Arsenic Poisoning

1. Disease Information

1.1 Concise overview

Arsenic poisoning refers to adverse clinical outcomes resulting from exposure to arsenic compounds, most importantly inorganic arsenic (iAs). Acute intoxication often follows ingestion of iAs and can present within ~30 minutes to 2 hours with severe gastroenteritis, hypotension, cardiac conduction abnormalities (including QT prolongation), neurologic toxicity (delirium, seizures), and acute kidney injury. (balalimood2025recentadvancesin pages 12-13)

Chronic arsenic poisoning is commonly termed arsenicosis and results from long-term low-dose exposure, typically via contaminated drinking water and/or diet. It features characteristic dermatologic findings (hyperpigmentation with “raindrop” pattern, palmoplantar hyperkeratosis), peripheral neuropathy, vascular disease, and increased risk of cancers (skin, bladder, lung, and others). (ganie2024arsenictoxicitysources pages 2-3, chakif2026heavymetaltoxicity pages 12-13)

1.2 Synonyms and alternative names

Chronic arsenic toxicity is explicitly described as arsenicosis, historically also called arseniasis, arsenism, arsenicism. (ganie2024arsenictoxicitysources pages 2-3)

1.3 Key identifiers (ontology/terminology)

• ICD-10/ICD-11: Not found in retrieved sources.
• MeSH: Not found in retrieved sources.
• MONDO: Not found in retrieved sources.

1.4 Evidence provenance

The information summarized here is derived from aggregated disease-level resources (systematic reviews, regulatory assessments, narrative reviews) and mechanistic/model-system studies, rather than individual EHR extractions. (balalimood2025recentadvancesin pages 12-13, visciano2025arsenicinwater pages 10-12, issanov2023arsenicindrinking pages 1-2)

2. Etiology

2.1 Causal factors

• Environmental/toxic exposure: Exposure to inorganic arsenic species—especially As(III) (arsenite) and As(V) (arsenate)—from groundwater, food, industrial sources, and in some circumstances inhalational exposures (including arsine gas). (balalimood2025recentadvancesin pages 12-13, ganie2024arsenictoxicitysources pages 1-2)
• Chemical species matter: Trivalent arsenicals are emphasized as more toxic due to strong interactions with sulfur-containing proteins/thiols. (ganie2024arsenictoxicitysources pages 1-2)

2.2 Risk factors

Environmental/occupational

• Drinking-water contamination is repeatedly highlighted as a principal route in high-burden regions (e.g., South Asia). (ganie2024arsenictoxicitysources pages 1-2)
• Global burden: An opinion/global scenario paper reports groundwater arsenic contamination affecting 106 countries and exposing ~230 million people (ATSDR 2022 ranking and WHO “top 10 chemicals” framing also noted). (bhat2024arseniccontaminationneeds pages 1-2)

Host and contextual risk modifiers

• Genetic susceptibility: Inter-individual differences in arsenic metabolism (methylation phenotype) are linked to susceptibility; methylation depends on AS3MT and related pathways. (ganie2024arsenictoxicitysources pages 2-3, pullella2024elucidatingtherelationship pages 37-41)
• Nutritional status / one‑carbon metabolism: Methyl-donor availability (folate and related nutrients) modifies arsenic methylation capacity and may influence toxicity. (pereira2025arsenomearsenobolomeand pages 20-22, abuawad2023thefolicacid pages 7-8)

2.3 Protective factors

• Nutritional supplementation improving methylation indices (human evidence): In the FACT trial (Bangladesh; randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled), folic acid supplementation improved blood arsenic methylation indices and metabolite profiles (increased SMI and %DMAs, decreased %MMAs), suggesting improved detoxification via enhanced methylation. (abuawad2023thefolicacid pages 7-8, abuawad2023thefolicacid pages 1-2)

2.4 Gene–environment interactions

• Mechanistic G×E framing: Variation in response to arsenic metabolites is genetically regulated in model systems; QTL mapping under MMA(III) exposure implicated detoxification and DNA repair loci (e.g., Abcc4, Txnrd1, Xrcc2), supporting gene-by-environment modulation of oxidative stress response and cell death trajectories. (o’connor2024unravelingthegenetics pages 1-2)

3. Phenotypes (clinical manifestations)

A structured phenotype-to-HPO mapping is provided in Artifact-01.

