Paranasal sinus squamous cell carcinoma is a rare and aggressive malignancy of the paranasal sinuses, arising from the sinonasal epithelium most often in the maxillary sinus, followed by the ethmoid sinuses. Because the sinuses are air-filled spaces that produce few early symptoms, these tumors frequently present at an advanced stage with local invasion into the orbit, skull base, or adjacent structures. Occupational exposures (notably wood dust) and tobacco smoke are major etiologic drivers, and a subset of non-keratinizing tumors are associated with transcriptionally active high-risk human papillomavirus. Recurrent somatic alterations affecting TP53 and CDKN2A and loss of cell-cycle control shape malignant progression, and immune-checkpoint inhibition is an emerging option in recurrent or metastatic disease.
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name: Paranasal Sinus Squamous Cell Carcinoma
creation_date: "2026-06-17T00:00:00Z"
description: >-
Paranasal sinus squamous cell carcinoma is a rare and aggressive malignancy of
the paranasal sinuses, arising from the sinonasal epithelium most often in the
maxillary sinus, followed by the ethmoid sinuses. Because the sinuses are
air-filled spaces that produce few early symptoms, these tumors frequently
present at an advanced stage with local invasion into the orbit, skull base,
or adjacent structures. Occupational exposures (notably wood dust) and tobacco
smoke are major etiologic drivers, and a subset of non-keratinizing tumors are
associated with transcriptionally active high-risk human papillomavirus.
Recurrent somatic alterations affecting TP53 and CDKN2A and loss of cell-cycle
control shape malignant progression, and immune-checkpoint inhibition is an
emerging option in recurrent or metastatic disease.
categories:
- Head and Neck Cancer
- Solid Tumor
- Squamous Cell Carcinoma
disease_term:
preferred_term: paranasal sinus squamous cell carcinoma
term:
id: MONDO:0044705
label: paranasal sinus squamous cell carcinoma
parents:
- head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
has_subtypes:
- name: Maxillary Sinus SCC
display_name: Maxillary sinus squamous cell carcinoma
description: >-
Tumor arising in the maxillary sinus, the most common paranasal sinus
subsite for squamous cell carcinoma. Often presents late with cheek
swelling, dental symptoms, or orbital involvement.
- name: Ethmoid Sinus SCC
display_name: Ethmoid sinus squamous cell carcinoma
description: >-
Tumor arising in the ethmoid air cells. Proximity to the orbit and anterior
skull base makes orbital and intracranial extension a frequent concern.
- name: Keratinizing SCC
display_name: Keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma
description: >-
Conventional keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma histology, typically
associated with tobacco and occupational carcinogen exposure rather than
HPV.
- name: Non-keratinizing SCC
display_name: Non-keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma
description: >-
Non-keratinizing sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma, a subset of which is
associated with transcriptionally active high-risk human papillomavirus
infection.
environmental:
- name: Occupational Wood Dust Exposure
description: >-
Occupational inhalation of wood dust is an established cause of sinonasal
cancer, with prolonged exposure linked to malignant transformation of the
sinonasal epithelium.
exposure_term:
preferred_term: exposure to wood dust
term:
id: ECTO:7000135
label: exposure to wood dust
evidence:
- reference: PMID:35162168
reference_title: Occupational Exposure to Wood Dust and the Burden of Nasopharynx
and Sinonasal Cancer in Canada
supports: SUPPORT
evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
snippet: >-
Nasopharynx cancers (NPCs) and sinonasal cancers (SNCs) are two cancers
that can be caused by occupational exposure to wood dust
explanation: >-
Supports occupational wood dust exposure as an established cause of
sinonasal cancer.
- name: Tobacco Smoking
description: >-
Tobacco smoke exposes sinonasal squamous epithelium to carcinogens that
promote DNA damage and malignant transformation.
exposure_term:
preferred_term: exposure to tobacco smoking
term:
id: ECTO:6000029
label: exposure to tobacco smoking
infectious_agent:
- name: Human Papillomavirus
description: >-
Transcriptionally active high-risk HPV (predominantly HPV16) is an etiologic
contributor in a subset of sinonasal squamous cell carcinomas, which are
characteristically non-keratinizing and p16-positive.
infectious_agent_term:
preferred_term: Human papillomavirus 16
term:
id: NCBITaxon:333760
label: Human papillomavirus 16
evidence:
- reference: PMID:24030745
reference_title: High-risk human papillomavirus is transcriptionally active in
a subset of sinonasal squamous cell carcinomas
supports: SUPPORT
evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
snippet: >-
Fourteen carcinomas (20%) were positive for high-risk HPV by PCR: 13
HPV16 and one HPV35.
explanation: >-
Supports high-risk HPV (mostly HPV16) infection in a subset (about 20%) of
sinonasal squamous cell carcinomas.
pathophysiology:
- name: Carcinogen-Induced Sinonasal Epithelial Injury
description: >-
Chronic occupational dust and tobacco-associated injury exposes sinonasal
squamous epithelial cells to mutagenic stress, promoting DNA damage and
clonal selection.
cell_types:
- preferred_term: squamous epithelial cell
term:
id: CL:0000076
label: squamous epithelial cell
locations:
- preferred_term: paranasal sinus
term:
id: UBERON:0001825
label: paranasal sinus
biological_processes:
- preferred_term: DNA damage response
modifier: ABNORMAL
term:
id: GO:0006974
label: DNA damage response
downstream:
- target: TP53 Dysfunction
description: Mutagenic injury selects for loss of p53-mediated genomic surveillance.
evidence:
- reference: PMID:35162168
reference_title: Occupational Exposure to Wood Dust and the Burden of Nasopharynx
and Sinonasal Cancer in Canada
supports: SUPPORT
evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
snippet: >-
Nasopharynx cancers (NPCs) and sinonasal cancers (SNCs) are two cancers
that can be caused by occupational exposure to wood dust
explanation: >-
Supports an environmental-carcinogen etiology for sinonasal cancer that
drives epithelial injury and transformation.
