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Thanatophoric Dysplasia Type 2

Asta Literature Retrieval: Pathophysiology and clinical mechanisms of Thanatophoric Dysplasia Type 2. Core disease mechanisms, molecular and cel...

2026-04-02
Asta MONDO:0008547 Model: Asta Scientific Corpus Retrieval 19 citations

Asta Literature Retrieval: Pathophysiology and clinical mechanisms of Thanatophoric Dysplasia Type 2. Core disease mechanisms, molecular and cel...

This report is retrieval-only and is generated directly from Asta results.

  • Papers retrieved: 19
  • Snippets retrieved: 20

Relevant Papers

[1] EndoCompass Project: Research Roadmap for Calcium and Bone Endocrinology

  • Authors: K. Jähn-Rickert, K. Z. Tomsic, A. Anastasilakis, Jean-Philippe Bertocchio, M. L. Brandi et al.
  • Year: 2025
  • Venue: Hormone Research in Pædiatrics
  • URL: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/fccbdcae3a86c448632e05f9c38ad2563c14284d
  • DOI: 10.1159/000549160
  • PMID: 41296665
  • PMCID: 12698132
  • Summary: This framework identifies crucial investigation areas into metabolic bone disease pathophysiology, prevention, and treatment strategies, ultimately aimed at reducing the burden of these disorders on individuals and society.
  • Evidence snippets:
  • Snippet 1 (score: 0.435) > Skeletal dysplasias encompass a large spectrum of genetic disorders of the skeleton with abnormal bone growth, structure, or strength [85]. Individually, they are rare but, collectively, due to the large number of skeletal dysplasias (>700), they result in significant morbidity. The underlying pathology remains inadequately understood and the optimal therapy is often undefined, with precision drug treatment targeting the underlying molecular mechanism not available for most skeletal dysplasias. Gene discoveries have increased exponentially, demonstrating the value of advanced genetic tools and motivating further research into the complex pathogenesis of skeletal dysplasias. > However, further basic research is required to uncover the cellular pathology and implicated molecular pathways in various forms of skeletal dysplasia. Understanding the pathophysiology of skeletal dysplasias may also benefit a larger patient population. This is evidenced by anti-sclerostin treatment for osteoporosis [86] which, at present, is in clinical trials for osteogenesis imperfecta. Preclinical data show positive effects on bone mass and strength [87]. > The spectrum of disease manifestations of various skeletal dysplasias in different phases of life and health projections across the life course remain inadequately studied. Research on therapeutic approaches needs to focus not only on correcting the pathophysiology but also, more broadly, on surgical approaches, rehabilitation, functional/environmental adaptations, preventative measures, pain management, psychological support, and quality of life. Patient groups must be involved in identifying these research goals. International registries should be utilized to collect and analyse such data. > A multidisciplinary approach is of particular importance in genetic skeletal disorders, to enable cohesive care throughout the life course. The patients have a range of physical impairments due to their skeletal disorder, but also a disease-specific spectrum of extraskeletal manifestations requiring medical attention. These may include, for example, dental and oral health problems, immune deficiency, impaired hearing, and neurological or ophthalmologic manifestations.

[2] A Roadmap to Gene Discoveries and Novel Therapies in Monogenic Low and High Bone Mass Disorders

  • Authors: M. Formosa, D. Bergen, C. Gregson, A. Maurizi, A. Kämpe et al.
  • Year: 2021
  • Venue: Frontiers in Endocrinology
  • URL: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/be13ff3ea01dc5719f2c63b2cbf5d9f77bafd659
  • DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.709711
  • PMID: 34539568
  • PMCID: 8444146
  • Citations: 21
  • Summary: The monogenic forms of rare low and high rare bone Mass disorders known to date are described, a roadmap to unravel the genetic determinants of monogenic rare bone mass disorders is provided, using proper phenotyping and genotyping methods are provided, and different genetic validation approaches paving the way for future treatments are described.
  • Evidence snippets:
  • Snippet 1 (score: 0.430) > Skeletal development is regulated by numerous genetic factors that guide the growth, modeling and remodeling of skeletal structures starting in early fetal development and continuing throughout life. These processes are crucial for attainment of normal height, skeletal patterning, bone shape, and mobility, but also for maintenance of normal bone mass and fracture resistance. Defects in the involved genes result in a large and heterogeneous group of disorders, collectively called skeletal dysplasias, in which the primary features are confined to the skeleton. More than 460 different forms of skeletal dysplasia, most of them monogenic, have been recognized (1). They are estimated to affect approximately 1/5,000 children (2,3), and can have distinct clinical manifestations and course. Clinical outcomes range in severity from neonatal lethality to only mild growth retardation, deformity or fracture risk. Diagnosis is based on growth pattern and other clinical characteristics, skeletal imaging, bone density testing, biochemical diagnostics, and genetic tests. Although the genetic basis has been described and mutations in the responsible genes identified in a significant proportion of these conditions, for several distinct skeletal dysplasia phenotypes the genetic cause is still not known (1). > Within this large group of genetic skeletal disorders, monogenic disorders affecting bone mass comprise an expanding subgroup (1,4). This includes disorders with low bone mass and skeletal fragility, and disorders leading to increased bone mass, both commonly associated with extraskeletal complications (5,6). Due to significant variability in severity, diagnosis can be challenging. Importantly, the underlying molecular genetic mechanisms for these disorders remain inadequately explored and, in several entities, the causative genetic defect, and underlying cellular and molecular pathophysiology are still uncharacterized. > The various skeletal dysplasia delineated to date have provided important information about the molecular pathways governing skeletal health both in these conditions and in the general population, underscoring the significance of new gene discoveries not only for the individuals affected by the monogenic rare bone mass disorder, but also more widely to the musculoskeletal research field (7). Indeed, the large wealth of data generated from monogenic and polygenic bone mass disorders, frailty and other musculoskeletal traits, have led

