Malignant Mesothelioma

1. Disease Information

1.1 Definition and overview

• Definition: MM is a malignant tumor arising from mesothelial lining cells of serosal membranes (pleura most commonly; also peritoneum and other sites). (zahiu2025molecularinsightsinto pages 1-2, ettinger2023mesotheliomaperitonealversion pages 1-2)
• Site distribution: Pleura is affected in ~80–85% of cases; peritoneum is less common. (zahiu2025molecularinsightsinto pages 1-2)
• Terminology evolution: NCCN notes that the term “malignant” is no longer used to classify mesotheliomas because all mesotheliomas are now defined as malignant. (ettinger2023mesotheliomaperitonealversion pages 1-2)

1.2 Key identifiers (ontology/coding)

The retrieved full texts did not contain MONDO/MeSH/ICD/Orphanet codes. These should be populated directly from those terminology resources. - MONDO: not found in retrieved sources (zahiu2025molecularinsightsinto pages 1-2, ettinger2023mesotheliomaperitonealversion pages 1-2) - MeSH: not found in retrieved sources (zahiu2025molecularinsightsinto pages 1-2, ettinger2023mesotheliomaperitonealversion pages 1-2) - ICD-10 / ICD-11: not found in retrieved sources (zahiu2025molecularinsightsinto pages 1-2, ettinger2023mesotheliomaperitonealversion pages 1-2) - Orphanet: not found in retrieved sources (zahiu2025molecularinsightsinto pages 1-2, ettinger2023mesotheliomaperitonealversion pages 1-2)

1.3 Synonyms / alternative names (common in practice)

• “Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM)” (cedres2023currentstateofthearttherapy pages 1-2, jain2024malignantpleuralmesothelioma pages 1-2)
• “Pleural mesothelioma (PM)” (lewandowska2024diagnosisandtreatment pages 1-2)
• “Peritoneal mesothelioma (PeM)” (ettinger2023mesotheliomaperitonealversion pages 1-2)

1.4 Evidence provenance (patient-level vs aggregated)

• The information summarized here is primarily from aggregated disease-level resources: narrative/systematic reviews and clinical practice guidelines, as well as registry-based epidemiology. (cedres2023currentstateofthearttherapy pages 1-2, chiec2024immunotherapyfortreatment pages 1-2, jain2024malignantpleuralmesothelioma pages 1-2, bertin2023thecurrenttreatment pages 1-2, lewandowska2024diagnosisandtreatment pages 1-2, ettinger2023mesotheliomaperitonealversion pages 1-2, OpenTargets Search: malignant mesothelioma,malignant pleural mesothelioma)

2. Etiology

2.1 Primary causal factors

Environmental/occupational exposure - Asbestos exposure is repeatedly identified as the dominant causal factor for pleural mesothelioma, with some reviews stating >80% of pleural cases are linked to asbestos. (bertin2023thecurrenttreatment pages 1-2, cedres2023currentstateofthearttherapy pages 1-2) - A dose–response relationship is emphasized in pleural mesothelioma: cumulative exposure, duration, and long latency increase risk. (zahiu2025molecularinsightsinto pages 1-2)

Genetic predisposition - Germline BAP1 pathogenic variants are highlighted as an important inherited risk factor; ASCO notes mesothelioma patients “often have germline mutations, most commonly in…BAP1,” supporting offering germline testing broadly. (kindler2025treatmentofpleural pages 2-3)

2.2 Risk factors (genetic + environmental)

• Environmental: inhalational asbestos exposure with latency often 15–40 years (reported for pleural mesothelioma). (chiec2024immunotherapyfortreatment pages 1-2)
• Demographic: male predominance (~70% male in one 2025 review summary; similar directionality in other sources). (zahiu2025molecularinsightsinto pages 1-2)
• Histology and stage influence prognosis and are part of risk stratification rather than causal risk (epithelioid vs sarcomatoid). (chiec2024immunotherapyfortreatment pages 1-2, lewandowska2024diagnosisandtreatment pages 1-2)

2.3 Protective factors

No protective genetic or environmental factors were explicitly identified in the retrieved sources.