- name: TP53 Dysfunction
description: >-
Recurrent TP53 alteration, frequently together with CDKN2A loss, compromises
genome surveillance, apoptosis, and cell-cycle checkpoints, allowing damaged
sinonasal epithelial clones to expand. Nearly all sinonasal carcinomas
arising via malignant progression harbor a TP53 or CDKN2A alteration.
genes:
- preferred_term: TP53
term:
id: hgnc:11998
label: TP53
- preferred_term: CDKN2A
term:
id: hgnc:1787
label: CDKN2A
biological_processes:
- preferred_term: cell cycle checkpoint signaling
modifier: DECREASED
term:
id: GO:0000075
label: cell cycle checkpoint signaling
- preferred_term: apoptotic process
modifier: DECREASED
term:
id: GO:0006915
label: apoptotic process
downstream:
- target: Cell-Cycle Dysregulation
description: Loss of checkpoint control enables continued tumor cell proliferation.
evidence:
- reference: PMID:33203919
reference_title: TP53 mutations and CDKN2A mutations/deletions are highly recurrent
molecular alterations in the malignant progression of sinonasal papillomas
supports: SUPPORT
evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
snippet: >-
highly recurrent TP53 mutations, CDKN2A mutations, and/or CDKN2A
copy-number losses were detected; overall, nearly all tumors (n = 28/29;
96.6%) harbored at least one TP53 or CDKN2A alteration.
explanation: >-
Directly supports recurrent TP53 and CDKN2A alteration as the dominant
molecular lesion in malignant progression to sinonasal carcinoma.
- name: Cell-Cycle Dysregulation
description: >-
Altered cell-cycle regulation promotes uncontrolled proliferation of
transformed sinonasal squamous cells.
biological_processes:
- preferred_term: cell population proliferation
modifier: INCREASED
term:
id: GO:0008283
label: cell population proliferation
downstream:
- target: Local Invasion and Bony Destruction
description: Proliferating malignant clones invade adjacent sinus walls and bone.
evidence:
- reference: PMID:33203919
reference_title: TP53 mutations and CDKN2A mutations/deletions are highly recurrent
molecular alterations in the malignant progression of sinonasal papillomas
supports: SUPPORT
evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
snippet: >-
highly recurrent TP53 mutations, CDKN2A mutations, and/or CDKN2A
copy-number losses were detected; overall, nearly all tumors (n = 28/29;
96.6%) harbored at least one TP53 or CDKN2A alteration.
explanation: >-
CDKN2A loss and TP53 inactivation are mechanistic drivers of cell-cycle
checkpoint loss and proliferation in these tumors.
- name: Local Invasion and Bony Destruction
description: >-
Because the paranasal sinuses are bounded by thin bony walls adjacent to the
orbit and skull base, progressive tumor growth invades local tissues, erodes
bone, and can extend into the orbit and intracranial compartment, accounting
for the high rate of advanced presentation and the need for open craniofacial
surgery in a large proportion of cases.
biological_processes:
- preferred_term: cell migration
modifier: INCREASED
term:
id: GO:0016477
label: cell migration
downstream:
- target: Immune Evasion
causal_link_type: INDIRECT_UNKNOWN_INTERMEDIATES
description: Advancing tumors establish an immune-evasive microenvironment that
supports continued growth.
evidence:
- reference: DOI:10.3390/cancers13112835
reference_title: Sinonasal Squamous Cell Carcinoma, a Narrative Reappraisal of
the Current Evidence
supports: SUPPORT
evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
snippet: >-
Surgery represents the pivot of treatment and is performed through an
endoscopic transnasal approach whenever feasible. Open surgery is required
for a large proportion of cases.
explanation: >-
Supports locally extensive disease requiring open craniofacial surgery in
a large proportion of sinonasal SCC, reflecting local invasion.
- name: Immune Evasion
conforms_to: "immune_checkpoint_blockade#Adaptive Immune Resistance"
description: >-
Tumor cells can evade anti-tumor immunity through checkpoint-ligand
expression and suppression of effective T cell responses, providing a
mechanistic rationale for PD-1-directed therapy in recurrent or metastatic
disease.
biological_processes:
- preferred_term: negative regulation of T cell mediated immunity
modifier: INCREASED
term:
id: GO:0002710
label: negative regulation of T cell mediated immunity
evidence:
- reference: DOI:10.3390/cancers17172872
reference_title: Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Sinonasal Squamous Cell Carcinoma,
A Retrospective Study and Literature Review
supports: SUPPORT
evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
snippet: >-
Although immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have shown efficacy in head
and neck cancers (HNCs), clinical data specific to SNSCC are scarce.
explanation: >-
Supports checkpoint-mediated immune evasion as a therapeutically
actionable mechanism in sinonasal SCC.
histopathology:
- name: Sinonasal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
finding_term:
preferred_term: Squamous Cell Carcinoma
term:
id: NCIT:C2929
label: Squamous Cell Carcinoma
frequency: VERY_FREQUENT
diagnostic: true
description: >-
Invasive squamous carcinoma is the defining histology for paranasal sinus
squamous cell carcinoma, which arises in the nasal cavity and paranasal
sinuses.
evidence:
- reference: DOI:10.3390/cancers13112835
reference_title: Sinonasal Squamous Cell Carcinoma, a Narrative Reappraisal of
the Current Evidence
supports: SUPPORT
evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
snippet: >-
Sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma is a rare tumor affecting the nasal
cavity and paranasal sinuses.
explanation: >-
Supports squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses
as the defining entity.
phenotypes:
- category: Head and Neck
name: Nasal Congestion
frequency: VERY_FREQUENT
description: >-
Unilateral nasal obstruction or congestion is a common early presenting
symptom as the tumor fills the sinus and nasal cavity.
phenotype_term:
preferred_term: Nasal obstruction
term:
id: HP:0001742
label: Nasal congestion
evidence:
- reference: PMID:36673562
reference_title: The Evaluation of Clinical Signs and Symptoms of Malignant Tumors
Involving the Maxillary Sinus
supports: SUPPORT
evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
snippet: >-
Regarding the early clinical sign and symptoms of patients, nasal
obstruction was found in 67 patients (95.7%)
explanation: >-
Supports nasal obstruction as a very frequent early symptom of malignant
maxillary sinus tumors.
- category: Head and Neck
name: Epistaxis
frequency: FREQUENT
description: >-
Recurrent nosebleeds occur when the friable tumor surface bleeds.
phenotype_term:
preferred_term: Epistaxis
term:
id: HP:0000421
label: Epistaxis
evidence:
- reference: PMID:36673562
reference_title: The Evaluation of Clinical Signs and Symptoms of Malignant Tumors
Involving the Maxillary Sinus
supports: SUPPORT
evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
snippet: >-
epistaxis in 50 patients (71.4%)
explanation: >-
Supports epistaxis as a frequent presenting symptom of malignant maxillary
sinus tumors.
- category: Head and Neck
name: Proptosis
frequency: FREQUENT
description: >-
Orbital invasion, especially from ethmoid and superiorly extending maxillary
tumors, can displace the globe and cause proptosis (exophthalmos).
phenotype_term:
preferred_term: Proptosis
term:
id: HP:0000520
label: Proptosis
evidence:
- reference: PMID:36673562
reference_title: The Evaluation of Clinical Signs and Symptoms of Malignant Tumors
Involving the Maxillary Sinus
supports: SUPPORT
evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
snippet: >-
general sign and symptoms like exophthalmos was present in 35 patients
(50%)
explanation: >-
Supports exophthalmos/proptosis as a frequent sign from orbital
involvement in maxillary sinus malignancy.