Table: This table maps major acute and chronic clinical manifestations of arsenic poisoning to suggested HPO terms for knowledge-base annotation. It emphasizes timing, characteristic arsenicosis features, and long-term cancer complications supported by recent review evidence.

Key time-course features: - Acute: Symptoms begin ~30 min–2 h after ingestion (GI symptoms prominent) with possible cardiovascular collapse and multi-organ injury. (balalimood2025recentadvancesin pages 12-13) - Subacute neurologic: Sensory deficits may appear 2–4 weeks post-exposure. (balalimood2025recentadvancesin pages 12-13) - Chronic: Dermatologic and neurologic manifestations plus long-term cancer risks. (balalimood2025recentadvancesin pages 12-13, chakif2026heavymetaltoxicity pages 12-13)

4. Genetic/Molecular Information

4.1 Causal genes

Arsenic poisoning is not a Mendelian genetic disease; however, genes that govern arsenic metabolism and response modify susceptibility. Strongly implicated genes/pathways include: - AS3MT (arsenic methyltransferase) for methylation of iAs to methylated metabolites. (ganie2024arsenictoxicitysources pages 2-3, singh2024arsenicexposurein pages 1-5) - Detoxification/transport and oxidative stress response genes highlighted in genetic mapping screens under MMA(III) exposure (Abcc4, Txnrd1) and DNA repair candidates (Xrcc2). (o’connor2024unravelingthegenetics pages 1-2)

4.2 Pathogenic variants

Specific human variant pathogenicity classifications (ACMG/ClinVar) were not present in retrieved sources.

4.3 Epigenetic information

Chronic iAs exposure is described as producing epigenetic alterations, including promoter hypermethylation (e.g., MLH1/MSH2), altered DNMT expression (↑DNMT1/DNMT3B, ↓DNMT3A), and global methylation changes linked to SAM depletion. (pereira2025arsenomearsenobolomeand pages 20-22, pullella2024elucidatingtherelationship pages 37-41)

5. Environmental Information

5.1 Environmental factors

• Major exposure is via contaminated groundwater and diet; mining/manufacturing and geogenic sources are emphasized in recent reviews. (ganie2024arsenictoxicitysources pages 1-2)

5.2 Lifestyle factors

• Dietary contributions can be substantial; risk assessments distinguish organic arsenic from seafood versus inorganic arsenic from water/food sources, requiring speciation for interpretation. (chakif2026heavymetaltoxicity pages 12-13, pullella2024elucidatingtherelationship pages 37-41)

6. Mechanism / Pathophysiology

A structured mechanism table with ontology mapping is provided in Artifact-03.

Table: This table summarizes major molecular and cellular mechanisms of arsenic poisoning and links them to suggested ontology terms for knowledge-base curation. It integrates toxicokinetics, oxidative stress, DNA damage, epigenetic dysregulation, mitochondrial injury, carcinogenic signaling, and genetic susceptibility.

6.1 Current mechanistic understanding (high-level causal chain)

1. Exposure and uptake (water/food/air) → systemic distribution and hepatic biotransformation to MMA/DMA. (ganie2024arsenictoxicitysources pages 2-3, chakif2026heavymetaltoxicity pages 12-13)
2. Molecular initiating events: thiol binding and inhibition of lipoic-acid–dependent enzymes; phosphate mimicry by arsenate; redox disruption. (pereira2025arsenomearsenobolomeand pages 19-20)
3. Cellular injury pathways: oxidative/nitrosative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, ER stress, apoptosis, impaired DNA repair, and epigenetic dysregulation. (pereira2025arsenomearsenobolomeand pages 19-20, pereira2025arsenomearsenobolomeand pages 20-22)
4. Organ-level outcomes: GI injury/shock in acute poisoning; skin lesions/neuropathy/vascular disease and carcinogenesis in chronic exposure. (balalimood2025recentadvancesin pages 12-13, chakif2026heavymetaltoxicity pages 12-13)

7. Anatomical Structures Affected

• Acute toxicity: gastrointestinal tract, cardiovascular system (cardiac conduction), kidney (acute tubular necrosis/AKI), liver, nervous system. (balalimood2025recentadvancesin pages 12-13)
• Chronic toxicity: skin (hyperpigmentation, hyperkeratosis), peripheral nerves, vasculature (e.g., Blackfoot disease), and carcinogenesis in bladder, lung, and skin. (chakif2026heavymetaltoxicity pages 12-13, pereira2025arsenomearsenobolomeand pages 20-22)

Suggested UBERON targets are included in Artifact-03.

