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Lathyrism

1. Disease Information

2026-06-12
Falcon MONDO:0043339 Model: Edison Scientific Literature 33 citations

1. Disease Information

1.1 Overview and current understanding

Lathyrism is an environmentally triggered, toxin-associated disorder caused by exposure to specific Lathyrus plant constituents leading to either (i) a neurodegenerative upper motor neuron syndrome (neurolathyrism) or (ii) connective-tissue pathology affecting bone and/or vasculature (osteo-/angiolathyrism). (bekelealemu2024thepotentialof pages 2-3, carlson2002caseiz16753 pages 3-4, merico2021inhibitionoflysyl pages 1-2)

Neurolathyrism is described as a neurodegenerative disease caused by “long-term overconsumption” of grass pea seeds containing the non-protein amino acid β-ODAP, producing an “irreversible spastic paraparesis of the legs while sparing sensory systems.” (bekelealemu2024thepotentialof pages 2-3)

A clinical case definition used in recent community work emphasized symmetrical spastic leg weakness with subacute/insidious onset, no sensory deficit, and history of grass pea consumption around onset. (yesuf2024prevalenceassociatedfactors pages 1-5)

1.2 Key identifiers and synonyms

Evidence in retrieved sources was insufficient to reliably populate ontology identifiers. The following identifiers were not found in the retrieved evidence and should be confirmed from OMIM/Orphanet/ICD/MeSH/MONDO directly before KB entry: - MONDO ID: not found in evidence (needs ontology lookup) - ICD-10/ICD-11 code(s): not found in evidence - MeSH descriptor(s): not found in evidence - Orphanet/OMIM identifiers: not found in evidence

Synonyms / alternative names (from local usage / literature in evidence): - “Neurolathyrism” (disease subtype) (bekelealemu2024thepotentialof pages 2-3, yesuf2024prevalenceassociatedfactors pages 1-5) - In Delanta, Ethiopia, the term “Yeguaya Beshita” is widely recognized as the local name for the condition (97.9% recognized the term). (yesuf2024prevalenceassociatedfactors pages 5-9)

1.3 Data provenance

The retrieved evidence includes aggregated population research (community cross-sectional surveys in Ethiopia) and experimental/mechanistic work (plant genomics/biochemistry and animal models). (yesuf2024prevalenceassociatedfactors pages 12-15, edwards2023genomicsandbiochemical pages 1-2, merico2021inhibitionoflysyl pages 1-2)

2. Etiology

2.1 Disease causal factors

Neurolathyrism (β-ODAP/β-L-ODAP; L. sativus)

Osteolathyrism / Angiolathyrism (BAPN; L. odoratus; LOX inhibition)

2.2 Risk factors

Environmental / dietary

Population-level and sociodemographic (recent Ethiopia data)

A 2022 community-based study in Delanta district, Ethiopia (n=470 analyzed) reported 56 cases (11.9% of participants) and estimated population prevalence 6.6%. (yesuf2024prevalenceassociatedfactors pages 1-5)

Multivariable associated factors included: - Male sex: AOR 3.569 (95% CI 1.794–7.098) (yesuf2024prevalenceassociatedfactors pages 12-15) - Older age (>46): AOR 2.690 (95% CI 1.064–9.341) (yesuf2024prevalenceassociatedfactors pages 12-15) - Inability to read: AOR 3.128 (95% CI 1.224–7.993) (yesuf2024prevalenceassociatedfactors pages 12-15) - Family size (reported as “less than 5” in one excerpt): AOR 2.332 (95% CI 1.159–4.692) (yesuf2024prevalenceassociatedfactors pages 12-15) - Farmland lease: AOR 2.734 (95% CI 1.23–6.06) (yesuf2024prevalenceassociatedfactors pages 12-15)