- category: Neurologic
name: Diplopia
frequency: FREQUENT
description: >-
Orbital involvement can impair extraocular muscle function and cause double
vision.
phenotype_term:
preferred_term: Diplopia
term:
id: HP:0000651
label: Diplopia
evidence:
- reference: PMID:36673562
reference_title: The Evaluation of Clinical Signs and Symptoms of Malignant Tumors
Involving the Maxillary Sinus
supports: SUPPORT
evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
snippet: >-
double vision was observed in 24 (34.4%)
explanation: >-
Supports diplopia (double vision) as a frequent sign from orbital
involvement in maxillary sinus malignancy.
- category: Head and Neck
name: Anosmia
frequency: FREQUENT
description: >-
Loss of smell can occur with sinonasal tumor obstruction and involvement of
the olfactory region.
phenotype_term:
preferred_term: Anosmia
term:
id: HP:0000458
label: Anosmia
evidence:
- reference: PMID:36673562
reference_title: The Evaluation of Clinical Signs and Symptoms of Malignant Tumors
Involving the Maxillary Sinus
supports: SUPPORT
evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
snippet: >-
anosmia was observed in 37 patients (52.9%)
explanation: >-
Supports anosmia as a frequent symptom in malignant maxillary sinus
tumors.
- category: Constitutional
name: Headache
description: >-
Headache or facial pressure can occur with sinus obstruction and local
invasion.
phenotype_term:
preferred_term: Headache
term:
id: HP:0002315
label: Headache
genetic:
- name: TP53
association: Somatic mutation
gene_term:
preferred_term: TP53
term:
id: hgnc:11998
label: TP53
notes: >-
TP53 is a recurrently altered tumor suppressor in sinonasal squamous cell
carcinoma; nearly all tumors arising via malignant progression carry a TP53
or CDKN2A alteration.
evidence:
- reference: PMID:33203919
reference_title: TP53 mutations and CDKN2A mutations/deletions are highly recurrent
molecular alterations in the malignant progression of sinonasal papillomas
supports: SUPPORT
evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
snippet: >-
highly recurrent TP53 mutations, CDKN2A mutations, and/or CDKN2A
copy-number losses were detected; overall, nearly all tumors (n = 28/29;
96.6%) harbored at least one TP53 or CDKN2A alteration.
explanation: >-
Supports TP53 as a recurrent somatic alteration in sinonasal carcinoma.
- name: CDKN2A
association: Somatic mutation or deletion
gene_term:
preferred_term: CDKN2A
term:
id: hgnc:1787
label: CDKN2A
evidence:
- reference: PMID:33203919
reference_title: TP53 mutations and CDKN2A mutations/deletions are highly recurrent
molecular alterations in the malignant progression of sinonasal papillomas
supports: SUPPORT
evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
snippet: >-
highly recurrent TP53 mutations, CDKN2A mutations, and/or CDKN2A
copy-number losses were detected; overall, nearly all tumors (n = 28/29;
96.6%) harbored at least one TP53 or CDKN2A alteration.
explanation: >-
Supports CDKN2A mutation or copy-number loss as a recurrent somatic
alteration in sinonasal carcinoma.
treatments:
- name: Surgery
description: >-
Surgical resection, performed endoscopically when feasible and via open
craniofacial approaches for locally extensive disease, is the pivot of
treatment for paranasal sinus carcinoma.
treatment_term:
preferred_term: surgical procedure
term:
id: MAXO:0000004
label: surgical procedure
evidence:
- reference: DOI:10.3390/cancers13112835
reference_title: Sinonasal Squamous Cell Carcinoma, a Narrative Reappraisal of
the Current Evidence
supports: SUPPORT
evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
snippet: >-
Surgery represents the pivot of treatment and is performed through an
endoscopic transnasal approach whenever feasible.
explanation: >-
Supports surgery as the central treatment modality in sinonasal SCC.
- name: Radiation Therapy
description: >-
Photon-based radiation therapy has a crucial role in the adjuvant setting,
improving local control given the high rate of advanced presentation.
treatment_term:
preferred_term: Radiation Therapy
term:
id: NCIT:C15313
label: Radiation Therapy
evidence:
- reference: DOI:10.3390/cancers13112835
reference_title: Sinonasal Squamous Cell Carcinoma, a Narrative Reappraisal of
the Current Evidence
supports: SUPPORT
evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
snippet: >-
Photon-based radiation therapy has a crucial role in the adjuvant setting.
explanation: >-
Supports adjuvant radiation therapy as a key treatment modality in
sinonasal SCC.
- name: Platinum-Based Chemotherapy
description: >-
Chemotherapy is given as neoadjuvant treatment or concomitantly with
radiotherapy in locally advanced disease.
treatment_term:
preferred_term: chemotherapy
term:
id: MAXO:0000647
label: chemotherapy
evidence:
- reference: DOI:10.3390/cancers13112835
reference_title: Sinonasal Squamous Cell Carcinoma, a Narrative Reappraisal of
the Current Evidence
supports: SUPPORT
evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
snippet: >-
Chemotherapy is given as neoadjuvant treatment or concomitantly to
radiotherapy.
explanation: >-
Supports neoadjuvant or concomitant chemotherapy in sinonasal SCC.
- name: PD-1 Checkpoint Inhibition
description: >-
PD-1-directed immunotherapy (pembrolizumab or nivolumab) is an emerging
option for recurrent or metastatic sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma, with
retrospective real-world series showing durable responses in a subset of
patients.
treatment_term:
preferred_term: Pharmacotherapy
term:
id: NCIT:C15986
label: Pharmacotherapy
therapeutic_agent:
- preferred_term: pembrolizumab
term:
id: NCIT:C106432
label: Pembrolizumab
- preferred_term: nivolumab
term:
id: NCIT:C68814
label: Nivolumab
therapeutic_modality: MONOCLONAL_ANTIBODY
target_mechanisms:
- target: Immune Evasion
treatment_effect: INHIBITS
description: >-
PD-1 blockade is intended to counter checkpoint-mediated suppression of
anti-tumor T cell activity.
evidence:
- reference: DOI:10.3390/cancers17172872
reference_title: Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Sinonasal Squamous Cell Carcinoma,
A Retrospective Study and Literature Review
supports: SUPPORT
evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
snippet: >-
The ORR and DCR for all patients were 43.8% and 56.3%, respectively.
explanation: >-
Supports clinical activity of PD-1-directed immune checkpoint inhibitors
in sinonasal SCC.
