| Subtype | Primary trigger / toxin | Source exposure | Core clinical features | Key mechanism | 2023-2024+ key references | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neurolathyrism | β-ODAP / β-L-ODAP (toxic β-isomer of ODAP) | Prolonged overconsumption of grass pea (*Lathyrus sativus*) seeds; risk heightened during drought/food insecurity | Irreversible spastic paraparesis/spastic paralysis of the legs; symmetrical spastic leg weakness; corticospinal/pyramidal tract degeneration; walking difficulty; sensory sparing often noted | Excitatory amino-acid neurotoxicity with AMPA receptor agonism, reduced glutamate/aspartate transport, intracellular Ca2+ overload, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and motor-neuron degeneration | Edwards et al., *Nat Commun* (Feb 2023), DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36503-2, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-36503-2; Bekele-Alemu et al., *Curr Issues Mol Biol* (Sep 2024), DOI: 10.3390/cimb46090626, https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46090626; Yesuf et al. preprint (May 2024), DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4332232/v1, https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4332232/v1 | (pqac-00000001, pqac-00000005, pqac-00000006, pqac-00000007, pqac-00000020) |
| Osteolathyrism | β-aminopropionitrile (BAPN) | Exposure to BAPN, classically from *Lathyrus odoratus* and related *Lathyrus* spp.; widely used experimentally to induce lathyrism | Bone deformity; periosteal proliferative exostoses; fibro-osseous/cartilaginous lesions at tendon insertion sites; defective bone collagen quality; reduced bone formation and increased resorption | Irreversible lysyl oxidase (LOX) inhibition causing deficient collagen cross-linking and impaired extracellular matrix maturation; poor collagen quality and altered bone remodeling | Suliman et al., *J Prosthodont Res* (Oct 2023), DOI: 10.2186/jpr.jpr_d_22_00249, https://doi.org/10.2186/jpr.jpr_d_22_00249 | (pqac-00000024, pqac-00000028) |
| Angiolathyrism | β-aminopropionitrile (BAPN) | Exposure to BAPN from *Lathyrus odoratus* / related pulses; established animal-model lathyrogen | Aortic aneurysm, aortic dissection/rupture, ascending aortic wall disruption, arterial aneurysm with fatal rupture | LOX inhibition impairs collagen/elastin cross-linking in vascular ECM; associated with increased apoptosis, stimulated TGF-β/SMAD2 signaling, and MMP-2/MMP-9 upregulation | Merico et al., *Heart Vessels* (Jan 2021), DOI: 10.1007/s00380-020-01750-6, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00380-020-01750-6 | (pqac-00000025, pqac-00000029) |


*Table: This table summarizes the three main lathyrism subtypes by toxin, source exposure, clinical phenotype, mechanism, and recent key references. It is useful as a compact crosswalk between clinical presentation and toxicologic/pathophysiologic basis.*