[3] Changes in Serum Proteomic Profiles at Different Stages of Pregnancy Toxemia in Goats

  • Authors: M. Uzti̇mür, C. N. Ünal, Gurler Akpinar
  • Year: 2025
  • Venue: Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine
  • URL: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/4b9c488b5dbd65d7b26fd2ad9aed70e8c4b59942
  • DOI: 10.1111/jvim.70139
  • PMID: 40492724
  • PMCID: 12150350
  • Summary: Understanding the serum proteome profiles of goats with pregnancy toxemia might help identify the proteomes and pathways responsible for the development of this disease and improve diagnosis and treatment.
  • Evidence snippets:
  • Snippet 1 (score: 0.425) > The pathophysiology and progression of this disease are not fully understood. > Traditional biomedical research has focused on the analysis of single genes, proteins, metabolites, or metabolic pathways in diseases. This molecular reductionist approach is based on the assumption that identifying genetic variations and molecular components will lead to new treatments for diseases [13][14][15][16]. However, many diseases are complex and multifactorial, and in order to determine the phenotype of such diseases, it is necessary to understand the changes that occur in more than one gene, pathway, protein, or metabolite at the cellular, tissue, and organismal levels [17][18][19]. Therefore, in recent years, proteomics, as one field of multi-omics technologies, has helped in evaluating the complex pathogenetic mechanisms of different diseases from a broad perspective and has made substantial contributions [20,21]. In veterinary medicine, proteomic analysis of metabolic diseases such as ketosis [16], hypocalcemia [22], and fatty liver [23] in dairy cows has contributed valuable insights for the definition of new pathophysiological pathways and new diagnosis and treatment protocols for these diseases. The proteomic approach can contribute importantly to a broad and detailed understanding of the changes that occur at the organismal level associated with the increase in BHBA concentration in goats with pregnancy toxemia. Our aim was to evaluate the serum protein profiles of goats with SPT or CPT using proteomic techniques to determine the proteomic profiles of these animals and to identify the relevant pathophysiological mechanisms.

[4] A Comprehensive Study of De Novo Mutations on the Protein-Protein Interaction Interfaces Provides New Insights into Developmental Delay

  • Authors: Dhruba Tara Maharjan, Weichen Song, Zhe Liu, Weidi Wang, Wenxiang Cai et al.
  • Year: 2022
  • Venue: Biomolecules
  • URL: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/cf81638fe2c43e5a6dc5bf24e4523f0f192068db
  • DOI: 10.3390/biom12111643
  • PMID: 36358993
  • PMCID: 9687726
  • Summary: A comprehensive study indicated the significant role of PPI interface DNMs in developmental delay pathogenicity and identified 302 DD-related PsychiPPIs, defined as PPIs harboring a statistically significant number of DNM missenses at their interface, and 42 DD candidate genes from Psychi PPI.
  • Evidence snippets:
  • Snippet 1 (score: 0.424) > Several FGFR3 de novo mutations were identified in thanatophoric dysplasia (TD) patients.Some patients with these mutations have an intellectual disability and severe skeletal deformities, which correspond to the symptom of DD [95].Additionally, research has shown that ALOX5 is related to memory deficits and synaptic dysfunction in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease [96].Despite the supportive evidence, our hypothesis is not entirely settled.Studies involved in cell or animal models are required to prove our findings. > This study showed a significant association between PPI interface DNMs and developmental delay, combined with our PsychiPPI-based disease-related genes searching framework.With the development of whole exome sequencing, researchers worldwide could identify thousands of DNM missenses in a large-scale study within a relevantly short time.We may contribute to discovering disease mechanisms and early diagnosis of developmental delay and other potential neuropsychiatric diseases.