2.4 Gene–environment interaction

A clinically important interaction is suggested by the co-occurrence of strong environmental exposure (asbestos) with genetic susceptibility (BAP1). While detailed gene–environment quantitative interaction models were not present in the retrieved excerpts, the guideline-level emphasis on universal germline testing implies that inherited susceptibility can meaningfully alter risk and counseling, especially in asbestos-exposed populations. (kindler2025treatmentofpleural pages 2-3, lewandowska2024diagnosisandtreatment pages 1-2)

3. Phenotypes

3.1 Key symptoms/signs (with suggested HPO mapping)

Common pleural presentations include dyspnea, pleural effusion, chest pain, cough, and weight loss. Jain et al. (2024) reports pleural effusion in ~90% of patients and lists dyspnea, chest pain, cough, weight loss, and chest wall masses as common presenting features. (jain2024malignantpleuralmesothelioma pages 1-2)

Table: This table summarizes key clinical symptoms, signs, and laboratory abnormalities reported in the retrieved mesothelioma sources, organized by likely HPO mapping and disease context. It is useful for populating phenotype fields in a disease knowledge base while retaining source-linked evidence.

3.2 Onset, severity, progression

• Latency/onset: symptom onset often occurs decades after exposure; latency estimates include 15–40 years (pleural; Chiec 2024), ~30 years on average (Lewandowska 2024), and 10–50 years (Jain 2024). (chiec2024immunotherapyfortreatment pages 1-2, lewandowska2024diagnosisandtreatment pages 1-2, jain2024malignantpleuralmesothelioma pages 1-2)
• Progression: typically insidious with frequent late-stage dissemination at diagnosis. (lewandowska2024diagnosisandtreatment pages 1-2)

3.3 Quality of life impact

The ASCO guideline update indicates that quality-of-life domains were key outcomes in trials informing recommendations, and that in MARS2 multiple QOL domains favored chemotherapy alone versus surgery + chemo in a randomized comparison. (kindler2025treatmentofpleural pages 3-5)

4. Genetic / Molecular Information

4.1 Key genes and alterations (current consensus)

Mesothelioma genomic landscapes are dominated by tumor suppressor loss-of-function rather than recurrent activating oncogenes. - Commonly altered genes cited in recent reviews include BAP1, CDKN2A, NF2. (cedres2023currentstateofthearttherapy pages 1-2, jain2024malignantpleuralmesothelioma pages 1-2, bertin2023thecurrenttreatment pages 1-2) - OpenTargets disease–target association evidence also links MM/MPM with WT1, BAP1, CDKN2A, SETD2, TP53, LATS1/2, PDCD1, among others, reflecting both diagnostic markers and therapeutic target biology. (OpenTargets Search: malignant mesothelioma,malignant pleural mesothelioma)

4.2 Somatic vs germline

• Germline: BAP1 is emphasized as a recurrent germline predisposition gene; ASCO highlights germline mutation prevalence as clinically relevant and supports offering germline testing broadly. (kindler2025treatmentofpleural pages 2-3)
• Somatic: BAP1, CDKN2A, NF2 recurrently altered in tumor tissue. (cedres2023currentstateofthearttherapy pages 1-2, jain2024malignantpleuralmesothelioma pages 1-2)

4.3 Diagnostic molecular pathology markers

• BAP1 IHC: loss of nuclear expression is a key marker; one 2024 review notes BAP1 loss by IHC in ~70% of epithelioid pleural mesotheliomas. (chiec2024immunotherapyfortreatment pages 1-2)
• CDKN2A (p16) deletion: FISH for p16/CDKN2A deletion is described as a gold-standard ancillary diagnostic approach; MTAP is discussed as a practical surrogate. (zahiu2025molecularinsightsinto pages 1-2, chiec2024immunotherapyfortreatment pages 1-2)
• MTAP IHC surrogate: MTAP loss described as an “almost ideal surrogate” for p16/CDKN2A deletion testing. (zahiu2025molecularinsightsinto pages 1-2)

Table: This table summarizes the key molecular and diagnostic markers for mesothelioma retrieved from the available context, including their alteration types, clinical uses, and typical assays. It is useful for knowledge-base population because it distinguishes diagnostic markers from broader molecular features and hereditary risk genes.

