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15q11q13 Microduplication Syndrome

Asta Literature Retrieval: Pathophysiology and clinical mechanisms of 15q11q13 Microduplication Syndrome. Core disease mechanisms, molecular and...

2026-04-15
Asta MONDO:0012081 Model: Asta Scientific Corpus Retrieval 20 citations

Asta Literature Retrieval: Pathophysiology and clinical mechanisms of 15q11q13 Microduplication Syndrome. Core disease mechanisms, molecular and...

This report is retrieval-only and is generated directly from Asta results.

  • Papers retrieved: 20
  • Snippets retrieved: 20

Relevant Papers

[1] 16p13.11 deletion variants associated with neuropsychiatric disorders cause morphological and synaptic changes in induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons

  • Authors: E. Buttermore, Nickesha C Anderson, Pin-Fang Chen, N. Makhortova, Kristina H. Kim et al.
  • Year: 2022
  • Venue: Frontiers in Psychiatry
  • URL: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/c7feb5856b06514c3e9e70e5f293c829a6117c5d
  • DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.924956
  • PMID: 36405918
  • PMCID: 9669751
  • Summary: Patient-derived, induced pluripotent stem cells provide a platform for investigating the morphological, electrophysiological, and gene-expression changes that result from 16p13.11 CNVs in human-derived neurons and the identification of common phenotypes among neurons derived from patients with overlapping 16p 13.11 deletions will help to improve future treatment options and clinical outcomes.
  • Evidence snippets:
  • Snippet 1 (score: 0.487) > Mb (10). Since reported clinical phenotypes are heterogeneous, it has been difficult to establish a disease mechanism for how CNVs in this region affect neurodevelopment. > While detailed sequencing analysis of 16p13.11 CNVs have identified genes within affected regions that are commonly associated with NDDs, the relationship between observed genetic mutations and cellular phenotypes for many of the affected genes remains unknown. A recent study using induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons found that targeting the NF K B p65 pathway was able to correct proliferation deficits caused by 16p13.11 microduplication, implicating this pathway in the pathogenesis of this syndrome (11). Despite advances in understanding the mechanisms underlying 16p13.11 microduplication, the morphological and synaptic alterations that underlie the clinical phenotypes associated with 16p13.11 deletions have not been characterized. Furthermore, identification of common cellular phenotypes between patients with different 16p13.11 deletion sizes remains largely unknown. Studies directed at elucidating common phenotypes between patients with different mutation sizes provide the opportunity to establish genotype-phenotype relationships for key cell biological features that are responsive to phenotypic screening approaches capable of dissecting the molecular basis of dysregulated pathways in patient neurons. > Using exome sequencing and microarray analyses, we identified a subset of patients with early-and young adult-onset psychosis with heterozygous deletions within chromosome 16p13.11. In this study, we derived human iPSCs from two families with patients harboring 16p13.11 deletions (probands, patients) and familial controls. One of the probands has only interval I deleted, while the other two patients, a father and son pair, have both intervals I and II deleted (4). Patient-derived iPSCs provide a platform to study the cell-autonomous effects of 16p13.11 CNVs on human neurons. > We hypothesized that loss of region I, which includes the genes PDXDC1, NTAN1, and RRN3, would contribute to common cell autonomous phenotypes in iPSC-

[2] Clinical findings and genetic analysis of patients with copy number variants involving 17p13.3 using a single nucleotide polymorphism array: a single-center experience

  • Authors: Bin Liang, Donghong Yu, Wantong Zhao, Yan Wang, Xiaoqing Wu et al.
  • Year: 2022
  • Venue: BMC Medical Genomics
  • URL: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/c99e28f021fa90801c1054b5872ed4a20e492b66
  • DOI: 10.1186/s12920-022-01423-5
  • PMID: 36544138
  • PMCID: 9773569
  • Citations: 3
  • Summary: The clinical significance of small duplications including YWHAE and CRK but not PAFAH1B1 remains uncertain, for which parental testing and clinical heterogeneity should be considered in genetic counseling.
  • Evidence snippets:
  • Snippet 1 (score: 0.477) > Moreover, in group I 17p13.3 microduplication, Curry et al. [23] reported that disruption of ABR and duplication of BHLHA9 were associated with clefts and split hand/foot with long bone deficiency phenotypes, respectively. Capra et al. [26] reported that a boy carrying a maternally inherited 329.5-kb 17p13.3 duplication, including BHLHA9, YWHAE, and CRK, presented with mild dysmorphic phenotype, autism, and mental retardation, while his mother was affected by a bipolar and borderline disorder and was addicted to alcohol. It can be seen that phenotypic heterogeneity existed in the mother and her child. Another report [27] described two patients manifesting distinctive features (patient 1, primary hypothyroidism; patient 2, bilateral cryptorchidism) that were not previously described in the duplication 17p13.3 spectrum. Whether these rare manifestations observed in the two patients were caused by a two-hit event or not is not known. Overall, considering 17p13.3 microduplication showing reduced penetrance, variable expressivity, and lack of a clear pathogenic mechanism, the clinical significance of the microduplication encompassing only YWHAE and CRK, but not PAFAH1B1, requires further investigation. > Interestingly, case 3 also carried a 74.2 Mb mosaic duplication of approximately 3.5 on chromosome 17p13.2q25.3 and a 1.0 Mb deletion in the 17q terminus, in addition to deletion of the MDS region. The SNP data were consistent with that some cells have ring 17 while others have dicentric or interlock ring 17. Given the dosage sensitivity of genes and regions involved in the three CNVs, case 3 may show compound manifestations of these known genomic disorders, such as MDS, Potocki-Lupski syndrome (MIM:610883) [12], Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, type 1A (CMT1A, MIM:118220) [28,29], 17q11.2

[3] Cytogenomic Abnormalities and Underlying Mechanisms for Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