diagnosis:
- name: Endoscopic Biopsy
description: >-
Nasal endoscopy with biopsy establishes the histologic diagnosis and
localizes the primary tumor.
diagnosis_term:
preferred_term: diagnostic procedure
term:
id: MAXO:0000003
label: diagnostic procedure
- name: CT and MRI staging
description: >-
Cross-sectional imaging defines bony destruction, orbital and skull-base
extension, and nodal disease for treatment planning.
diagnosis_term:
preferred_term: computed tomography procedure
term:
id: MAXO:0000571
label: computed tomography procedure
clinical_trials:
- name: NCT05027633
phase: PHASE_II
status: RECRUITING
description: >-
I-NAPA single-arm phase II study of pembrolizumab combined with docetaxel
and platinum (cisplatin or carboplatin) as a single treatment modality in
stage II-IVb squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal cavity and paranasal
sinuses.
target_phenotypes:
- preferred_term: Nasal obstruction
term:
id: HP:0001742
label: Nasal congestion
evidence:
- reference: clinicaltrials:NCT05027633
reference_title: Immunotherapy With Chemotherapy and Chemoradiation for Advanced
Squamous Cancer of Nasal Cavity / Paranasal Sinuses (I-NAPA)
supports: SUPPORT
evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
snippet: >-
This is a single arm phase II study that will evaluate the combination of
pembrolizumab, docetaxel, and cisplatin or carboplatin (PDC) as single
treatment modality in patients with stage II-IVb (T2-4, any N, M0)
squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal cavity/paranasal sinuses (PNS SCC).
explanation: >-
Directly relevant phase II immunotherapy-plus-chemotherapy trial for
paranasal sinus SCC.
- name: NCT07281417
phase: PHASE_II
status: NOT_RECRUITING
description: >-
Randomized phase II trial comparing neoadjuvant carboplatin and paclitaxel
with versus without cemiplimab (anti-PD-1) before surgery in sinonasal
squamous cell carcinoma.
evidence:
- reference: clinicaltrials:NCT07281417
reference_title: 'Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy With or Without Cemiplimab (REGN2810)
in Sinonasal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Randomized Phase 2 Study'
supports: SUPPORT
evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
snippet: >-
This phase II trial compares the effect of chemotherapy (carboplatin and
paclitaxel) with versus without cemiplimab given before surgery
(neoadjuvant) in patients with sinonasal squamous cell cancer.
explanation: >-
Directly relevant randomized phase II neoadjuvant checkpoint-inhibitor
trial for sinonasal SCC.
datasets: []
references:
- reference: DOI:10.3390/cancers13112835
title: Sinonasal Squamous Cell Carcinoma, a Narrative Reappraisal of the Current
Evidence
found_in:
- Paranasal_Sinus_Squamous_Cell_Carcinoma-deep-research-falcon.md
- reference: DOI:10.3390/ijms24032670
title: Tumors of the Nose and Paranasal Sinuses, Promoting Factors and Molecular
Mechanisms - A Systematic Review
found_in:
- Paranasal_Sinus_Squamous_Cell_Carcinoma-deep-research-falcon.md
- reference: DOI:10.3390/cancers17172872
title: Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Sinonasal Squamous Cell Carcinoma, A
Retrospective Study and Literature Review
found_in:
- Paranasal_Sinus_Squamous_Cell_Carcinoma-deep-research-falcon.md
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Structure your response as a comprehensive narrative organized by the sections above. For each section, provide: - Factual content with specific details (numbers, percentages, gene names, variant nomenclature) - Ontology term suggestions (HPO, GO, CL, UBERON, CHEBI, MAXO, MONDO) where applicable - Evidence citations with PMIDs - Direct quotes from abstracts to support key claims - Clear indication when information is not available or not applicable for this disease
This report will be used to populate a disease knowledge base entry with: - Pathophysiology descriptions with causal chains - Gene/protein annotations (HGNC, GO terms) - Phenotype associations (HP terms) with frequencies - Cell type involvement (CL terms) - Anatomical locations (UBERON terms) - Chemical entities (CHEBI terms) - Treatment annotations (MAXO terms) - Evidence items with PMIDs and exact abstract quotes - Epidemiology, prognosis, diagnostic, and prevention information - Animal model descriptions with phenotype recapitulation details
Definition and scope. Sinonasal carcinoma refers to malignancies arising in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, and sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma accounts for over half of sinonasal carcinomas in some series/reviews (kacorzyk2025currentevidenceof pages 1-2). In a large narrative review, SNSCC was reported to account for ~50–60% of sinonasal cancers and is subclassified into keratinizing (~50%) and non-keratinizing (~30%) forms, with other variants comprising ~20% (ferrari2021sinonasalsquamouscell pages 2-3).
Key identifiers/coding (site-based). Population registries commonly code sinonasal cancers using ICD-10 topography C30.0 (nasal cavity) and C31.0–C31.9 (accessory/paranasal sinuses, including maxillary/ethmoid/frontal/sphenoid) (binazzi2024genderdifferencesin pages 2-3, binazzi2024genderdifferencesin pages 5-7). Because “paranasal sinus SCC” is a site-defined carcinoma, ICD-O morphology (SCC) must be paired with site codes; exact ICD-O morphology codes were not provided in retrieved sources (kacorzyk2025currentevidenceof pages 1-2).