4.4 Tumor immune microenvironment / biomarkers

• The pleural mesothelioma microenvironment is described as relatively immunosuppressive, and PD-L1 expression occurs in ~20–40% of patients and is associated with worse prognosis, though predictive value for immunotherapy response remains unconfirmed. (cedres2023currentstateofthearttherapy pages 1-2)

4.5 Epigenetics and chromatin regulation

• Evidence of epigenetic/chromatin regulator involvement is supported by recurrent alterations in genes such as SETD2 (OpenTargets association) and the emphasis on tumor suppressor/epigenetic regulator alterations in molecular overviews. (OpenTargets Search: malignant mesothelioma,malignant pleural mesothelioma)

5. Environmental Information

5.1 Environmental/occupational factors

• Asbestos remains central in contemporary accounts of pleural mesothelioma pathogenesis and continuing incidence. (lewandowska2024diagnosisandtreatment pages 1-2, bertin2023thecurrenttreatment pages 1-2)
• A regional Italian surveillance study (Emilia-Romagna, 1996–2023; n=3513 cases) found occupational exposure accounted for 82% of cases overall and increased to 88% in the most recent period; most cases were male (72%) and >65 years (79%). (OpenTargets Search: malignant mesothelioma,malignant pleural mesothelioma)

5.2 Lifestyle factors

No lifestyle protective or causal factors (e.g., smoking, diet) were specifically extracted from the retrieved sources.

5.3 Infectious agents

No infectious etiologies were identified in retrieved sources.

6. Mechanism / Pathophysiology

6.1 Causal chain (high-level)

• Trigger: Asbestos exposure (inhalational for pleural disease) with prolonged latency. (chiec2024immunotherapyfortreatment pages 1-2, zahiu2025molecularinsightsinto pages 1-2)
• Intermediate processes: chronic pleural inflammation and tissue injury, with downstream genomic and cellular dysregulation; Jain (2024) describes free radical generation and disruption of cell division among mechanisms in asbestos-related pleural mesothelioma. (jain2024malignantpleuralmesothelioma pages 1-2)
• Genomic state: predominance of tumor suppressor losses (BAP1, CDKN2A, NF2), low tumor mutational burden; these features contribute to therapeutic resistance and challenges for biomarker development. (chiec2024immunotherapyfortreatment pages 1-2, bertin2023thecurrenttreatment pages 1-2)

6.2 Immune involvement

• Immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment described in recent treatment-focused reviews (regulatory immune populations; macrophage/MDSC emphasis in Cedres 2023), potentially contributing to variable immunotherapy response. (cedres2023currentstateofthearttherapy pages 1-2)

6.3 Suggested ontology terms (mechanisms)

GO biological process (suggested; IDs not provided in retrieved text): - inflammatory response; response to oxidative stress; apoptotic process; DNA damage response; chromatin organization

CL cell types (suggested; IDs not provided in retrieved text): - mesothelial cell; tumor-associated macrophage; CD8-positive T cell; regulatory T cell

7. Anatomical Structures Affected

7.1 Primary anatomic sites

• Pleura (dominant site; 80–85%) (zahiu2025molecularinsightsinto pages 1-2)
• Peritoneum (less common but major clinical subtype) (ettinger2023mesotheliomaperitonealversion pages 1-2)

7.2 Suggested anatomy ontology mapping

UBERON terms are suggested conceptually but IDs were not present in retrieved sources. - pleura; peritoneum

8. Temporal Development

8.1 Onset pattern

• Typically adult-onset with a long latency from asbestos exposure. (chiec2024immunotherapyfortreatment pages 1-2, lewandowska2024diagnosisandtreatment pages 1-2)

8.2 Progression and staging

• Many patients present with advanced/disseminated disease at diagnosis, limiting surgical options. (lewandowska2024diagnosisandtreatment pages 1-2)
• Standard staging uses TNM for pleural disease; Lewandowska (2024) reproduces TNM categories and indicates surgery is considered mainly for stages I–IIIa. (lewandowska2024diagnosisandtreatment pages 1-2)

9. Inheritance and Population

9.1 Epidemiology (recent statistics)

• US annual cases reported as ~3,500/year in NCCN overview. (ettinger2023mesotheliomaperitonealversion pages 1-2)
• Another review cites ~2,500–3,200 new U.S. cases annually and ~38,400 worldwide. (zahiu2025molecularinsightsinto pages 1-2)

9.2 Demographics

• Male predominance (~70% male reported in one review). (zahiu2025molecularinsightsinto pages 1-2)

9.3 Geographic disparities and real-world data (SEER example)

A SEER analysis (2004–2021; 8519 cases) reported a decline in metropolitan incidence (1.4 to 0.8) and later decline in nonmetropolitan incidence (to 0.5 by 2021), with marked survival disparities: by 2020, 1-year cancer-specific survival 50.3% (metropolitan) vs 27.7% (nonmetropolitan) and HR 1.18 for nonmetropolitan hazard of death. (OpenTargets Search: malignant mesothelioma,malignant pleural mesothelioma)

Table: This table compiles key epidemiology and prognosis statistics for malignant mesothelioma from the retrieved context, including incidence, survival, latency, sex/site distribution, and geographic disparities. It is useful as a concise evidence summary for knowledge base population and comparative review.