  • Authors: Peining Li
  • Year: 2013
  • Venue: Journal of Molecular and Genetic Medicine
  • URL: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/2578c174427082f0beff180c57c6414783a4601b
  • DOI: 10.4172/1747-0862.1000073
  • Citations: 1
  • Summary: Functional analyses using in vitro cellular phenotyping and in vivo animal modeling have been developed for clinically detected pCNVs and there is urgent demand for rapid transition from diagnostic discovery to study of disease-causing mechanisms and exploration of therapeutic approaches.
  • Evidence snippets:
  • Snippet 1 (score: 0.471) > For many newly detected pCNVs, little is known about the dosagesensitive genes and their cellular and developmental functions. The limited availability and accessibility of live brain and neuron tissues is the major obstacle in the study of disease-causing mechanisms in human mental development. Recent progress in stem cell technologies has made possible the modeling of human mental diseases using patient derived stem cells. In 2010, Marchetto et al. developed a culture system using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from Rett syndrome patients' fibroblasts [8]. These Rett syndrome iPSCs were able to undergo X-inactivation and generate functional neurons. Neurons derived from these iPSCs had fewer synapses, reduced spine density, smaller soma size, altered calcium signaling and electrophysiological defects when compared to controls. This cellular model provided critical evidence of an unexplored developmental window before disease onset and enable direct testing of drug effect in rescuing synaptic defects. > The microdeletion and microduplication at the same genomic locus offer an opportunity to study dosage-sensitive genes, especially for the opposite phenotypes of haploinsufficient and triple-sensitive genes. However, clinical evaluation could be complicated by overlapped phenotypes, variable expressivity, reduced penetrance and lack of longitudinal study of late-onset phenotypes for many genomic disorders. Recent studies observed opposite phenotypes in a few genomic disorders. For example, the microdeletion syndrome at 16p11.2 (OMIM#611913) and the reciprocal microduplication syndrome (OMIM#614671) were initially associated with ASD but a subsequent study revealed mirror body mass index phenotypes. Microdeletion at 16p11.2 is often associated with obesity, macrocephaly and ASD, while the reciprocal microduplication is associated with underweight, microcephaly and schizophrenia [9]. Mouse models of 16p11.2 microdeletion and microduplication detected in vivo brain anomalies and behavior disorders [10]. Overexpression and transcript suppression of the 29 candidate genes from this 16p11.2

[4] Disorders of the genome architecture: a review

  • Authors: Dhavendra Kumar
  • Year: 2008
  • Venue: Genomic Medicine
  • URL: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/df00164481646356263fd7a235e072cde2e723e1
  • DOI: 10.1007/s11568-009-9028-2
  • PMID: 19277903
  • Citations: 35
  • Influential citations: 3
  • Summary: Widespread application of high-resolution genome analyses may offer to detect more sporadic phenotypes resulting from genomic rearrangements involving de novo copy number variation.
  • Evidence snippets:
  • Snippet 1 (score: 0.454) > Genetic diseases are recognized to be one of the major categories of human disease. Traditionally genetic diseases are subdivided into chromosomal (numerical or structural aberrations), monogenic or Mendelian diseases, multifactorial/polygenic complex diseases and mitochondrial genetic disorders. A large proportion of these conditions occur sporadically. With the advent of newer molecular techniques, a number of new disorders and dysmorphic syndromes are delineated in detail. Some of these conditions do not conform to the conventional inheritance patterns and mechanisms are often complex and unique. Examples include submicroscopic microdeletions or microduplications, trinucleotide repeat disorders, epigenetic disorders due to genomic imprinting, defective transcription or translation due to abnormal RNA patterning and pathogenic association with single nucleotide polymorphisms and copy number variations. Among these several apparently monogenic disorders result from non-allelic homologous recombination associated with the presence of low copy number repeats on either side of the critical locus or gene cluster. The term ‘disorders of genome architecture’ is alternatively used to highlight these disorders, for example Charcot-Marie-Tooth type IA, Smith-Magenis syndrome, Neurofibromatosis type 1 and many more with an assigned OMIM number. Many of these so called genomic disorders occur sporadically resulting from largely non-recurrent de novo genomic rearrangements. Locus-specific mutation rates for genomic rearrangements appear to be two to four times greater than nucleotide-specific rates for base substitutions. Recent studies on several disease-associated recombination hotspots in male-germ cells indicate an excess of genomic rearrangements resulting in microduplications that are clinically underdiagnosed compared to microdeletion syndromes. Widespread application of high-resolution genome analyses may offer to detect more sporadic phenotypes resulting from genomic rearrangements involving de novo copy number variation.

[5] Consequences of aneuploidy in human fibroblasts with trisomy 21

  • Authors: Sunyoung Hwang, Paola Cavaliere, Rui Li, L. Zhu, Noah E. Dephoure et al.
  • Year: 2020
  • Venue: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
  • URL: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/5ae9f7792cd2e4a8e2d6178f5a322da9f96ba3ac
  • DOI: 10.1101/2020.08.14.251082
  • PMID: 33526671
  • PMCID: 8017964
  • Citations: 57
  • Influential citations: 6
  • Summary: It is shown that several aneuploidy-associated phenotypes are present in trisomy 21 cells, including lower viability and increased dependency on serine-driven lipid synthesis, and the lack of evidence for widespread dosage compensation or dysregulation of chromosomal domains in human autosomes is supported.
  • Evidence snippets:
  • Snippet 1 (score: 0.450) > Significance An abnormal number of chromosomes or aneuploidy accounts for most spontaneous abortions, as missegregation of a single chromosome during development is often lethal. Only individuals with trisomy 21, which causes Down syndrome, can live to adulthood but show cognitive disabilities, increased risk for leukemias, autoimmune disorders, and clinical symptoms associated with premature aging. The mechanisms by which aneuploidy affects cellular function to cause Down syndrome are not understood. Our studies revealed that aneuploidy causes several defects in cells from individuals with Down syndrome. These include increased gene and protein expression, lower viability, and increased dependency on serine to proliferate. Our studies establish a critical role of aneuploidy, independent of triplicated gene identity, in driving cellular defects associated with trisomy 21. An extra copy of chromosome 21 causes Down syndrome, the most common genetic disease in humans. The mechanisms contributing to aneuploidy-related pathologies in this syndrome, independent of the identity of the triplicated genes, are not well defined. To characterize aneuploidy-driven phenotypes in trisomy 21 cells, we performed global transcriptome, proteome, and phenotypic analyses of primary human fibroblasts from individuals with Patau (trisomy 13), Edwards (trisomy 18), or Down syndromes. On average, mRNA and protein levels were increased by 1.5-fold in all trisomies, with a subset of proteins enriched for subunits of macromolecular complexes showing signs of posttranscriptional regulation. These results support the lack of evidence for widespread dosage compensation or dysregulation of chromosomal domains in human autosomes. Furthermore, we show that several aneuploidy-associated phenotypes are present in trisomy 21 cells, including lower viability and increased dependency on serine-driven lipid synthesis. Our studies establish a critical role of aneuploidy, independent of triplicated gene identity, in driving cellular defects associated with trisomy 21.