8. Temporal Development

• Acute onset: minutes to hours after ingestion (30 min–2 h), with death possible within days if severe. (balalimood2025recentadvancesin pages 12-13)
• Subacute stage: neuropathy may develop 2–4 weeks after exposure. (balalimood2025recentadvancesin pages 12-13)
• Chronic course: prolonged exposure leads to arsenicosis; recovery can be prolonged and incomplete, particularly neuropathy. (balalimood2025recentadvancesin pages 13-14)

9. Inheritance and Population

9.1 Epidemiology and exposure burden

• A global scenario/opinion report estimates arsenic-contaminated groundwater affects ~106 countries and exposes ~230 million people; WHO, EPA, and EU drinking-water limits are cited as 10 µg/L. (bhat2024arseniccontaminationneeds pages 1-2)

9.2 Regulatory coverage and inequity

• WHO drinking-water guideline value for arsenic is 10 µg/L (0.01 mg/L) and is explicitly labeled “Provisional”, with rationale including treatment performance and analytical achievability rather than purely health-based derivation. (mitchell2023acomprehensivesurvey pages 6-8)
• An international survey reports that 32% of the world’s population live in countries where the national arsenic standard is less protective than the WHO GV of 10 µg/L. (mitchell2023acomprehensivesurvey pages 2-4)

10. Diagnostics

A structured diagnostics table is provided in Artifact-02.

Table: This table summarizes clinically relevant diagnostic biomarkers and current treatment approaches for arsenic poisoning, including practical interpretation notes and quantitative thresholds reported in the retrieved evidence. It is useful for distinguishing recent versus chronic exposure and for mapping acute management options to the evidence base.

Key points: - Urine arsenic speciation (iAs/MMA/DMA) is emphasized as essential to distinguish inorganic exposure from seafood-related organic arsenic and to evaluate methylation phenotype. (chakif2026heavymetaltoxicity pages 12-13, pullella2024elucidatingtherelationship pages 37-41) - Quantitative cutoffs reported in retrieved sources include blood arsenic >130 nmol/L, 24‑h urinary total arsenic >100 µg/L, spot urine >50 µg/L, and toenail As >0.5 µg/g (noting these are presented in a review context and should be interpreted clinically). (pullella2024elucidatingtherelationship pages 41-44)

11. Outcome / Prognosis

11.1 Acute poisoning outcomes

• Minimal lethal dose reported as 1–3 mg/kg, with an estimated lethal inorganic exposure around 0.6 mg/kg; death may occur within 1–4 days after ingestion. (balalimood2025recentadvancesin pages 12-13)
• Arsine gas exposures above ~10 ppm are described as lethal. (balalimood2025recentadvancesin pages 12-13)

11.2 Long-term complications and quantitative cancer risks

• A 2023 systematic review/meta-analysis update reported Bayesian pooled RRs for bladder cancer incidence of 1.25 at 10 µg/L, 2.11 at 50 µg/L, and 3.01 at 150 µg/L; and for kidney cancer of 1.37 at 10 µg/L, 1.95 at 50 µg/L, and 2.47 at 150 µg/L. (issanov2023arsenicindrinking pages 1-2)

12. Treatment

12.1 Acute management (real-world implementation)

• Core management includes aggressive IV fluids/electrolytes, symptom control (antiemetics), arrhythmia and seizure management, and renal support including hemodialysis for AKI/oliguria. (balalimood2025recentadvancesin pages 13-14)
• Chelation: key agents named include succimer (DMSA), DMPS, and dimercaprol (BAL); chelators are described as most effective minutes to hours after exposure. A suggested chelation target is 24‑h urinary arsenic <50 µg/L. (balalimood2025recentadvancesin pages 13-14)
• Chronic/subacute arsenicosis: exposure cessation is primary, chelation has limited efficacy, and succimer is noted as preferred for prolonged cases with monitoring. (balalimood2025recentadvancesin pages 13-14)

12.2 Nutritional intervention evidence (human trial)

• FACT trial (NCT01050556; Bangladesh; 2023 EHP): folic acid (400–800 µg/day) improved blood methylation profiles (increased SMI and %DMAs, decreased %MMAs), with partial reversal upon stopping supplementation, supporting sustained methyl-donor strategies (e.g., fortification) as a plausible mitigation adjunct. (abuawad2023thefolicacid pages 1-2, abuawad2023thefolicacid pages 7-8)

Suggested MAXO terms (names only): chelation therapy; hemodialysis; gastrointestinal decontamination; nutritional supplementation; exposure avoidance/remediation.