9.4 Inheritance

• Germline susceptibility is clinically relevant, especially BAP1, motivating guideline support for germline testing. (kindler2025treatmentofpleural pages 2-3, lewandowska2024diagnosisandtreatment pages 1-2)

10. Diagnostics

10.1 Imaging and tissue diagnosis (current practice)

• Jain (2024) describes diagnostic work-up including contrast-enhanced thoracic CT, thoracoscopic pleural biopsy, thoracentesis with cytology, MRI for diaphragmatic invasion assessment, and PET for metastasis evaluation. (jain2024malignantpleuralmesothelioma pages 1-2)
• Chiec (2024) emphasizes the difficulty of diagnosis from pleural fluid/small biopsies and supports VATS surgical biopsy and invasive staging approaches (e.g., EBUS) when appropriate. (chiec2024immunotherapyfortreatment pages 1-2)

10.2 Biomarkers and molecular pathology

• BAP1 IHC and MTAP IHC (surrogate for CDKN2A/p16 FISH) are highlighted as high-value diagnostic adjuncts. (zahiu2025molecularinsightsinto pages 1-2, chiec2024immunotherapyfortreatment pages 1-2)

10.3 Germline testing

• ASCO guideline update explicitly frames germline mutation prevalence (often BAP1) as rationale that universal germline testing should be offered to patients with mesothelioma. (kindler2025treatmentofpleural pages 2-3)

11. Outcome / Prognosis

11.1 Survival (recently reported values)

• Untreated median survival: 4–8 months (Cedres 2023) and 7–10 months (Zahiu 2025 review excerpt). (cedres2023currentstateofthearttherapy pages 1-2, zahiu2025molecularinsightsinto pages 1-2)
• Population 5-year OS frequently cited around ~12% (Bertin 2023; Chiec 2024 abstract). (bertin2023thecurrenttreatment pages 1-2, chiec2024immunotherapyfortreatment pages 1-2)
• Histology strongly influences outcomes (e.g., epithelioid better than sarcomatoid). (chiec2024immunotherapyfortreatment pages 1-2, lewandowska2024diagnosisandtreatment pages 1-2)

11.2 Prognostic factors

Recent review-level prognostic factors include older age, stage, poor performance status, and inflammatory markers (e.g., CRP, leukocytosis). (lewandowska2024diagnosisandtreatment pages 1-2)

12. Treatment

12.1 Standard systemic therapy (real-world implementation)

• Chemotherapy backbone: platinum + pemetrexed remains a longstanding standard systemic therapy. (cedres2023currentstateofthearttherapy pages 1-2, chiec2024immunotherapyfortreatment pages 1-2, bertin2023thecurrenttreatment pages 1-2)
• Bevacizumab addition: Cedres (2023) reports adding bevacizumab to platinum–pemetrexed adds ~2 months to median survival. (cedres2023currentstateofthearttherapy pages 1-2)

12.2 Immunotherapy (major recent development; 2023–2024 emphasis)

• Cedres (2023) reports first-line nivolumab + ipilimumab improved OS versus chemotherapy in CheckMate-743 with median OS 18.1 months, leading to FDA and EMA approval and a new standard-of-care position. (cedres2023currentstateofthearttherapy pages 1-2)

12.3 Surgery and multimodality therapy

• Lewandowska (2024) describes tri-modal therapy (surgery + chemotherapy + radiotherapy) as a standard for radical management, but notes stage at diagnosis commonly precludes surgery. (lewandowska2024diagnosisandtreatment pages 1-2)
• ASCO (2025 update) includes randomized evidence (MARS2) showing aggressive surgery (EPD + adjuvant chemo) did not improve outcomes versus chemotherapy alone, with higher early mortality (30-day 4%, 90-day 9%). (kindler2025treatmentofpleural pages 3-5)