[6] A Private 16q24.2q24.3 Microduplication in a Boy with Intellectual Disability, Speech Delay and Mild Dysmorphic Features

  • Authors: O. Palumbo, P. Palumbo, Ester Di Muro, L. Cinque, A. Petracca et al.
  • Year: 2020
  • Venue: Genes
  • URL: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/2101a5069af4ecb28806ee1f83f4bf2ab659a02a
  • DOI: 10.3390/genes11060707
  • PMID: 32604767
  • PMCID: 7349372
  • Citations: 18
  • Influential citations: 1
  • Summary: AnKRD11, CDH15, and CTU2 are proposed as candidate genes for explaining the related neurodevelopmental manifestations shared by these patients with overlapping 16.2q24.3 microduplication, providing supporting evidence of an emerging syndrome.
  • Evidence snippets:
  • Snippet 1 (score: 0.447) > Also, in vitro functional studies showed that mutant proteins result in decreased cell adhesion suggesting that CDH15 alterations, either alone or in combination with other factors, likely play a role in the etiology of ID [21]. Finally, copy number variations (both deletions and duplications) affecting other genes involved in neural cell adhesion molecules have been recently associated with neurodevelopmental disorders [22,23]. Accordingly, 16q24.2q24.3 microduplication can be added to available data corroborating a key role of these cellular pathways in cognitive development. > CTU2 is an additional candidate gene mapping into 16q24.2q24.3 microduplication SRO and encoding a protein involved in the post-transcriptional modification of transfer RNAs (tRNAs). This protein plays a role in thiolation of uridine residue present at the wobble position in a subset of tRNAs, resulting in enhanced codon reading accuracy. Biallelic variants in CTU2 have been associated with a specific syndromic phenotype featuring microcephaly, facial dysmorphism, renal agenesis, and ambiguous genitalia [24,25], and this gene has been recently listed into the Developmental Disorders Genotype-Phenotype Database (DDG2P). > Altogether, the evidence emerging from our study and the current knowledge concerning the proposed candidate genes support our hypothesis that their copy number alteration contribute to the etiology of the clinical phenotype observed in patients with 16q24.2q24.3 microduplication mainly for neurodevelopmental features shared among affected individuals. > For the other genes duplicated in patients discussed in the present study, although none of them seem to be clearly associable with the clinical traits reported, we cannot exclude their involvement in the etiology of the clinical condition. More detailed genetic and/or functional studies, or patients with point mutations/CNVs affecting only one or a few of these genes, are needed to elucidate this possibility.

[7] Exploring pathway interactions to detect molecular mechanisms of disease: 22q11.2 deletion syndrome

  • Authors: Woosub Shin, M. Kutmon, Eleni Mina, Therese van Amelsvoort, C. Evelo et al.
  • Year: 2023
  • Venue: Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases
  • URL: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/e7f38266ecbaf1d1da3e525e1969a29f36c1cddc
  • DOI: 10.1186/s13023-023-02953-6
  • PMID: 37872602
  • PMCID: 10594698
  • Citations: 3
  • Summary: The pathway interaction method was able to detect a molecular network that could possibly explain the development of neuropsychiatric diseases among the 22q11DS patients, and could be used for similar contexts, where complex genetic mechanisms need to be identified to explain the resulting phenotypic plasticity.
  • Evidence snippets:
  • Snippet 1 (score: 0.440) > Background 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome (22q11DS) is a genetic disorder characterized by the deletion of adjacent genes at a location specified as q11.2 of chromosome 22, resulting in an array of clinical phenotypes including autistic spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, congenital heart defects, and immune deficiency. Many characteristics of the disorder are known, such as the phenotypic variability of the disease and the biological processes associated with it; however, the exact and systemic molecular mechanisms between the deleted area and its resulting clinical phenotypic expression, for example that of neuropsychiatric diseases, are not yet fully understood. Results Using previously published transcriptomics data (GEO:GSE59216), we constructed two datasets: one set compares 22q11DS patients experiencing neuropsychiatric diseases versus healthy controls, and the other set 22q11DS patients without neuropsychiatric diseases versus healthy controls. We modified and applied the pathway interaction method, originally proposed by Kelder et al. (2011), on a network created using the WikiPathways pathway repository and the STRING protein-protein interaction database. We identified genes and biological processes that were exclusively associated with the development of neuropsychiatric diseases among the 22q11DS patients. Compared with the 22q11DS patients without neuropsychiatric diseases, patients experiencing neuropsychiatric diseases showed significant overrepresentation of regulated genes involving the natural killer cell function and the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway, with affected genes being closely associated with downregulation of CRK like proto-oncogene adaptor protein. Both the pathway interaction and the pathway overrepresentation analysis observed the disruption of the same biological processes, even though the exact lists of genes collected by the two methods were different. Conclusions Using the pathway interaction method, we were able to detect a molecular network that could possibly explain the development of neuropsychiatric diseases among the 22q11DS patients. This way, our method was able to complement the pathway overrepresentation analysis, by filling the knowledge gaps on how the affected pathways are linked to the original deletion on chromosome 22. We expect our pathway interaction method could be used for problems with similar contexts, where complex genetic mechanisms need to be identified to explain the

[8] Investigating the role of NPR1 in dilated cardiomyopathy and its potential as a therapeutic target for glucocorticoid therapy