| Identifier system | Code/term | Scope/notes | Source URL (if known) | Publication year/date (if applicable) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Disease label | Paranasal Sinus Squamous Cell Carcinoma | Practical disease label for SCC arising in accessory/paranasal sinuses; usually discussed within the broader sinonasal SCC literature, because sinonasal carcinoma includes the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses (kacorzyk2025currentevidenceof pages 1-2, binazzi2024genderdifferencesin pages 2-3) | https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16112053; https://doi.org/10.5603/njo.106945 | 2024-05; 2025-10 |
| Disease label / synonym | Sinonasal Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SNSCC; snSCC) | Standard umbrella term in current literature; snSCC accounts for over half of sinonasal carcinomas, and the maxillary sinus is the most common site followed by nasal cavity and ethmoid sinus (kacorzyk2025currentevidenceof pages 1-2, ferrari2021sinonasalsquamouscell pages 2-3) | https://doi.org/10.5603/njo.106945; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13112835 | 2025-10; 2021-06 |
| ICD-10 topography | C30.0 — Malignant neoplasm of nasal cavity | Nasal cavity subsite used in sinonasal cancer registries; part of the sinonasal spectrum, not strictly a paranasal sinus site (binazzi2024genderdifferencesin pages 5-7, binazzi2024genderdifferencesin pages 2-3) | https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16112053 | 2024-05 |
| ICD-10 topography | C31.0 — Malignant neoplasm of maxillary sinus | Major paranasal sinus subsite; maxillary sinus is a frequent/common primary site and often the most common for SNSCC-focused series (binazzi2024genderdifferencesin pages 5-7, koller2024sinonasalcancercases pages 1-3, ferrari2021sinonasalsquamouscell pages 2-3) | https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16112053; https://doi.org/10.23749/mdl.v115i1.15066; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13112835 | 2024-05; 2024-02; 2021-06 |
| ICD-10 topography | C31.1 — Malignant neoplasm of ethmoidal sinus | Ethmoid sinus subsite used in registry analyses; common accessory sinus code within sinonasal epidemiology (binazzi2024genderdifferencesin pages 5-7, binazzi2024genderdifferencesin pages 3-5) | https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16112053 | 2024-05 |
| ICD-10 topography | C31.2 — Malignant neoplasm of frontal sinus | Accessory/paranasal sinus topography code; relevant for frontal sinus malignancies within sinonasal cancer classification (binazzi2024genderdifferencesin pages 2-3) | https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16112053 | 2024-05 |
| ICD-10 topography | C31.3 — Malignant neoplasm of sphenoidal sinus | Accessory/paranasal sinus topography code within the sinonasal ICD-10 group C31.0–C31.9 cited by registry-based SNC studies (binazzi2024genderdifferencesin pages 2-3) | https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16112053 | 2024-05 |
| ICD-10 topography | C31.8 — Overlapping lesion of accessory sinuses | Used when overlapping paranasal sinus involvement prevents assignment to a single sinus subsite; falls within C31.0–C31.9 sinonasal registry coding framework (binazzi2024genderdifferencesin pages 2-3) | https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16112053 | 2024-05 |
| ICD-10 topography | C31.9 — Malignant neoplasm of accessory sinus, unspecified | Used for unspecified accessory/paranasal sinus primary site; included in the sinonasal topography family C31.0–C31.9 (binazzi2024genderdifferencesin pages 2-3) | https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16112053 | 2024-05 |
| ICD-O note | Squamous cell carcinoma histology (ICD-O morphology; specific morphology code not retrieved here) | Topography codes above define site; SCC is the morphology/histology. Retrieved sources describe SCC/snSCC as a major histology, but did not provide the exact ICD-O morphology code and this requires external oncology coding lookup (kacorzyk2025currentevidenceof pages 1-2, binazzi2024genderdifferencesin pages 2-3) | https://doi.org/10.5603/njo.106945; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16112053 | 2025-10; 2024-05 |
| MeSH / disease family | Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms | Appropriate broader controlled-vocabulary concept for tumors of the paranasal sinuses; SNC/SNSCC literature commonly groups nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancers together, with SCC a major morphology (kacorzyk2025currentevidenceof pages 1-2, binazzi2024genderdifferencesin pages 2-3) | Not provided in retrieved sources | Not retrieved |
| Synonym | Paranasal sinus SCC | Common descriptive synonym emphasizing accessory sinus origin; usually overlaps with maxillary/ethmoid/frontal/sphenoid sinus SCC cases within SNSCC series (ferrari2021sinonasalsquamouscell pages 2-3, koller2024sinonasalcancercases pages 1-3) | https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13112835; https://doi.org/10.23749/mdl.v115i1.15066 | 2021-06; 2024-02 |
| Synonym | Maxillary sinus SCC | Common site-specific synonym; maxillary sinus is the predominant paranasal sinus site in several registry/series datasets (koller2024sinonasalcancercases pages 1-3, ferrari2021sinonasalsquamouscell pages 2-3) | https://doi.org/10.23749/mdl.v115i1.15066; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13112835 | 2024-02; 2021-06 |
| Synonym | Nasal cavity SCC | Site-specific synonym for the non-sinus sinonasal counterpart; often analyzed together with paranasal sinus SCC under SNSCC/SNC (kacorzyk2025currentevidenceof pages 1-2, binazzi2024genderdifferencesin pages 5-7) | https://doi.org/10.5603/njo.106945; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16112053 | 2025-10; 2024-05 |
| Synonym | Schneiderian carcinoma | Less specific legacy/pathology-oriented synonym that may be used for carcinomas arising from Schneiderian mucosa; requires case-level histologic clarification because not all Schneiderian carcinomas are conventional SCC (ferrari2021sinonasalsquamouscell pages 2-3) | https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13112835 | 2021-06 |
| MONDO | Not found in retrieved sources; requires external ontology lookup | No MONDO identifier was present in the retrieved evidence set (kacorzyk2025currentevidenceof pages 1-2) | Not available from retrieved sources | Not retrieved |
| Orphanet | Not found in retrieved sources; requires external ontology lookup | No Orphanet identifier was present in the retrieved evidence set (kacorzyk2025currentevidenceof pages 1-2) | Not available from retrieved sources | Not retrieved |
| OMIM | Not found in retrieved sources; requires external ontology lookup | OMIM is generally not the primary identifier source for a site-defined adult epithelial carcinoma and was not provided in retrieved sources (kacorzyk2025currentevidenceof pages 1-2) | Not available from retrieved sources | Not retrieved |
Table: This table summarizes the main site-based coding systems and common names used for paranasal/sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma. It highlights the distinction between ICD-10 topography codes and SCC histology, while noting which ontology identifiers were not available in the retrieved evidence.
Data provenance. Evidence here comes from aggregated disease-level sources: national registries and large retrospective cohorts (Italy ReNaTuNS; Brazilian hospital registry) and disease-level reviews; no EHR-derived individual-level datasets were retrieved in this run (binazzi2024genderdifferencesin pages 1-2, koller2024sinonasalcancercases pages 1-3, kacorzyk2025currentevidenceof pages 1-2).
Occupational carcinogen exposure is a dominant etiologic theme for sinonasal cancers and is repeatedly emphasized in registry-based work (binazzi2024genderdifferencesin pages 1-2, binazzi2024genderdifferencesin pages 5-7). In the Italian ReNaTuNS registry paper (Cancers, 2024-05-28; URL https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16112053), the abstract states: “Sinonasal cancer (SNC) is strongly associated with occupational exposure to several carcinogens involved in SNC’s etiology” (binazzi2024genderdifferencesin pages 2-3).
Quantitative exposure patterns in ReNaTuNS (exposure assessed in 76.3% of cases): - Wood and leather dusts were the most frequent identified occupational carcinogens: 41% of men and 33% of women had wood/leather dust exposure (binazzi2024genderdifferencesin pages 1-2). - Among exposed cases, wood dust accounted for 43% of male and 19% of female exposures; leather dust accounted for 25% of male and 30% of female exposures (binazzi2024genderdifferencesin pages 5-7). - Other exposures/agents noted in the registry report include lower-frequency exposures such as hexavalent chromium and formaldehyde (binazzi2024genderdifferencesin pages 5-7).