12.4 Guideline algorithms (visual evidence)

The ASCO 2025 update provides structured algorithms for surgical selection and first-line systemic therapy selection (immunotherapy vs chemotherapy based on histology). (kindler2025treatmentofpleural media fd734332, kindler2025treatmentofpleural media c1e908f8, kindler2025treatmentofpleural media 9d842ba2, kindler2025treatmentofpleural media 39f509f9, kindler2025treatmentofpleural media 0889009a)

12.5 Clinical trials (selected; NCT IDs)

• NCT02899299 (CheckMate 743): Phase 3 randomized open-label trial; nivolumab + ipilimumab vs pemetrexed + cisplatin/carboplatin in unresectable pleural malignant mesothelioma; primary endpoint OS; enrollment 605; includes PD-L1 stratified analyses. (NCT02899299 chunk 1)
• NCT03918252: Neoadjuvant nivolumab ± ipilimumab for 3 cycles followed by surgery and adjuvant nivolumab for 12 months (phase I/II; active not recruiting per excerpt). (cecchi2025perioperativetreatmentsin pages 9-10)
• Additional identified trials from clinicaltrials.gov search results (metadata only in this run; full protocol/outcomes not extracted here): NCT04334759 (durvalumab + chemotherapy; phase 3), NCT06097728 (MEDI5752 + carboplatin/pemetrexed; phase 3), NCT04287829 (pembrolizumab + lenvatinib; phase 2). (OpenTargets Search: malignant mesothelioma,malignant pleural mesothelioma)

12.6 Suggested MAXO terms (treatments)

MAXO IDs were not present in retrieved sources; suggested concepts: - immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy; combination immunotherapy; platinum-based chemotherapy; surgical cytoreduction; radiotherapy; genetic counseling / germline testing

Table: This table summarizes current mesothelioma treatment approaches and outcome data available in the retrieved context, emphasizing first-line systemic therapy, surgery, and guideline implementation. It is useful for quickly comparing standard regimens, landmark evidence, and practice implications.

13. Prevention

• Primary prevention is centered on eliminating asbestos exposure; ongoing incidence is consistent with long latency and historical exposure. (lewandowska2024diagnosisandtreatment pages 1-2, zahiu2025molecularinsightsinto pages 1-2)
• No specific screening program guidance for asymptomatic individuals was extracted from the retrieved excerpts.

14. Other Species / Natural Disease

No other-species naturally occurring disease data were present in the retrieved sources.

15. Model Organisms

No model organism systems were detailed in the retrieved excerpts.

Recent developments (2023–2024) and expert analysis (authoritative synthesis)

1. First-line immunotherapy became practice-defining. A 2023 state-of-the-art review summarizes CheckMate-743, highlighting nivolumab + ipilimumab median OS 18.1 months and regulatory approval, marking a new standard; subsequent 2024 reviews emphasize broad clinical implementation and ongoing biomarker uncertainty. (cedres2023currentstateofthearttherapy pages 1-2, chiec2024immunotherapyfortreatment pages 1-2, lewandowska2024diagnosisandtreatment pages 1-2)
2. Diagnostic adjuncts are converging on practical IHC strategies. 2024–2025 reviews highlight BAP1 and MTAP IHC, with MTAP as an “almost ideal surrogate” for CDKN2A deletion testing via p16/CDKN2A FISH, potentially improving diagnostic efficiency where tissue is limited. (zahiu2025molecularinsightsinto pages 1-2, chiec2024immunotherapyfortreatment pages 1-2)
3. Surgery is being re-evaluated with randomized evidence. ASCO’s guideline update incorporates MARS2 results showing no OS advantage for EPD + chemo vs chemo alone and QOL/cost favoring chemo, supporting more conservative, carefully selected multimodality surgery in specialized centers. (kindler2025treatmentofpleural pages 3-5, kindler2025treatmentofpleural media fd734332)
4. Hereditary genetics is increasingly guideline-relevant. ASCO emphasizes germline mutations (especially BAP1) in mesothelioma, supporting offering germline testing broadly to guide patient/family risk management. (kindler2025treatmentofpleural pages 2-3)

Required direct quotes from abstracts (supporting key statements)