  • Authors: Yaomeng Huang, Tongxin Li, Shichao Gao, Shuyu Li, Xiaoran Zhu et al.
  • Year: 2023
  • Venue: Frontiers in Pharmacology
  • URL: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/be229f6f2059faab4c97ec0a04bd055adab9dfe1
  • DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1290253
  • PMID: 38026943
  • PMCID: 10662320
  • Citations: 3
  • Summary: Natriuretic peptide receptor 1 (NPR1) was identified as a core gene associated with DCM through bioinformatics analysis and led to substantial improvements in cardiac and renal function, accompanied by an upregulation of NPR1 expression.
  • Evidence snippets:
  • Snippet 1 (score: 0.429) > Multiple pathways and molecules are involved in this process; however, the detailed underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In recent years, with the development of high-throughput sequencing and gene chip technologies, the use of bioinformatics technology to explore the occurrence, development, and prognosis of diseases has become a hot topic for scholars worldwide (Hwang et al., 2018;Nayor et al., 2019;Rinschen et al., 2019;Sturm et al., 2019;Montaner et al., 2020). > The present study aimed to use bioinformatics technology to screen for DCM-related genes and investigate their mechanisms, with the purpose of revealing the pathogenesis of DCM and seeking treatment methods. The GSE3586 dataset, containing expression profiles related to DCM, was selected from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. This study aimed to predict the core genes that may play crucial roles in disease progression at the molecular level through the enrichment of relevant molecular pathways associated with DCM. Furthermore, the phenotype of the core genes was validated to further support the results of the bioinformatics analysis through basic and clinical experiments. Additionally, the role of glucocorticoids in DCM treatment is discussed in this article with the purpose of providing a theoretical and experimental basis for exploring the pathogenesis of DCM and elucidating therapeutic methods. This study also provides a theoretical reference for the interpretation, early diagnosis, and treatment of DCM.

[9] Retinoic Acid Induced 1, RAI1: A Dosage Sensitive Gene Related to Neurobehavioral Alterations Including Autistic Behavior

  • Authors: P. Carmona-Mora, K. Walz
  • Year: 2010
  • Venue: Current Genomics
  • URL: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/fd71900e9fb4ef4a9ae5290a08e485137368bdd1
  • DOI: 10.2174/138920210793360952
  • PMID: 21629438
  • PMCID: 3078685
  • Citations: 54
  • Influential citations: 5
  • Summary: The evidence of RAI1 as a dosage sensitive gene, its relationship with different neuro behavioral traits, gene structure and mutations, and what is known about its molecular and cellular function are discussed, as a first step in the elucidation of the mechanisms that relate dosage sensitive genes with abnormal neurobehavioral outcomes.
  • Evidence snippets:
  • Snippet 1 (score: 0.421) > Genomic structural changes, such as gene Copy Number Variations (CNVs) are extremely abundant in the human genome. An enormous effort is currently ongoing to recognize and catalogue human CNVs and their associations with abnormal phenotypic outcomes. Recently, several reports related neuropsychiatric diseases (i.e. autism spectrum disorders, schizophrenia, mental retardation, behavioral problems, epilepsy) with specific CNV. Moreover, for some conditions, both the deletion and duplication of the same genomic segment are related to the phenotype. Syndromes associated with CNVs (microdeletion and microduplication) have long been known to display specific neurobehavioral traits. It is important to note that not every gene is susceptible to gene dosage changes and there are only a few dosage sensitive genes. Smith-Magenis (SMS) and Potocki-Lupski (PTLS) syndromes are associated with a reciprocal microdeletion and microduplication within chromosome 17p11.2. in humans. The dosage sensitive gene responsible for most phenotypes in SMS has been identified: the Retinoic Acid Induced 1 (RAI1). Studies on mouse models and humans suggest that RAI1 is likely the dosage sensitive gene responsible for clinical features in PTLS. In addition, the human RAI1 gene has been implicated in several neurobehavioral traits as spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA2), schizophrenia and non syndromic autism. In this review we discuss the evidence of RAI1 as a dosage sensitive gene, its relationship with different neurobehavioral traits, gene structure and mutations, and what is known about its molecular and cellular function, as a first step in the elucidation of the mechanisms that relate dosage sensitive genes with abnormal neurobehavioral outcomes.

[10] New insights into candidate genes for autism spectrum disorder in 8p23.1 duplication syndrome

  • Authors: M. M. Côrrea, Thiago Corrêa, C. Santos-Rebouças, Marino Miloca Rodrigues, G. Luca et al.
  • Year: 2022
  • Venue: Brazilian Journal of Case Reports
  • URL: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/7549630ec79b57d7221fb427280bd360a35590b2
  • DOI: 10.52600/2763-583x.bjcr.2023.3.1.16-23
  • Summary: Clinical and cytomolecular findings of an 8p23.1 duplication in a boy with mild facial dysmorphisms, cardiac anomalies and ASD are described, pointing out crucial interactions among BLK, GATA4, PINX1, and TNKS and genes associated with ASD.
  • Evidence snippets:
  • Snippet 1 (score: 0.418) > The 8p23.1 duplication syndrome is a rare condition, characterized by dysmorphisms, intellectual disability, congenital cardiac anomalies, and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The current model for explaining the pathogenesis of this condition postulates that few dosage-sensitive genes within the duplication are sufficient for the core clinical features, although the molecular mechanisms leading to the ASD presentation remain to be solved. Herein, we described clinical and cytomolecular findings of an 8p23.1 duplication in a boy with mild facial dysmorphisms, cardiac anomalies and ASD. Therefore, we investigated the influence of duplicated genes on the pathophysiology of ASD in our patient. We identified four duplicated genes (BLK, GATA4, PINX1, TNKS) connected with proteins previously associated with ASD and involved in significant enriched pathways associated with human neurological conditions. Moreover, the candidate genes are highly expressed in brain regions associated to ASD, such as the hippocampus. Taken together, these results point out crucial interactions among BLK, GATA4, PINX1, and TNKS and genes associated with ASD. We indicate cellular networks perturbations encompassing neuronal development pathways related to our patient's condition. Thus, these findings bring new insights into the genetic basis of ASD in patients with 8p23.1 duplication syndrome.