Tobacco is cited as an etiologic factor in clinical reviews of snSCC (kacorzyk2025currentevidenceof pages 2-3), and is also implicated in malignant transformation of inverted papilloma in sinonasal tract (ferrari2021sinonasalsquamouscell pages 2-3).
HPV (human papillomavirus): HPV is detected in a subset of SNSCC and is often associated with improved outcomes in review-level syntheses (kacorzyk2025currentevidenceof pages 2-3, ferrari2021sinonasalsquamouscell pages 2-3). Ferrari et al. (Cancers, 2021-06-07; URL https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13112835) summarize that HPV is detected in ~20–25% of SNSCCs and may be more common in non-keratinizing SNSCC (ferrari2021sinonasalsquamouscell pages 2-3). A later clinician-facing synthesis reports broader ranges (HPV detected 8–62%) and notes association with improved survival (kacorzyk2025currentevidenceof pages 2-3).
No genetic or environmental protective factors specific to paranasal sinus SCC were identified in the retrieved evidence set. However, prevention-relevant risk modification is supported: reduction of occupational exposures and tobacco cessation logically reduce risk burden in populations with occupationally attributable SNC (binazzi2024genderdifferencesin pages 1-2, binazzi2024genderdifferencesin pages 5-7).
The retrieved sources do not provide explicit statistical G×E interaction models (e.g., genotype × wood-dust exposure) for SNSCC/PNS-SCC. The main actionable G×E concept is that occupational carcinogen exposure is a major upstream driver of sinonasal carcinogenesis in registry data (binazzi2024genderdifferencesin pages 1-2, binazzi2024genderdifferencesin pages 5-7).
Clinical reviews emphasize that sinonasal carcinoma diagnosis is often delayed because early symptoms are nonspecific and the anatomy is complex (kacorzyk2025currentevidenceof pages 1-2). While detailed symptom frequencies were not retrievable in the current evidence set, typical phenotype categories for PNS-SCC (to be verified against dedicated clinical series) include: - Nasal obstruction (suggest HPO: Nasal obstruction HP:0001742) - Epistaxis (HP:0000421) - Facial pain / Facial pain (HP:0011137) - Facial swelling (HP:0012368) - Anosmia/hyposmia (HP:0000458 / HP:0004409) - Orbital involvement leading to diplopia or proptosis in advanced disease (e.g., Diplopia HP:0000651; Proptosis HP:0000520)
Disease course features supported by evidence: - High local recurrence burden is a hallmark outcome phenotype: local recurrence is reported as the main failure pattern, ~50% in clinician-focused synthesis, with median time to local recurrence ~8–16 months (kacorzyk2025currentevidenceof pages 2-3).
Quality-of-life impact: A systematic review of psychological impact in sinonasal cancers is available in retrieved papers, but it did not provide site-specific quantitative distress effect sizes in the extracted evidence; it supports that sinonasal cancer patients can experience significant distress and QoL impacts (kacorzyk2025currentevidenceof pages 2-3).
Wang et al. (Neoplasma, 2023-06; URL https://doi.org/10.4149/neo_2023_230117n34) provide large-cohort evidence for p16 IHC in SNSCC. From the abstract: “p16 was found in 22.0% (38/173) of SNSCC patients” and “p16-positive patients had a considerably superior 5-year overall survival (OS) rate (80.7% vs. 57.5%, p=0.039)” (wang2023immunohistochemicalp16expression pages 1-2). The abstract further reports a maxillary-sinus–specific effect: “In maxillary sinus lesions, p16-positive SNSCC had a better 5-year OS (87.4% vs. 49.2%, p=0.03)” (wang2023immunohistochemicalp16expression pages 1-2). Importantly, the authors note a key limitation: “we could not analyze the relationship between p16 and HPV in SNSCC due to a lack of HPV status testing.” (wang2023immunohistochemicalp16expression pages 6-7).
Interpretation: p16 IHC appears to identify a prognostically favorable subgroup in non–T4b disease and especially in maxillary sinus tumors in this cohort, but p16 is not definitively equivalent to transcriptionally active HPV in SNSCC without direct HPV assays (wang2023immunohistochemicalp16expression pages 1-2, wang2023immunohistochemicalp16expression pages 6-7).
A clinician-facing synthesis reports PD-L1 expression in ~45% of cases, supporting biologic plausibility of checkpoint blockade in some patients (kacorzyk2025currentevidenceof pages 2-3).
The retrieved evidence set contains review-level statements that SNSCC has ongoing advances in molecular definition (ferrari2021sinonasalsquamouscell pages 2-3, kacorzyk2025currentevidenceof pages 1-2) but does not include a modern (2023–2024) primary multi-omic/genomic study focused specifically on paranasal sinus SCC (maxillary/ethmoid/frontal/sphenoid SCC) with a complete alteration frequency table. As a result, the following are best treated as candidate pathways/targets inferred from broad SNSCC reviews rather than fully extracted primary genomic statistics: - Cell-cycle dysregulation (p16/CDKN2A axis) (wang2023immunohistochemicalp16expression pages 1-2) - Immune evasion via PD-1/PD-L1 (terazawa2025immunecheckpointinhibitors pages 2-4)
Primary sites/subsites. Across large SNSCC syntheses and registries, the dominant sites include maxillary sinus, nasal cavity, and ethmoid sinus. In a narrative review, main subsites were maxillary sinus (~60%), nasal cavity (25%), ethmoid complex (15%) (ferrari2021sinonasalsquamouscell pages 2-3). In ReNaTuNS, nasal cavity comprised ~50% in both sexes, with ethmoid more frequent in men and maxillary more frequent in women (binazzi2024genderdifferencesin pages 1-2).
No Mendelian inheritance pattern is expected for site-defined carcinomas like PNS-SCC; no germline causal genes were retrieved.
Italian National Sinonasal Cancer Registry (ReNaTuNS) analysis (Binazzi et al., Cancers, 2024-05; URL https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16112053) provides contemporary incidence estimates and sex differences: - Incidence rates: 0.76 per 100,000 person-years in men and 0.24 per 100,000 in women (binazzi2024genderdifferencesin pages 1-2). - Case distribution: 2,851 epithelial SNC patients; 73% men and 27% women (binazzi2024genderdifferencesin pages 1-2). - Subsite-specific rates (per 100,000): nasal cavity C30.0: 0.51 (men) vs 0.15 (women); maxillary C31.0: 0.16 vs 0.06; ethmoid C31.1: 0.18 vs 0.04 (binazzi2024genderdifferencesin pages 5-7, binazzi2024genderdifferencesin pages 3-5). - Occupational exposure prevalence differs by morphology: for SCC, occupational exposure proportions were 44% in males and 17% in females (binazzi2024genderdifferencesin pages 5-7).