Note: Some odds ratio reporting appears inconsistently formatted across excerpts from the same preprint (e.g., “AOR=23%” with unusual CI formatting). Values above are taken from the excerpt that provided standard numeric AORs and CIs. (yesuf2024prevalenceassociatedfactors pages 12-15, yesuf2024prevalenceassociatedfactors pages 1-5)

2.3 Protective factors

Evidence in the retrieved dataset suggests: - Sulfur amino acid adequacy/supplementation (methionine, cysteine) may reduce β-ODAP neurotoxicity risk. (bekelealemu2024thepotentialof pages 2-3) - In neurolathyrism patients, regular exercise and formal counselling were associated with decreased odds of major depressive disorder (a comorbidity), suggesting plausible QoL-protective interventions in real-world care, though not primary prevention of neurolathyrism itself. (bimerew2024prevalenceofmajor pages 1-2)

2.4 Gene–environment interactions

No human genetic susceptibility loci/variants were identified in the retrieved evidence. However, genotype-by-environment (G×E) interactions are described in the context of grass pea toxin content, where classical breeding for low β-ODAP can be undermined by environmental effects increasing toxin levels. (bekelealemu2024thepotentialof pages 1-2)

3. Phenotypes

3.1 Core phenotypes by subtype

Neurolathyrism (human clinical)

Clinical features include: - Symmetrical spastic leg weakness, spastic gait, pyramidal signs (Babinski, clonus), progressive disability stages I–IV (walking stick dependence to bedridden with contractures). (yesuf2024prevalenceassociatedfactors pages 1-5) - “Irreversible spastic paraparesis” of legs with sensory sparing is emphasized in recent review evidence. (bekelealemu2024thepotentialof pages 2-3)

Suggested HPO terms (mapping; confirm exact best matches in HPO): - Spastic paraplegia: HP:0001258 - Spasticity: HP:0001257 - Abnormal gait: HP:0001288 - Hyperreflexia / Babinski sign: HP:0001347 / HP:0003487 (confirm) - Contractures (advanced): HP:0001371

Osteolathyrism (connective tissue/bone)

  • Bone deformity and periosteal proliferative exostoses at tendon insertion sites are described in BAPN intoxication; histology includes fibroblastic masses with cartilaginous and bone formation. (carlson2002caseiz16753 pages 3-4)

Suggested HPO terms: - Exostoses: HP:0100777 - Abnormal bone morphology: HP:0003330 - Muscle atrophy (secondary): HP:0003202

Angiolathyrism (vascular)

Suggested HPO terms: - Aortic aneurysm: HP:0004942 - Aortic dissection: HP:0002647

3.2 Onset, severity, progression

  • Neurolathyrism can present with subacute/insidious onset and progresses across clinically staged disability levels (I–IV). (yesuf2024prevalenceassociatedfactors pages 1-5)
  • In a neurolathyrism patient sample (Dawunt district), reported onset age range was 4–37 years (mean 17.32 ± 7.91) with disease duration 4–40 years (mean 17.95 ± 8.28), consistent with long-term disability. (bimerew2024prevalenceofmajor pages 2-4)

3.3 Quality-of-life and psychosocial impact (recent data)

4. Genetic/Molecular Information

4.1 Human causal genes and pathogenic variants

Lathyrism is primarily an environmental/toxin-mediated condition in the retrieved sources; no causal human genes or variants were identified in the evidence provided. (bekelealemu2024thepotentialof pages 2-3, yesuf2024prevalenceassociatedfactors pages 1-5)

4.2 Plant/crop molecular genetics relevant to risk mitigation (2023–2024 priority)

A major 2023 advance was a long-read genome assembly for L. sativus and biochemical elucidation of the β-L-ODAP biosynthetic pathway. - Edwards et al. (Nature Communications, Feb 2023) report an annotated ~6.5 Gbp L. sativus genome and identify a final-step metabolon involving LsAAE3 (acyl-activating enzyme 3) and LsBOS (a BAHD acyltransferase), “CoA-activated to produce β-L-ODAP.” (edwards2023genomicsandbiochemical pages 1-2) - Pathway-related loci include CAS (β-cyanoalanine synthase) and CS (cysteine synthase) genes, with multiple CS-like copies annotated. (edwards2023genomicsandbiochemical pages 2-4)