[11] Transcriptional profiling of Hutchinson-Gilford progeria patients identifies primary target pathways of progerin

  • Authors: Sandra Vidak, Sohyoung Kim, Tom Misteli
  • Year: 2026
  • Venue: Nucleus
  • URL: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/4bd99b0875508364d8672b6da5a50d024d485a53
  • DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2025.2611484
  • PMID: 41489464
  • PMCID: 12773485
  • Summary: To probe the clinical relevance of previously implicated cellular pathways and to address the extent of gene expression heterogeneity between patients, transcriptomic analysis of a comprehensive set of HGPS patients finds misexpression of several cellular pathways, including multiple signaling pathways, the UPR and mesodermal cell fate specification.
  • Evidence snippets:
  • Snippet 1 (score: 0.416) > Oxidative stress represents another key pathogenic mechanism in HGPS, as impaired NRF2 activity or increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels are sufficient to recapitulate HGPSassociated phenotypes [17,32,60]. Collectively, these findings underscore the multifactorial nature of HGPS pathogenesis, implicating interconnected signaling cascades involved in inflammation, oxidative stress, proteostasis, and vascular remodeling. Reassuringly, our findings indicate that many of the major pathways that have been described to contribute to HGPS phenotypes in mouse and cellular disease models are also misregulated in progeria patients, and targeting these pathways may provide therapeutic avenues to mitigate disease severity and improve outcomes in HGPS. > Although individuals with HGPS typically exhibit a characteristic set of clinical features, such as craniofacial abnormalities, growth retardation, and cardiovascular complications, there is notable variability in the age of onset, severity, and progression of symptoms between patients [7,9]. At the cellular level, HGPS is associated with several hallmark abnormalities, including nuclear envelope defects, decreased expression of several nuclear proteins and epigenetic marks, mitochondrial dysfunction, and increased cellular senescence [1,11,30,31,61]. These cellular phenotypes also exhibit considerable variation between patients, possibly contributing to differences in clinical outcomes. Our results indicate that even though some degree of transcriptional heterogeneity between the individual patients exists, the majority of patients exhibit misregulation of a set of shared pathways, suggesting that these pathways are universal driver mechanisms in HGPS. Further work is needed to understand the molecular and genetic factors that underlie inter-individual variability in disease expression and progression. > A limitation of pathway analysis of HGPS patient samples is to distinguish the pathways which are directly targeted by the disease-causing progerin protein and the emergence of adaptive secondary response pathways during progression of the disease in patients during their lifetime. The same caveat applies to the use of cell-based models used in the study of HGPS disease mechanisms.

[12] Neurodevelopmental Disorders Associated with Abnormal Gene Dosage: Smith–Magenis and Potocki–Lupski Syndromes

  • Authors: Juanita Neira-Fresneda, L. Potocki
  • Year: 2015
  • Venue: Journal of Pediatric Genetics
  • URL: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/ae2f935107027507a7fda71a609b1a42c7e12981
  • DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1564443
  • PMID: 27617127
  • PMCID: 4918721
  • Citations: 51
  • Influential citations: 1
  • Summary: The neurobehavioral phenotypes of SMS and PTLS patients during different life phases are described as well as clinical guidelines for diagnosis and a multidisciplinary approach once diagnosis is confirmed by array comparative genomic hybridization or RAI1 gene sequencing.
  • Evidence snippets:
  • Snippet 1 (score: 0.413) > The proximal short arm of chromosome 17 is a genomic region that is prone to rearrangements which have been extensively characterized elsewhere. 1,2 Several distinct genomic disorders map to this region including the autosomal dominant peripheral neuropathies such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A (CMT1A, MIM#118220) and hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies (HNPP, MIM#162500), the chromosomal microduplication/microdeletion syndromes, Potocki-Lupski syndrome (PTLS, MIM#610883), and Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS, MIM#182290), as well as the newly described PMP22-RAI1 duplication syndrome (Yuan et al, unpublished data, 2015). > Although haploinsufficiency of the single retinoic acidinduced gene (RAI1) is responsible for much of the phenotype in SMS, 3,4 both SMS and PTLS are examples of contiguous gene syndromes (CGS), as the clinical features of each are due to abnormal dosage and variation of physically contiguous yet functionally unrelated genes in the 17p11.2 genomic region. 5 The mechanism leading to genomic rearrangements in common microdeletion syndromes was first elucidated in SMS. 6 Interestingly, the clinical syndrome associated with duplication 17p11.2 (now known as PTLS) was initially defined based on the shared molecular structure among patients, the duplication representing the mechanistically predicted homologous recombination reciprocal of the SMS microdeletion. 7 Keywords ► congenital heart disease ► autism ► intellectual disability ► mirror traits ► gene dosage Abstract Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS) and Potocki-Lupski syndrome (PTLS) are reciprocal contiguous gene syndromes within the well-characterized 17p11.2 region. Approximately 3.6 Mb microduplication of 17p11.2, known as PTLS, represents the mechanistically predicted homologous recombination reciprocal of the SMS microdeletion, both resulting in multiple congenital anomalies. Mouse model studies have revealed that the retinoic acid-inducible

[13] Identification of molecular signatures and pathways involved in Rett syndrome using a multi-omics approach