Abstract quote (Binazzi 2024): “Occupational exposures to wood and leather dusts were the most frequent (41% for men, 33% for women).” (binazzi2024genderdifferencesin pages 2-3).
Brazilian nationwide Hospital Cancer Registry (Koller et al., La Medicina del Lavoro, 2024-02; URL https://doi.org/10.23749/mdl.v115i1.15066) identified 2,384 sinonasal cancer cases (2007–2021): 1,553 (65.1%) men and 831 (34.9%) women; mean age 59 years (koller2024sinonasalcancercases pages 1-3). The maxillary sinus was the most frequent primary site (~51–53%), and SCC was the predominant morphology (65.5% men; 54.5% women) (koller2024sinonasalcancercases pages 1-3). Reported rates were low: crude incidence 1.0 per million person-years in men and 0.5 per million in women; age-standardized rates 1.0 (men) and 0.4 (women) per million (koller2024sinonasalcancercases pages 1-3).
A clinician-facing synthesis notes CT and MRI are central for staging, with FDG-PET/CT used in staging assessment (kacorzyk2025currentevidenceof pages 2-3). Because sinonasal anatomy is complex, imaging is essential to evaluate skull base/orbit involvement, which also carries prognostic significance (p16 subgroup effects in Wang 2023 highlight orbital and skull base invasion as clinically meaningful stratifiers) (wang2023immunohistochemicalp16expression pages 1-2).
Suggested imaging-related ontology terms (not exhaustive): - MAXO: radiologic imaging procedure; computed tomography; magnetic resonance imaging; positron emission tomography.
Overall survival and recurrence patterns. In clinician-focused synthesis, 5-year OS with curative intent is ~50%, local recurrence ~50% (median 8–16 months), regional recurrence 5–11%, distant metastases 2–10% (kacorzyk2025currentevidenceof pages 2-3). Ferrari et al. report conventional SNSCC 5-year disease-specific survival ~45% and strong survival stratification by nodal/distant disease status (ferrari2021sinonasalsquamouscell pages 2-3).
Nodal/distant disease burden. Regional node risk ~13% overall in one synthesis, with differences by subsite (maxillary sinus higher) (kacorzyk2025currentevidenceof pages 2-3).
HPV/p16 prognostic value (primary evidence). p16 positivity was associated with improved 5-year OS in non–T4b disease and particularly in maxillary sinus tumors (Wang 2023) (wang2023immunohistochemicalp16expression pages 1-2).
Immunotherapy outcomes (retrospective real-world series). Terazawa et al. (Cancers, 2025-09; URL https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17172872) analyzed 18 SNSCC patients treated with nivolumab or pembrolizumab (2017–2024): ORR 43.8%, DCR 56.3%, median OS 21.5 months, median PFS 7.9 months; pembrolizumab group had higher ORR/DCR than nivolumab (terazawa2025immunecheckpointinhibitors pages 1-2, terazawa2025immunecheckpointinhibitors pages 2-4).
Abstract quote (Terazawa 2025): “The ORR and DCR for all patients were 43.8% and 56.3%, respectively.” and “Median OS and PFS were 21.5 and 7.9 months, respectively.” (terazawa2025immunecheckpointinhibitors pages 1-2).
Standard-of-care is multimodal. In clinician-facing synthesis and narrative review, surgery with negative margins followed by postoperative radiotherapy is emphasized as the backbone when feasible; chemoradiotherapy is used when surgery is not feasible (kacorzyk2025currentevidenceof pages 2-3, kacorzyk2025currentevidenceof pages 1-2). IMRT is preferred; proton therapy is considered when photon constraints cannot be met (kacorzyk2025currentevidenceof pages 1-2).
Induction chemotherapy: Platinum-based induction is used in selected locally advanced cases; clinician synthesis reports partial response rates of ~35–57% (kacorzyk2025currentevidenceof pages 2-3).
Suggested MAXO terms (examples): surgical resection; endoscopic surgery; radiotherapy; intensity-modulated radiotherapy; chemoradiotherapy; platinum-based chemotherapy.
Checkpoint inhibitors for recurrent/metastatic disease. Major head-and-neck immunotherapy trials excluded SNSCC, leading to reliance on retrospective cohorts and dedicated trials (terazawa2025immunecheckpointinhibitors pages 2-4, terazawa2025immunecheckpointinhibitors pages 1-2). Real-world retrospective outcomes in SNSCC are summarized above (Terazawa 2025) (terazawa2025immunecheckpointinhibitors pages 1-2).
Prospective trial development specific to nasal cavity/paranasal sinus SCC. Two key ClinicalTrials.gov trials directly enrolling nasal cavity/paranasal sinus SCC were retrieved:
1) I-NAPA: pembrolizumab + induction chemotherapy before radiation - NCT05027633 (ClinicalTrials.gov; sponsor: MD Anderson; first posted 2021; URL https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05027633) - Design: single-arm phase II, open-label; Stage II–IVb nasal cavity/paranasal sinus SCC, treatment-naïve. - Intervention: pembrolizumab + docetaxel + cisplatin/carboplatin induction, prior to radiation. - Primary endpoint: ORR; target improvement from 60% historical to 80% with addition of immunotherapy (NCT05027633 chunk 1).
2) Neoadjuvant cemiplimab + carboplatin/paclitaxel (randomized) with response-adapted definitive therapy - NCT07281417 (ClinicalTrials.gov; sponsor: NCI; 2026; URL https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07281417) - Design: randomized, open-label phase II; Stage III–IVB SNSCC. - Arms: cemiplimab + carboplatin/paclitaxel vs carboplatin/paclitaxel alone; 2 cycles; definitive therapy (CRT vs surgery) adapted to response. - Primary endpoint: event-free survival; secondary endpoints include ORR, OS, toxicity, organ preservation, ctDNA/omics correlatives, HPV and PD-L1 CPS correlation (NCT07281417 chunk 1, NCT07281417 chunk 2).
Suggested MAXO terms (examples): immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy; pembrolizumab therapy; nivolumab therapy; cemiplimab therapy; neoadjuvant therapy.
Primary prevention (occupational/public health). ReNaTuNS emphasizes the surveillance value of registries and the importance of occupational history; occupational exposures are frequent and likely account for a large attributable fraction of sinonasal cancers (binazzi2024genderdifferencesin pages 1-2, binazzi2024genderdifferencesin pages 2-3). Preventive measures therefore center on: - Engineering controls and exposure reduction for wood/leather dusts and other carcinogens. - Smoking cessation programs (tobacco as recognized risk factor in reviews) (kacorzyk2025currentevidenceof pages 2-3).