• Cedres et al. 2023 (Cancers; Dec 2023): “Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a locally aggressive disease related to asbestos exposure with a median survival for untreated patients of 4–8 months… Recently, in first-line treatment, immunotherapy combining nivolumab with ipilimumab has been shown to be superior to chemotherapy in the CheckMate-743 study in terms of overall survival (18.1 months) …” https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15245787 (cedres2023currentstateofthearttherapy pages 1-2)
• NCCN Peritoneal Mesothelioma v2.2023 (Sep 2023): “Mesothelioma is a rare cancer originating in mesothelial surfaces of the peritoneum, pleura, and other sites.” and “The term ‘malignant’ is no longer used to classify mesotheliomas, because all mesotheliomas are now defined as malignant.” https://doi.org/10.6004/jnccn.2023.0045 (ettinger2023mesotheliomaperitonealversion pages 1-2)
• Chiec & Bruno 2024 (IJMS; Oct 2024): “Pleural mesothelioma is a rare malignancy associated with asbestos exposure and very poor prognosis, with a 5-year overall survival of 12%.” https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms251910861 (chiec2024immunotherapyfortreatment pages 1-2)

Notes on evidence limitations and gaps

• Ontology codes (MONDO, MeSH, ICD-10/ICD-11, Orphanet, OMIM) were not present in the retrieved full-text excerpts; these should be filled by directly querying those coding/ontology resources rather than inferred. (zahiu2025molecularinsightsinto pages 1-2, ettinger2023mesotheliomaperitonealversion pages 1-2)
• Several clinical trials were identified by NCT number, but detailed protocol fields/outcome fields were only retrieved in this run for NCT02899299 and NCT03918252. (NCT02899299 chunk 1, cecchi2025perioperativetreatmentsin pages 9-10)

References

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14. (kindler2025treatmentofpleural media fd734332): MD Hedy L. Kindler, M. M. No fi sat Ismaila, MD Lyudmila Bazhenova, MD Quincy Chu, MD Jane E. Churpek, MD Ibiayi Dagogo-Jack, MD Darren S. Bryan, MD PhD Michael W. Drazer, MD Patrick Forde, MD Aliya N. Husain, MD Jennifer L. Sauter, MD Valerie Rusch, MB BCh Penelope A. Bradbury, MD PhD B.C. John Cho, MD MSc Marc de Perrot, MD Azam Ghafoor, MD David L. Graham, MD PhD Ola Khorshid, MS Cgc Alexandra Lebensohn, Bsn RN Ocn Julie White, and MD Raf fi t Hassan. Treatment of pleural mesothelioma: asco guideline update. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 43:1006-1038, Jan 2025. URL: https://doi.org/10.1200/jco-24-02425, doi:10.1200/jco-24-02425. This article has 58 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.

15. (kindler2025treatmentofpleural media c1e908f8): MD Hedy L. Kindler, M. M. No fi sat Ismaila, MD Lyudmila Bazhenova, MD Quincy Chu, MD Jane E. Churpek, MD Ibiayi Dagogo-Jack, MD Darren S. Bryan, MD PhD Michael W. Drazer, MD Patrick Forde, MD Aliya N. Husain, MD Jennifer L. Sauter, MD Valerie Rusch, MB BCh Penelope A. Bradbury, MD PhD B.C. John Cho, MD MSc Marc de Perrot, MD Azam Ghafoor, MD David L. Graham, MD PhD Ola Khorshid, MS Cgc Alexandra Lebensohn, Bsn RN Ocn Julie White, and MD Raf fi t Hassan. Treatment of pleural mesothelioma: asco guideline update. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 43:1006-1038, Jan 2025. URL: https://doi.org/10.1200/jco-24-02425, doi:10.1200/jco-24-02425. This article has 58 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.

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17. (kindler2025treatmentofpleural media 39f509f9): MD Hedy L. Kindler, M. M. No fi sat Ismaila, MD Lyudmila Bazhenova, MD Quincy Chu, MD Jane E. Churpek, MD Ibiayi Dagogo-Jack, MD Darren S. Bryan, MD PhD Michael W. Drazer, MD Patrick Forde, MD Aliya N. Husain, MD Jennifer L. Sauter, MD Valerie Rusch, MB BCh Penelope A. Bradbury, MD PhD B.C. John Cho, MD MSc Marc de Perrot, MD Azam Ghafoor, MD David L. Graham, MD PhD Ola Khorshid, MS Cgc Alexandra Lebensohn, Bsn RN Ocn Julie White, and MD Raf fi t Hassan. Treatment of pleural mesothelioma: asco guideline update. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 43:1006-1038, Jan 2025. URL: https://doi.org/10.1200/jco-24-02425, doi:10.1200/jco-24-02425. This article has 58 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.

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