  • Authors: Ainhoa Pascual-Alonso, Clara Xiol, Dmitrii Smirnov, R. Kopajtich, H. Prokisch et al.
  • Year: 2023
  • Venue: Human Genomics
  • URL: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/8a7c3afd9cb1678bc1463754753cf69512f23eaa
  • DOI: 10.1186/s40246-023-00532-1
  • PMID: 37710353
  • PMCID: 10503149
  • Citations: 10
  • Summary: Background Rett syndrome (RTT) is a neurodevelopmental disorder mainly caused by mutations in the methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 gene ( MECP2 ). MeCP2 is a multi-functional protein involved in many cellular processes, but the mechanisms by which its dysfunction causes disease are not fully understood. The duplication of the MECP2 gene causes a distinct disorder called MECP2 duplication syndrome (MDS), highlighting the importance of tightly regulating its dosage for proper cellular function. Add...
  • Evidence snippets:
  • Snippet 1 (score: 0.413) > Background Rett syndrome (RTT) is a neurodevelopmental disorder mainly caused by mutations in the methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 gene ( MECP2 ). MeCP2 is a multi-functional protein involved in many cellular processes, but the mechanisms by which its dysfunction causes disease are not fully understood. The duplication of the MECP2 gene causes a distinct disorder called MECP2 duplication syndrome (MDS), highlighting the importance of tightly regulating its dosage for proper cellular function. Additionally, some patients with mutations in genes other than MECP2 exhibit phenotypic similarities with RTT, indicating that these genes may also play a role in similar cellular functions. The purpose of this study was to characterise the molecular alterations in patients with RTT in order to identify potential biomarkers or therapeutic targets for this disorder. Methods We used a combination of transcriptomics (RNAseq) and proteomics (TMT mass spectrometry) to characterise the expression patterns in fibroblast cell lines from 22 patients with RTT and detected mutation in MECP2 , 15 patients with MDS, 12 patients with RTT-like phenotypes and 13 healthy controls. Transcriptomics and proteomics data were used to identify differentially expressed genes at both RNA and protein levels, which were further inspected via enrichment and upstream regulator analyses and compared to find shared features in patients with RTT. Results We identified molecular alterations in cellular functions and pathways that may contribute to the disease phenotype in patients with RTT, such as deregulated cytoskeletal components, vesicular transport elements, ribosomal subunits and mRNA processing machinery. We also compared RTT expression profiles with those of MDS seeking changes in opposite directions that could lead to the identification of MeCP2 direct targets. Some of the deregulated transcripts and proteins were consistently affected in patients with RTT-like phenotypes, revealing potentially relevant molecular processes in patients with overlapping traits and different genetic aetiology. Conclusions The integration of data in a multi-omics analysis has helped to interpret the molecular consequences of MECP2 dysfunction, contributing to the characterisation of the molecular landscape in patients with RTT. The comparison with MDS provides knowledge of MeCP2 direct targets, whilst the correlation with RTT-

[14] The contribution of genetic determinants of blood gene expression and splicing to molecular phenotypes and health outcomes

  • Authors: A. Tokolyi, E. Persyn, A. Nath, K. Burnham, J. Marten et al.
  • Year: 2025
  • Venue: Nature Genetics
  • URL: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/5435e12fd796fca6db2c0ce1844b6fc252d2d73e
  • DOI: 10.1038/s41588-025-02096-3
  • PMID: 40038547
  • PMCID: 11906350
  • Citations: 12
  • Summary: This study mapped blood gene expression and splicing quantitative trait loci and uncovered gene-regulatory mechanisms at disease loci with therapeutic implications, such as WARS1 in hypertension, IL7R in dermatitis and IFNAR2 in COVID-19.
  • Evidence snippets:
  • Snippet 1 (score: 0.413) > The biological mechanisms through which most nonprotein-coding genetic variants affect disease risk are unknown. To investigate gene-regulatory mechanisms, we mapped blood gene expression and splicing quantitative trait loci (QTLs) through bulk RNA sequencing in 4,732 participants and integrated protein, metabolite and lipid data from the same individuals. We identified cis-QTLs for the expression of 17,233 genes and 29,514 splicing events (in 6,853 genes). Colocalization analyses revealed 3,430 proteomic and metabolomic traits with a shared association signal with either gene expression or splicing. We quantified the relative contribution of the genetic effects at loci with shared etiology, observing 222 molecular phenotypes significantly mediated by gene expression or splicing. We uncovered gene-regulatory mechanisms at disease loci with therapeutic implications, such as WARS1 in hypertension, IL7R in dermatitis and IFNAR2 in COVID-19. Our study provides an open-access resource on the shared genetic etiology across transcriptional phenotypes, molecular traits and health outcomes in humans (https://IntervalRNA.org.uk). > The majority of genetic variants associated with common diseases and other complex traits identified through genome-wide association studies (GWAS) lie in nonprotein-coding sequences 1 . Consequently, the molecular mechanisms that underpin many of these genotype-phenotype associations are unclear. Molecular quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping studies, which identify genetic determinants of transcript, protein or metabolite abundance, can address this knowledge gap by identifying the molecular intermediaries that mediate genetically driven disease risk. These studies can provide specific hypotheses for functional validation experiments 2,3 . > Molecular QTL data can be used for a range of biomedical applications. For example, they have the potential to identify and validate new therapeutic targets and pathways, inform about the biological mechanisms of drug action and safety, highlight new therapeutic indications and reveal clinically relevant biomarkers [4][5][6] . > Many previous studies have carried out QTL mapping within a single molecular domain such as gene or protein expression [7][8][9][10][11][12] .

[15] New therapeutic targets in rare genetic skeletal diseases

  • Authors: M. Briggs, Peter A. Bell, M. Wright, K. A. Pirog
  • Year: 2015
  • Venue: Expert Opinion on Orphan Drugs
  • URL: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/1363107f71ae6d2d60abca471cddf3da5d13644b
  • DOI: 10.1517/21678707.2015.1083853
  • PMID: 26635999
  • PMCID: 4643203
  • Citations: 37
  • Influential citations: 1
  • Summary: An overview of disease mechanisms that are shared amongst groups of different GSDs and potential therapeutic approaches that are under investigation are described to generate critical mass for the identification and validation of novel therapeutic targets and biomarkers.
  • Evidence snippets:
  • Snippet 1 (score: 0.410) > proteins of the cartilage ECM such as type II collagen [50]. However, emerging knowledge suggests that the primary genetic defect may be less important than the cells' response to the expression of the mutant gene product [107]. Moreover, the largely overlooked response of a cell (i.e. chondrocyte) to the abnormal extracellular environment is also important for disease progression as illustrated by several GSDs discussed in this review. > It is important that 'omics'-based approaches and technologies are systematically applied to the study of rare GSDs so that definitive reference profiles and disease signatures are generated for each phenotype. These can then be used in a Systems Biology approach to identify both common and dissimilar pathological signatures and disease mechanisms. This approach is entirely dependent upon relevant in vitro and in vivo models (and also novel 'disease-mechanism phenocopies' [107]) for testing new diagnostic and prognostic tools and for determining the molecular mechanisms that underpin the pathophysiology so that effective therapeutic treatments can be developed and validated. This approach will eventually lead to personalized treatments and care strategies centred on shared disease mechanisms with the use of relevant biomarkers to monitor the efficacy of treatment and disease progression. > It is vital that all relevant stakeholders are involved from the outset in defining the appropriate outcomes of any potential therapeutic regime. The perceptions of a successful therapy can differ widely between the clinical academic community and the relevant patient-support groups and it is vital that there is engagement on all these issues. > In summary, the identification of causative genes and mutations for GSDs over the last 20 years, coupled with the generation and in-depth analysis of a plethora of relevant cell and mouse models, has derived new knowledge on disease mechanisms and suggested potential therapeutic targets. The fast-evolving hypothesis that clinically disparate diseases can share common disease mechanisms is a powerful concept that will generate critical mass for the identification and validation of novel therapeutic targets and biomarkers.