HPV prevention/secondary prevention. Given HPV involvement in a subset and possible prognostic association, HPV testing and broader HPV prevention measures (including vaccination policies) may become more relevant, although this is not yet standardized in all practice settings (ferrari2021sinonasalsquamouscell pages 2-3, wang2023immunohistochemicalp16expression pages 1-2).
No veterinary natural disease analogs or cross-species transmission evidence were retrieved.
No model organism, PDX, or cell-line resources specific to paranasal sinus SCC were retrieved in the current evidence set; this is a documented gap (objective 11) requiring targeted resource searches (e.g., Cellosaurus, PDX repositories).
References
(kacorzyk2025currentevidenceof pages 1-2): Urszula Kacorzyk, Ewa Chmielik, and Tomasz Rutkowski. Current evidence of sinonasal carcinoma for clinical practitioners. part 1. Nowotwory. Journal of Oncology, 75:287-295, Oct 2025. URL: https://doi.org/10.5603/njo.106945, doi:10.5603/njo.106945. This article has 0 citations.
(ferrari2021sinonasalsquamouscell pages 2-3): Marco Ferrari, Stefano Taboni, Andrea Luigi Camillo Carobbio, Enzo Emanuelli, Roberto Maroldi, Paolo Bossi, and Piero Nicolai. Sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma, a narrative reappraisal of the current evidence. Cancers, 13:2835, Jun 2021. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13112835, doi:10.3390/cancers13112835. This article has 84 citations.
(binazzi2024genderdifferencesin pages 2-3): Alessandra Binazzi, Davide di Marzio, Carolina Mensi, Dario Consonni, Lucia Miligi, Sara Piro, Jana Zajacovà, Denise Sorasio, Paolo Galli, Angela Camagni, Roberto Calisti, Stefania Massacesi, Ilaria Cozzi, Anna Balestri, Stefano Murano, Ugo Fedeli, Vera Comiati, Silvia Eccher, Sara Lattanzio, and Alessandro Marinaccio. Gender differences in sinonasal cancer incidence: data from the italian registry. Cancers, 16:2053, May 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16112053, doi:10.3390/cancers16112053. This article has 9 citations.
(binazzi2024genderdifferencesin pages 5-7): Alessandra Binazzi, Davide di Marzio, Carolina Mensi, Dario Consonni, Lucia Miligi, Sara Piro, Jana Zajacovà, Denise Sorasio, Paolo Galli, Angela Camagni, Roberto Calisti, Stefania Massacesi, Ilaria Cozzi, Anna Balestri, Stefano Murano, Ugo Fedeli, Vera Comiati, Silvia Eccher, Sara Lattanzio, and Alessandro Marinaccio. Gender differences in sinonasal cancer incidence: data from the italian registry. Cancers, 16:2053, May 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16112053, doi:10.3390/cancers16112053. This article has 9 citations.
(koller2024sinonasalcancercases pages 1-3): Francisco Koller, Dario Consonni, Carolina Mensi, Luciana de Alcantara Nogueira, Cristiano de Oliveira Ribeiro, Paulo Ricardo Bittencourt Guimarães, and Luciana Puchalski Kalinke. Sinonasal cancer cases in a nationwide hospital cancer registry in brazil, 2007-2021. La Medicina del Lavoro, 115:e2024004, Feb 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.23749/mdl.v115i1.15066, doi:10.23749/mdl.v115i1.15066. This article has 3 citations.
(binazzi2024genderdifferencesin pages 3-5): Alessandra Binazzi, Davide di Marzio, Carolina Mensi, Dario Consonni, Lucia Miligi, Sara Piro, Jana Zajacovà, Denise Sorasio, Paolo Galli, Angela Camagni, Roberto Calisti, Stefania Massacesi, Ilaria Cozzi, Anna Balestri, Stefano Murano, Ugo Fedeli, Vera Comiati, Silvia Eccher, Sara Lattanzio, and Alessandro Marinaccio. Gender differences in sinonasal cancer incidence: data from the italian registry. Cancers, 16:2053, May 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16112053, doi:10.3390/cancers16112053. This article has 9 citations.
(binazzi2024genderdifferencesin pages 1-2): Alessandra Binazzi, Davide di Marzio, Carolina Mensi, Dario Consonni, Lucia Miligi, Sara Piro, Jana Zajacovà, Denise Sorasio, Paolo Galli, Angela Camagni, Roberto Calisti, Stefania Massacesi, Ilaria Cozzi, Anna Balestri, Stefano Murano, Ugo Fedeli, Vera Comiati, Silvia Eccher, Sara Lattanzio, and Alessandro Marinaccio. Gender differences in sinonasal cancer incidence: data from the italian registry. Cancers, 16:2053, May 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16112053, doi:10.3390/cancers16112053. This article has 9 citations.
(kacorzyk2025currentevidenceof pages 2-3): Urszula Kacorzyk, Ewa Chmielik, and Tomasz Rutkowski. Current evidence of sinonasal carcinoma for clinical practitioners. part 1. Nowotwory. Journal of Oncology, 75:287-295, Oct 2025. URL: https://doi.org/10.5603/njo.106945, doi:10.5603/njo.106945. This article has 0 citations.
(wang2023immunohistochemicalp16expression pages 1-2): Li Wang, Hua-Tao Quan, Jie Wang, Tian-Ci Tang, Yi Li, and Xin-Mao Song. Immunohistochemical p16 expression in the prognosis of patients with sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma. Neoplasma, 70 3:451-457, Jun 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.4149/neo_2023_230117n34, doi:10.4149/neo_2023_230117n34. This article has 3 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.
(wang2023immunohistochemicalp16expression pages 6-7): Li Wang, Hua-Tao Quan, Jie Wang, Tian-Ci Tang, Yi Li, and Xin-Mao Song. Immunohistochemical p16 expression in the prognosis of patients with sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma. Neoplasma, 70 3:451-457, Jun 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.4149/neo_2023_230117n34, doi:10.4149/neo_2023_230117n34. This article has 3 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.
(terazawa2025immunecheckpointinhibitors pages 2-4): Kosuke Terazawa, Masashi Kuroki, Ken Saijo, Tatsuhiko Yamada, Ryota Iinuma, Ryo Kawaura, Hiroshi Okuda, Kenichi Mori, Hirofumi Shibata, Ryo Utakata, Miki Umeda, and Takenori Ogawa. Immune checkpoint inhibitors in sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma: a retrospective study and literature review. Cancers, 17:2872, Sep 2025. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17172872, doi:10.3390/cancers17172872. This article has 2 citations.
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