A 2024 review proposes gene-editing strategies: - Bekele-Alemu et al. (Current Issues in Molecular Biology, Sep 2024) identify key enzymes β-ODAP synthase (BOS) and β-cyanoalanine synthase (CAS) and propose CRISPR/Cas9 strategies: BOS knockout, CAS knockout, BOS+CAS knockout, or targeted substitutions to reduce toxin while monitoring precursor accumulation. (bekelealemu2024thepotentialof pages 11-13)

Suggested ontology mappings (plant/crop context; for KB cross-references): - Chemical entity: β-ODAP / β-L-ODAP (CHEBI ID not in evidence; needs CHEBI lookup)

5. Environmental Information

5.1 Environmental factors

  • Food-system stressors: community data emphasize grass pea’s centrality as a primary food and note that “banning grass pea is not feasible” locally due to weather variability leading to overconsumption risk. (yesuf2024prevalenceassociatedfactors pages 5-9)

5.2 Lifestyle factors

No smoking/alcohol or other lifestyle exposures were identified as causal in the retrieved evidence. Exercise appears in the context of mental-health comorbidity reduction rather than primary disease prevention. (bimerew2024prevalenceofmajor pages 1-2)

5.3 Infectious agents

Not applicable based on retrieved evidence.

6. Mechanism / Pathophysiology

6.1 Neurolathyrism causal chain (β-ODAP)

Trigger: prolonged exposure to β-ODAP/β-L-ODAP from grass pea diets (often under drought/food insecurity). (bekelealemu2024thepotentialof pages 2-3)

Molecular/cellular: β-ODAP is described as an excitatory amino acid agonist at AMPA receptors, associated with intracellular Ca2+ overload, mitochondrial respiration disturbance, reduced amino acid transport, and increased oxidative stress, leading to excitotoxic motor neuron degeneration and paralysis. (bekelealemu2024thepotentialof pages 5-7)

Tissue/system: degeneration of corticospinal/pyramidal tract neurons in spinal cord/leg cortex producing spastic paraparesis. (bekelealemu2024thepotentialof pages 2-3)

Suggested GO biological processes (confirm in GO): - Excitotoxicity / glutamate receptor signaling pathway - Neuron death: GO:0070997 (neuron death) (confirm) - Oxidative stress response: GO:0006979

Suggested CL cell types (confirm in Cell Ontology): - Motor neuron: CL:0000100

6.2 Osteo-/angiolathyrism causal chain (BAPN → LOX inhibition)

Trigger: BAPN exposure (classically linked to L. odoratus ingestion; also used experimentally). (carlson2002caseiz16753 pages 3-4, merico2021inhibitionoflysyl pages 1-2)

Molecular: BAPN irreversibly inhibits LOX, disrupting oxidative deamination of lysine/hydroxylysine residues in collagen/elastin and preventing normal intermolecular covalent cross-links required for tensile strength and ECM maturation. (carlson2002caseiz16753 pages 3-4, merico2021inhibitionoflysyl pages 1-2)

Downstream vascular remodeling: In a rat model, LOX inhibition is associated with increased apoptosis, stimulated TGF-β signaling (p-SMAD2), and increased MMP-2/MMP-9 expression contributing to ascending aorta disruption. (merico2021inhibitionoflysyl pages 1-2)

Tissue/system manifestations: - Bone: periosteal exostoses and fibro-osseous lesions; impaired bone quality and remodeling. (carlson2002caseiz16753 pages 3-4, suliman2023theeffectsof pages 1-2) - Vasculature: aortic/arterial aneurysm and fatal rupture in models. (merico2021inhibitionoflysyl pages 1-2, carlson2002caseiz16753 pages 1-3)