[16] Spatiotemporal 7q11.23 Protein Network Implicates the GTF2I-PRKDC-DDR Pathway During Early-Fetal Brain Development in Psychiatric Diseases

  • Authors: G. Lin, Liang Chen, Weidi Wang, Wenxiang Cai, Weichen Song et al.
  • Year: 2020
  • Venue: Unknown venue
  • URL: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/6a2df6310ac4d8f7f3f76da6f21f8a221ebf1cce
  • DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-93461/v1
  • Summary: Striatum, hippocampus, and amygdala are crucial regions for establishing connectivity between 7q11.23 proteins and their partners in early and late fetal periods, and the results suggested that GTF2I-PRKDC-DDR and GTF 2I-BRCA1-dDR pathway is crucial for the 7q 11.23 CNV genes to contribute to the pathogenesis of psychiatric diseases.
  • Evidence snippets:
  • Snippet 1 (score: 0.406) > A different approach of addressing this issue is based on creating animal or cell models to help identify the related molecular and cellular mechanisms. For instance, mice with a heterozygous deletion of GTF2I or GTF2IRD1 show defects in skeletal and craniofacial. [14]. In addition, the embryos of these mice present with a small head; this is consistent with the clinical phenotype of patients carrying a 7q11. 23 deletion. Nevertheless, the signaling pathways affected by this CNV remain unknown. > Replication factor C subunit 2 (RFC2), another 7q11.23 gene, encodes a subunit of the replication factor C (RFC) complex [15] and is known to play a role in ATR signaling [16,17]. Haploinsufficiency for RFC2 leaded to G2/M checkpoint arrest after DNA damage [18]. However, little is known about how genes with the 7q11.23 deletion/duplication may affect the occurrence of neurodevelopmental disorders because these genes are involved not only in multiple developmental stages but also within different tissues. Hence, genes exhibiting 7q11.23 deletion/duplication play different roles in different developmental stages and different anatomic structures. > CNVs have been reported to modulate gene expression, which, ultimately, might affect disease predisposition or clinical phenotypes [19,20]. Several researches have investigated CNV pathogenesis in psychiatric disorders by constructing a static topological network based on a single developmental stage [21]. Within different developmental periods, protein expression can change, as can protein-protein interactions (PPIs) [22]. Nevertheless, protein expression is a dynamic process that can occur in a different manner across different anatomical areas [23,24]. Analyses of molecular networks can reveal biological modularity and complex signaling pathways [25,26]. Previous studies discovered the pathogenesis of CNVs by constructing dynamic protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks according to alterations of protein expression in different anatomical areas and during different developmental periods [27,28]. > In addition, multiple studies mentioned above focused only on one or two genes and were unable to demonstrate how the 7q11.23 CNV is involved in brain development.

[17] Drug repurposing in Rett and Rett-like syndromes: a promising yet underrated opportunity?

  • Authors: Claudia Fuchs, P. A. ‛. ’t Hoen, A. Müller, Friederike Ehrhart, C. V. van Karnebeek
  • Year: 2024
  • Venue: Frontiers in Medicine
  • URL: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/b00d0859458647edeebf3cf53f9b39c79311d5ed
  • DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1425038
  • PMID: 39135718
  • PMCID: 11317438
  • Citations: 1
  • Summary: The potential of drug repurposing (DR) as a promising avenue for addressing the unmet medical needs of individuals with RTT and related disorders is explored and Leveraging existing drugs for new therapeutic purposes presents an attractive strategy.
  • Evidence snippets:
  • Snippet 1 (score: 0.405) > Rigorous preclinical and clinical studies are also crucial for better understanding the complex pathophysiology of these syndromes. To date, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying these complex disorders are still not fully understood; hindering the identification and validation of potential drug targets. This specifically applies to CDD and FOXG1-syndrome: both conditions were identified as distinct clinical entities only recently and it is understandable that research efforts initially focused primarily on "classical" RTT. This discrepancy is reflected also in the very different numbers of repurposing studies highlighted in Figure 1. Continued efforts in pre-clinical (identification of valuable cell and animal models etc.) and clinical research (better understanding of the natural history, clinical manifestations, disease progression, biomarkers etc.) will be essential for advancing our understanding and improving outcomes for individuals affected by these syndromes. In particular, better characterizing the shared symptoms and pathways across these entities, will provide valuable insights into the underlying biology and potentially uncover new common mechanisms and targeted therapies. If the disorders demonstrate convergence in their underlying molecular pathways, this provides an opportunity for designing joint DR 10.3389/fmed.2024.1425038 strategies across RTT and RTT-like disorders. This could reduce the time needed for the development of DR and increase the number of patients benefiting from the treatments, resulting in more attractive business models. > Despite promising DR results in preclinical or early-phase clinical trials for RTT and related disorders in our opinion DR is still underrated and underutilized in this kind of disorders. DR holds immense potential for addressing the unmet medical needs and therapeutic challenges posed by such complex NDDs, and recent advancements screening and computational techniques, offer the unique opportunity to predict drug-disease interactions and prioritize candidate compounds for further investigation. By leveraging existing drugs and repurposing them for new indications, this approach offers a pragmatic and efficient strategy to accelerate the development of treatments for individuals affected by these debilitating conditions.

