: a comprehensive review of current guidelines. Diagnostics, 13:1080, Mar 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13061080, doi:10.3390/diagnostics13061080. This article has 20 citations.

  21. (saani2023clinicalchallengesin pages 6-8): Iqra Saani, Nitish Raj, Raja Sood, Shahbaz Ansari, Haider Abbas Mandviwala, Elisabet Sanchez, and Stergios Boussios. Clinical challenges in the management of malignant ovarian germ cell tumours. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20:6089, Jun 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20126089, doi:10.3390/ijerph20126089. This article has 79 citations.

  22. (margioulasiarkou2023therapeuticmanagementand media 71d74127): Chrysoula Margioula-Siarkou, Stamatios Petousis, Georgia Margioula-Siarkou, George Mavromatidis, Fotios Chatzinikolaou, Emmanouel Hatzipantelis, Frédéric Guyon, and Konstantinos Dinas. Therapeutic management and prognostic factors for ovarian malignant tumours in adolescents: a comprehensive review of current guidelines. Diagnostics, 13:1080, Mar 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13061080, doi:10.3390/diagnostics13061080. This article has 20 citations.

  23. (NCT02429687 chunk 1): Beihua Kong. TC or BEP in Treating Patients With Malignant Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors. Beihua Kong. 2015. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02429687

  24. (NCT03067181 chunk 2): Active Surveillance, Bleomycin, Etoposide, Carboplatin or Cisplatin in Treating Pediatric and Adult Patients With Germ Cell Tumors. Children's Oncology Group. 2017. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03067181

  25. (NCT03067181 chunk 1): Active Surveillance, Bleomycin, Etoposide, Carboplatin or Cisplatin in Treating Pediatric and Adult Patients With Germ Cell Tumors. Children's Oncology Group. 2017. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03067181

  26. (saani2023clinicalchallengesin pages 8-9): Iqra Saani, Nitish Raj, Raja Sood, Shahbaz Ansari, Haider Abbas Mandviwala, Elisabet Sanchez, and Stergios Boussios. Clinical challenges in the management of malignant ovarian germ cell tumours. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20:6089, Jun 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20126089, doi:10.3390/ijerph20126089. This article has 79 citations.

  27. (margioulasiarkou2023therapeuticmanagementand pages 13-14): Chrysoula Margioula-Siarkou, Stamatios Petousis, Georgia Margioula-Siarkou, George Mavromatidis, Fotios Chatzinikolaou, Emmanouel Hatzipantelis, Frédéric Guyon, and Konstantinos Dinas. Therapeutic management and prognostic factors for ovarian malignant tumours in adolescents: a comprehensive review of current guidelines. Diagnostics, 13:1080, Mar 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13061080, doi:10.3390/diagnostics13061080. This article has 20 citations.