Suggested GO terms: - Collagen fibril organization: GO:0030199 - Elastic fiber assembly: GO:0048251 (confirm) - Extracellular matrix organization: GO:0030198 - TGF-β receptor signaling pathway: GO:0007179 - Matrix metalloproteinase activation / extracellular matrix disassembly: GO:0022617

Suggested CL cell types: - Vascular smooth muscle cell: CL:0000192 - Fibroblast: CL:0000057 - Osteoblast: CL:0000062 - Osteocyte: CL:0000136

7. Anatomical Structures Affected

7.1 Organ/system level

7.2 Suggested UBERON terms (confirm exact IDs)

8. Temporal Development

9. Inheritance and Population

9.1 Inheritance

Not applicable: evidence supports an environmental/toxin-driven etiology; no Mendelian inheritance described. (bekelealemu2024thepotentialof pages 2-3)

9.2 Epidemiology (recent statistics)

Delanta district, Ethiopia (survey Nov–Dec 2022; posted May 2024): - n=470 analyzed; 56 cases (11.9% of participants) and “population-level prevalence … 6.6%.” (yesuf2024prevalenceassociatedfactors pages 1-5)

Dawunt district, Ethiopia (community study referenced in BMC Psychiatry Apr 2024): - Point prevalence reported as 2.4% (95% CI 2.0–3.0). (bimerew2024prevalenceofmajor pages 2-4)

10. Diagnostics

10.1 Clinical criteria (from recent community study definition)

Neurolathyrism diagnosis in community work relied on a clinical syndrome of spastic paraparesis with sensory sparing and dietary exposure history (grass pea consumption). (yesuf2024prevalenceassociatedfactors pages 1-5)

10.2 Differential diagnosis

No detailed differential diagnosis workup was found in the retrieved evidence; common differentials in clinical neurology (e.g., hereditary spastic paraplegia, myelopathy, MS, B12 deficiency) should be validated from clinical references not retrieved here.

10.3 Biomarkers / laboratory tests

No validated human diagnostic biomarker assays were identified in the retrieved evidence.

11. Outcome / Prognosis

12. Treatment

12.1 Pharmacotherapy

No disease-modifying pharmacotherapy for established neurolathyrism was identified in the retrieved evidence.

12.2 Supportive and rehabilitative care

Evidence supports supportive interventions addressing disability and mental health: - Formal counselling and regular exercise were associated with decreased odds of major depressive disorder among neurolathyrism patients. (bimerew2024prevalenceofmajor pages 1-2)

Suggested MAXO terms (confirm IDs in MAXO): - Physical therapy / exercise therapy - Psychological counselling - Assistive device use (walking aids)

13. Prevention

13.1 Primary prevention (risk reduction)

The retrieved evidence supports prevention as primarily food-system and agricultural/toxin-exposure mitigation, including: - Reducing β-ODAP in grass pea via plant breeding/genomics and potentially CRISPR-based targeting of BOS/CAS pathway genes. (bekelealemu2024thepotentialof pages 11-13, edwards2023genomicsandbiochemical pages 1-2) - Nutritional strategies (improving sulfur amino acid adequacy) to reduce β-ODAP neurotoxicity risk. (bekelealemu2024thepotentialof pages 2-3)

13.2 Real-world implementations and applications

14. Other Species / Natural Disease

NCBI Taxon identifiers and OMIA links were not retrievable from the current evidence set.

15. Model Organisms

15.1 Induced models

15.2 Model limitations

The retrieved evidence does not provide direct head-to-head validation against human lathyrism phenotypes for all endpoints; caution is warranted when translating vascular/bone findings to human disease.