[18] Chromatin modifiers in neurodevelopment

  • Authors: Sarallah Rezazadeh, H. Ji, Cecilia Giulivi
  • Year: 2025
  • Venue: Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience
  • URL: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/7a4d8c063c2b3a908a65bcb637cd818edad8db92
  • DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2025.1551107
  • PMID: 40469903
  • PMCID: 12133960
  • Citations: 2
  • Summary: This mini review delves into key chromatin modifiers, including the histone methyl transferases NSD1 and ASH1L, the methyl-CpG-binding repressor MeCP2, and the enzymatic repressor EZH2, and spotlight their pivotal roles in early brain development and neurological disorders.
  • Evidence snippets:
  • Snippet 1 (score: 0.404) > Therefore, while epigenetic changes are essential for understanding specific aspects of neurodevelopmental disorders, it is crucial to view these mechanisms as part of a larger, more complex system that encompasses genetic, proteomic, and metabolic factors. Few examples underscore that while epigenetic mechanisms-such as DNA methylation and histone modificationsare essential in regulating gene expression and contribute to neurodevelopmental disorders, they do not fully explain the complex pathophysiology of these diseases. In many cases, the genetic mutations, absence of or dysfunction of protein, or toxic protein aggregation (e.g., Fragile X syndrome, HD) that occur in these disorders play a central role in the clinical phenotypes. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of neurodevelopmental disorders must integrate epigenetic mechanisms and the broader genetic, proteomic, and cellular pathways that contribute to disease. An integrative approach that considers not only the regulation of gene expression but also the functional consequences of these changes at the protein, metabolic and cellular pathway levels will be essential for advancing our understanding of these intricate disorders and developing effective interventions and treatments. . B., Villate, O., Llano, I., Ocio, I., Martí, I., et al. (2020). Targeted next-generation sequencing in patients with suggestive X-linked intellectual disability. Genes 11:51. doi: 10.3390/genes11010051

[19] Precision Therapeutics in Lennox–Gastaut Syndrome: Targeting Molecular Pathophysiology in a Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathy

  • Authors: Debopam Samanta
  • Year: 2025
  • Venue: Children
  • URL: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/455479c1bfbea7b90b73c109228f67c813d13888
  • DOI: 10.3390/children12040481
  • PMID: 40310132
  • PMCID: 12025602
  • Citations: 19
  • Influential citations: 1
  • Summary: A narrative review explores precision therapeutic strategies for LGS based on molecular pathophysiology, including channelopathies, receptor and ligand dysfunction, receptor and ligand dysfunction, cell signaling abnormalities, cell signaling abnormalities, synaptopathies, and the repurposing of existing medications with mechanism-specific effects.
  • Evidence snippets:
  • Snippet 1 (score: 0.401) > A key advantage of disease-modifying therapies is their potential to target pathogenic mechanisms early in the disease course, potentially preventing the progression of some infantile epileptic encephalopathies to LGS. > This narrative review explores precision therapeutic strategies based on specific monogenic causes and disease mechanisms relevant to LGS. A comprehensive literature search (PubMed, MEDLINE, ClinicalTrials.gov, conference abstracts from the American Academy of Neurology and American Epilepsy Society, and gray literature) was conducted through 19 February 2025 to identify established ASMs, repurposed and novel drugs, as well as various gene therapy approaches with potential relevance to LGS. Given that over 900 monogenic causes of DEEs have been identified-implicating diverse cellular components such as ion channels, receptors, synaptic proteins, signaling pathways, metabolic processes, and epigenetic regulators-this review discusses current and emerging precision therapeutics based on shared molecular mechanisms and the pathophysiology of select genes associated with LGS [17] (Table 1).

[20] scGRNom: a computational pipeline of integrative multi-omics analyses for predicting cell-type disease genes and regulatory networks

  • Authors: Ting Jin, Peter R Rehani, Mufang Ying, Jiawei Huang, Shuang Liu et al.
  • Year: 2020
  • Venue: Genome Medicine
  • URL: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/a81382fef4e3f7cf5b4bec64266e372cf3a52da5
  • DOI: 10.1186/s13073-021-00908-9
  • PMID: 34044854
  • PMCID: 8161957
  • Citations: 37
  • Summary: A computational pipeline, scGRNom (single-cell Gene Regulatory Network prediction from multi-omics), to predict cell-type disease genes and regulatory networks including transcription factors and regulatory elements, with applications to schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s disease.
  • Evidence snippets:
  • Snippet 1 (score: 0.399) > Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) studies have identified a variety of genetic risk variants associated with multiple brain diseases. For example, a recent study found 109 pleiotropic loci significantly associated with at least two brain disorders [1]. Many cross-disease common genetic risk factors have revealed many shared functional consequences in clinical presentations [2]. Recent studies have also revealed shared symptoms at both psychiatric and physical levels between neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases [3]. For instance, 97% of Alzheimer's disease patients develop neuropsychiatric symptoms throughout the disease [4]. Besides, additional insights into each disease's progression and causes have further demonstrated the highly interlinked nature of both disease types [5]. However, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of genetic variants between diseases remains elusive, particularly at the cell-type levels. > Alzheimer's disease (AD) and schizophrenia (SCZ) are neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases, respectively. Both are significantly associated with genetic variants and have complex underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms from genotype to phenotype [6,7]. Notably, AD is physiologically characterized by accumulations of amyloid beta plaques and neurofibrillary tau protein tangles in the brain [8]. Amyloid beta plaques primarily originate from the apolipoprotein E-encoding gene APOE and its multiple variants. The APOE gene is a single step in the broader amyloidogenic processing pathway (APP), and additional genes involved in the process contribute to the regulation of amyloid beta production [6]. Much work has identified major genes of interest involved in the APP [6]. However, a distinct need still exists to further explore these disease loci to understand better the interplay between their regulatory elements and eventual amyloid beta creation and accumulation. Similarly, neurofibrillary tau tangles are associated with many genetic loci and require a study of the highly complex molecular mechanisms required to achieve disease pathology [8]. Further, the downstream effects from both amyloid beta and neurofibrillary tangles within and between various cell types add additional complexity toward linking specific regulatory events and elements with clinical pathology [9,10].

Notes

  • This provider combines search_papers_by_relevance with snippet_search.
  • No synthesis or second-stage model call is performed.