13. Prevention

• Primary prevention: reduce iAs exposure through enforcement of drinking-water standards and mitigation/removal technologies; WHO GV is 10 µg/L (provisional) and set with feasibility constraints. (mitchell2023acomprehensivesurvey pages 6-8)
• Population-scale mitigation urgency: global scenario evidence supports the large exposed population and multi-country distribution, motivating monitoring and remediation prioritization. (bhat2024arseniccontaminationneeds pages 1-2)

14. Other Species / Natural Disease

The retrieved sources did not provide well-documented naturally occurring “arsenicosis” case series in companion animals; however, the toxicant is relevant across species and arsenic exposure is discussed in livestock contexts in broader heavy-metal reviews (not specific to arsenic-only disease characterization).

15. Model Organisms

• Humanized AS3MT mouse model (C57BL/6): A 2024 study used C57BL/6 mice carrying the human BORCS7/AS3MT locus; with 200 ppb arsenite exposures during different developmental windows, the model showed sex- and window-specific increases in fasting glycemia and impaired β-cell function (lower HOMA‑β in in utero exposed males), and it is presented as more human-relevant because standard mice methylate/detoxify iAs more efficiently than humans. (singh2024arsenicexposurein pages 1-5)
• Genetically diverse in vitro model (Diversity Outbred fibroblasts): A 2024 PLOS Genetics study derived fibroblast lines from DO mice and exposed them to MMA(III), using high-content imaging to map cell morphology QTLs; loci included known detox genes (Abcc4, Txnrd1) and DNA repair (Xrcc2), enabling gene–environment mapping of arsenic sensitivity/resilience. (o’connor2024unravelingthegenetics pages 2-3, o’connor2024unravelingthegenetics pages 1-2)

Recent developments and expert analysis (2023–2024 emphasis)

• Regulatory science update: WHO’s arsenic GV remains 10 µg/L (provisional) and is explicitly constrained by treatment/analytical feasibility, highlighting a persistent gap between health-based values and implementable standards. (mitchell2023acomprehensivesurvey pages 6-8)
• Quantitative cancer risk at low-to-moderate exposures: Updated systematic review evidence supports elevated bladder and kidney cancer risk even at 10 µg/L, albeit with uncertainty, with increasing risks at 50 and 150 µg/L. (issanov2023arsenicindrinking pages 1-2)
• Global public-health framing (expert opinion): Recent global scenario/opinion work emphasizes urgent mitigation given widespread exposure (230 million) and broad geographic footprint (106 countries). (bhat2024arseniccontaminationneeds pages 1-2)

Key concepts and definitions (summary tables)

Table: This table summarizes the main clinical and chemical concepts relevant to arsenic poisoning, including acute and chronic disease forms and major inorganic arsenic species. It is useful as a compact reference for terminology, exposure routes, and evidence-backed definitions from the retrieved literature.

Diagnostics and treatments (summary table)

Table: This table summarizes clinically relevant diagnostic biomarkers and current treatment approaches for arsenic poisoning, including practical interpretation notes and quantitative thresholds reported in the retrieved evidence. It is useful for distinguishing recent versus chronic exposure and for mapping acute management options to the evidence base.

Mechanisms and ontology mapping (summary table)

Table: This table summarizes major molecular and cellular mechanisms of arsenic poisoning and links them to suggested ontology terms for knowledge-base curation. It integrates toxicokinetics, oxidative stress, DNA damage, epigenetic dysregulation, mitochondrial injury, carcinogenic signaling, and genetic susceptibility.

References

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21. (o’connor2024unravelingthegenetics pages 2-3): Callan O’Connor, Gregory R. Keele, Whitney Martin, Timothy Stodola, Daniel Gatti, Brian R. Hoffman, Ron Korstanje, Gary A. Churchill, and Laura G. Reinholdt. Unraveling the genetics of arsenic toxicity with cellular morphology qtl. PLOS Genetics, 20:e1011248, Apr 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1011248, doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1011248. This article has 6 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.