Recent developments (2023–2024) highlighted

  1. Pathway resolution and genome resource: 2023 Nature Communications work produced a chromosome-scale genome assembly and identified LsAAE3–LsBOS metabolon controlling final β-L-ODAP production. (edwards2023genomicsandbiochemical pages 1-2)
  2. Genome-editing proposals: 2024 review proposed CRISPR/Cas9 targeting BOS and CAS (including multi-target strategies and amino-acid substitutions) to reduce β-ODAP. (bekelealemu2024thepotentialof pages 11-13)
  3. New epidemiologic measurements and social impact quantification: 2024 Ethiopia community work provided updated prevalence estimates and quantified social consequences (school discontinuation, divorce) and mobility impairment rates. (yesuf2024prevalenceassociatedfactors pages 9-12, yesuf2026neurolathyrismindelanta pages 1-2)

Evidence-based statistics (from recent studies)

Direct quotes from abstracts (available in retrieved evidence)

Key references with URLs and dates (prioritizing 2023–2024)

Major gaps in the retrieved evidence (needs follow-up retrieval for KB completeness)

  • Standard disease identifiers (MONDO/MeSH/ICD/Orphanet/OMIM) were not available in the retrieved text evidence.
  • No primary human neuropathology/neuroimaging studies, nor prospective incidence estimates, were retrieved.
  • No human genetic susceptibility data were retrieved.
  • No formal diagnostic criteria guidelines or treatment guidelines were retrieved.

These gaps should be filled by targeted ontology lookup (MONDO/MeSH/ICD), and PubMed retrieval of clinical neurology reviews and historical/modern neuropathology studies.

References

  1. (bekelealemu2024thepotentialof pages 2-3): Abreham Bekele-Alemu, Deribew Girma-Tola, and Ayalew Ligaba-Osena. The potential of crispr/cas9 to circumvent the risk factor neurotoxin β-n-oxalyl-l-α, β-diaminopropionic acid limiting wide acceptance of the underutilized grass pea (lathyrus sativus l.). Current Issues in Molecular Biology, 46:10570-10589, Sep 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46090626, doi:10.3390/cimb46090626. This article has 6 citations.

  2. (yesuf2024prevalenceassociatedfactors pages 1-5): Andualem Endrias Yesuf, Eden Efrem Mersiehazen, Bemnet Yazew Abegaz, Samson Zegeye Endale, Beyadiglign Wondimu Gebresilssie, and Biniyam Jemaneh Batu. Prevalence, associated factors, and social status of patients with neurolathyrisim in delanta, amhara region, ethiopia: a community-based cross- sectional study. Unknown journal, May 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4332232/v1, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4332232/v1.

  3. (carlson2002caseiz16753 pages 3-4): CS Carlson. Case i: z16753 (afip 3138054). Unknown journal, 2002.

  4. (merico2021inhibitionoflysyl pages 1-2): Valeria Merico, Jacopo Francesco Imberti, Mario Zanoni, Giuseppe Boriani, Silvia Garagna, and Roberto Imberti. Inhibition of lysyl oxidase stimulates tgf-β signaling and metalloproteinases-2 and -9 expression and contributes to the disruption of ascending aorta in rats: protection by propylthiouracil. Heart and Vessels, 36:738-747, Jan 2021. URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00380-020-01750-6, doi:10.1007/s00380-020-01750-6. This article has 7 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.

  5. (bekelealemu2024thepotentialof pages 5-7): Abreham Bekele-Alemu, Deribew Girma-Tola, and Ayalew Ligaba-Osena. The potential of crispr/cas9 to circumvent the risk factor neurotoxin β-n-oxalyl-l-α, β-diaminopropionic acid limiting wide acceptance of the underutilized grass pea (lathyrus sativus l.). Current Issues in Molecular Biology, 46:10570-10589, Sep 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46090626, doi:10.3390/cimb46090626. This article has 6 citations.

  6. (edwards2023genomicsandbiochemical pages 12-13): Anne Edwards, Isaac Njaci, Abhimanyu Sarkar, Zhouqian Jiang, Gemy George Kaithakottil, Christopher Moore, Jitender Cheema, Clare E. M. Stevenson, Martin Rejzek, Petr Novák, Marielle Vigouroux, Martin Vickers, Roland H. M. Wouters, Pirita Paajanen, Burkhard Steuernagel, Jonathan D. Moore, Janet Higgins, David Swarbreck, Stefan Martens, Colin Y. Kim, Jing-Ke Weng, Sagadevan Mundree, Benjamin Kilian, Shiv Kumar, Matt Loose, Levi Yant, Jiří Macas, Trevor L. Wang, Cathie Martin, and Peter M. F. Emmrich. Genomics and biochemical analyses reveal a metabolon key to β-l-odap biosynthesis in lathyrus sativus. Nature Communications, Feb 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-36503-2, doi:10.1038/s41467-023-36503-2. This article has 43 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.

  7. (edwards2023genomicsandbiochemical pages 1-2): Anne Edwards, Isaac Njaci, Abhimanyu Sarkar, Zhouqian Jiang, Gemy George Kaithakottil, Christopher Moore, Jitender Cheema, Clare E. M. Stevenson, Martin Rejzek, Petr Novák, Marielle Vigouroux, Martin Vickers, Roland H. M. Wouters, Pirita Paajanen, Burkhard Steuernagel, Jonathan D. Moore, Janet Higgins, David Swarbreck, Stefan Martens, Colin Y. Kim, Jing-Ke Weng, Sagadevan Mundree, Benjamin Kilian, Shiv Kumar, Matt Loose, Levi Yant, Jiří Macas, Trevor L. Wang, Cathie Martin, and Peter M. F. Emmrich. Genomics and biochemical analyses reveal a metabolon key to β-l-odap biosynthesis in lathyrus sativus. Nature Communications, Feb 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-36503-2, doi:10.1038/s41467-023-36503-2. This article has 43 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.

  8. (suliman2023theeffectsof pages 1-2): Mubarak Suliman, Masako Nagasawa, Farah A. Al-Omari, and Katsumi Uoshima. The effects of collagen cross-link deficiency on osseointegration process of pure titanium implants. Journal of prosthodontic research, 68:449-455, Oct 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.2186/jpr.jpr_d_22_00249, doi:10.2186/jpr.jpr_d_22_00249. This article has 2 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.

  9. (carlson2002caseiz16753 pages 1-3): CS Carlson. Case i: z16753 (afip 3138054). Unknown journal, 2002.

  10. (yesuf2024prevalenceassociatedfactors pages 5-9): Andualem Endrias Yesuf, Eden Efrem Mersiehazen, Bemnet Yazew Abegaz, Samson Zegeye Endale, Beyadiglign Wondimu Gebresilssie, and Biniyam Jemaneh Batu. Prevalence, associated factors, and social status of patients with neurolathyrisim in delanta, amhara region, ethiopia: a community-based cross- sectional study. Unknown journal, May 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4332232/v1, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4332232/v1.

  11. (yesuf2024prevalenceassociatedfactors pages 12-15): Andualem Endrias Yesuf, Eden Efrem Mersiehazen, Bemnet Yazew Abegaz, Samson Zegeye Endale, Beyadiglign Wondimu Gebresilssie, and Biniyam Jemaneh Batu. Prevalence, associated factors, and social status of patients with neurolathyrisim in delanta, amhara region, ethiopia: a community-based cross- sectional study. Unknown journal, May 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4332232/v1, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4332232/v1.

  12. (bimerew2024prevalenceofmajor pages 1-2): Melaku Bimerew, Teshome Gebremeskel, Biruk Beletew, Wondye Ayaliew, Mulugeta Wodaje, and Manay Ayalneh. Prevalence of major depressive disorder and its associated factors among adult patients with neurolathyrism in dawunt district, ethiopia; 2022: community-based cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry, Apr 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-024-05755-7, doi:10.1186/s12888-024-05755-7. This article has 10 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.

  13. (bekelealemu2024thepotentialof pages 1-2): Abreham Bekele-Alemu, Deribew Girma-Tola, and Ayalew Ligaba-Osena. The potential of crispr/cas9 to circumvent the risk factor neurotoxin β-n-oxalyl-l-α, β-diaminopropionic acid limiting wide acceptance of the underutilized grass pea (lathyrus sativus l.). Current Issues in Molecular Biology, 46:10570-10589, Sep 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46090626, doi:10.3390/cimb46090626. This article has 6 citations.

  14. (bimerew2024prevalenceofmajor pages 2-4): Melaku Bimerew, Teshome Gebremeskel, Biruk Beletew, Wondye Ayaliew, Mulugeta Wodaje, and Manay Ayalneh. Prevalence of major depressive disorder and its associated factors among adult patients with neurolathyrism in dawunt district, ethiopia; 2022: community-based cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry, Apr 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-024-05755-7, doi:10.1186/s12888-024-05755-7. This article has 10 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.

  15. (yesuf2026neurolathyrismindelanta pages 1-2): Andualem Endrias Yesuf, Eden Efrem Mersiehazen, Bemnet Yazew Abegaz, Samson Zegeye Endale, Beyadiglign Wondimu Gebresilssie, and Biniyam Jemaneh Batu. Neurolathyrism in delanta, ethiopia: prevalence, associated factors, and social impact: a cross-sectional study. BMC Neurology, Apr 2026. URL: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-026-04871-z, doi:10.1186/s12883-026-04871-z. This article has 0 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.

  16. (edwards2023genomicsandbiochemical pages 2-4): Anne Edwards, Isaac Njaci, Abhimanyu Sarkar, Zhouqian Jiang, Gemy George Kaithakottil, Christopher Moore, Jitender Cheema, Clare E. M. Stevenson, Martin Rejzek, Petr Novák, Marielle Vigouroux, Martin Vickers, Roland H. M. Wouters, Pirita Paajanen, Burkhard Steuernagel, Jonathan D. Moore, Janet Higgins, David Swarbreck, Stefan Martens, Colin Y. Kim, Jing-Ke Weng, Sagadevan Mundree, Benjamin Kilian, Shiv Kumar, Matt Loose, Levi Yant, Jiří Macas, Trevor L. Wang, Cathie Martin, and Peter M. F. Emmrich. Genomics and biochemical analyses reveal a metabolon key to β-l-odap biosynthesis in lathyrus sativus. Nature Communications, Feb 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-36503-2, doi:10.1038/s41467-023-36503-2. This article has 43 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.

  17. (bekelealemu2024thepotentialof pages 11-13): Abreham Bekele-Alemu, Deribew Girma-Tola, and Ayalew Ligaba-Osena. The potential of crispr/cas9 to circumvent the risk factor neurotoxin β-n-oxalyl-l-α, β-diaminopropionic acid limiting wide acceptance of the underutilized grass pea (lathyrus sativus l.). Current Issues in Molecular Biology, 46:10570-10589, Sep 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46090626, doi:10.3390/cimb46090626. This article has 6 citations.

  18. (yesuf2024prevalenceassociatedfactors pages 9-12): Andualem Endrias Yesuf, Eden Efrem Mersiehazen, Bemnet Yazew Abegaz, Samson Zegeye Endale, Beyadiglign Wondimu Gebresilssie, and Biniyam Jemaneh Batu. Prevalence, associated factors, and social status of patients with neurolathyrisim in delanta, amhara region, ethiopia: a community-based cross- sectional study. Unknown journal, May 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4332232/v1, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4332232/v1.

  19. (sherif2010insearchof pages 3-4): H. M. F. Sherif. In search of a new therapeutic target for the treatment of genetically triggered thoracic aortic aneurysms and cardiovascular conditions: insights from human and animal lathyrism. Interactive CardioVascular and Thoracic Surgery, 11:271-276, Jun 2010. URL: https://doi.org/10.1510/icvts.2010.239681, doi:10.1510/icvts.2010.239681. This article has 29 citations.

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