[5] A Case of Thanatophoric Dysplasia Type 2: A Novel Mutation

[6] Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Diabetes: Shedding Light on a Widespread Oversight

  • Authors: F. Iheagwam, A. J. Joseph, E. D. Adedoyin, Olawumi Toyin Iheagwam, Samuel Akpoyowvare Ejoh
  • Year: 2025
  • Venue: Pathophysiology
  • URL: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/dbf8042761c1a5fc50f8cd894cc498505abac7cb
  • DOI: 10.3390/pathophysiology32010009
  • PMID: 39982365
  • PMCID: 12077258
  • Citations: 23
  • Summary: This review aims to elucidate the complex link between mitochondrial dysfunction and diabetes, covering the spectrum of diabetes types, the role of mitochondria in insulin resistance, highlighting pathophysiological mechanisms, mitochondrial DNA damage, and altered mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics.
  • Evidence snippets:
  • Snippet 1 (score: 0.422) > The landscape of DM research is continuously evolving, with emerging technologies and approaches offering new insights into the pathophysiology of the disease and potential therapeutic targets. Advancements in omics technologies, encompassing genomes, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, have transformed the molecular mechanisms underlying DM [134]. High-throughput sequencing techniques enable comprehensive analysis of genetic variants, gene expression profiles, protein abundance, and metabolite levels associated with DM and its complications [135]. Single-cell omics approaches provide unprecedented resolution and granularity, allowing researchers to dissect cellular heterogeneity and identify novel cell types, subpopulations, and signalling pathways involved in DM pathogenesis. Integrating multi-omics data sets offers a systems-level perspective of DM, unravelling complex networks of molecular interactions and regulatory circuits underlying disease progression [136]. > In addition to omics technologies, advances in imaging modalities, such as MRI, PET, and optical imaging, enable non-invasive visualisation and quantification of metabolic, functional, and structural changes. Molecular imaging probes targeting specific biomarkers and metabolic pathways provide valuable insights into disease mechanisms and treatment responses in preclinical and clinical settings [85]. Despite significant progress in DM research, numerous unanswered questions and knowledge gaps persist, hindering the ability to develop effective prevention and treatment strategies. Key areas requiring further investigation include the role of epigenetics, environmental factors, and the microbiome in DM susceptibility and progression. Moreover, the interaction between environmental cues and genetic predisposition remains incompletely understood, highlighting the need for comprehensive multi-omics studies and large-scale epidemiological analyses to identify gene-environment interactions and modifiable risk factors for DM [137]. Furthermore, the heterogeneity of DM phenotypes and clinical outcomes poses a challenge for personalised medicine approaches, necessitating robust biomarkers and predictive models to stratify patients based on disease subtypes, prognosis, and treatment response [138].

[7] New therapeutic targets in rare genetic skeletal diseases

  • Authors: M. Briggs, Peter A. Bell, M. Wright, K. A. Pirog
  • Year: 2015
  • Venue: Expert Opinion on Orphan Drugs
  • URL: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/1363107f71ae6d2d60abca471cddf3da5d13644b
  • DOI: 10.1517/21678707.2015.1083853
  • PMID: 26635999
  • PMCID: 4643203
  • Citations: 37
  • Influential citations: 1
  • Summary: An overview of disease mechanisms that are shared amongst groups of different GSDs and potential therapeutic approaches that are under investigation are described to generate critical mass for the identification and validation of novel therapeutic targets and biomarkers.
  • Evidence snippets:
  • Snippet 1 (score: 0.412) > proteins of the cartilage ECM such as type II collagen [50]. However, emerging knowledge suggests that the primary genetic defect may be less important than the cells' response to the expression of the mutant gene product [107]. Moreover, the largely overlooked response of a cell (i.e. chondrocyte) to the abnormal extracellular environment is also important for disease progression as illustrated by several GSDs discussed in this review. > It is important that 'omics'-based approaches and technologies are systematically applied to the study of rare GSDs so that definitive reference profiles and disease signatures are generated for each phenotype. These can then be used in a Systems Biology approach to identify both common and dissimilar pathological signatures and disease mechanisms. This approach is entirely dependent upon relevant in vitro and in vivo models (and also novel 'disease-mechanism phenocopies' [107]) for testing new diagnostic and prognostic tools and for determining the molecular mechanisms that underpin the pathophysiology so that effective therapeutic treatments can be developed and validated. This approach will eventually lead to personalized treatments and care strategies centred on shared disease mechanisms with the use of relevant biomarkers to monitor the efficacy of treatment and disease progression. > It is vital that all relevant stakeholders are involved from the outset in defining the appropriate outcomes of any potential therapeutic regime. The perceptions of a successful therapy can differ widely between the clinical academic community and the relevant patient-support groups and it is vital that there is engagement on all these issues. > In summary, the identification of causative genes and mutations for GSDs over the last 20 years, coupled with the generation and in-depth analysis of a plethora of relevant cell and mouse models, has derived new knowledge on disease mechanisms and suggested potential therapeutic targets. The fast-evolving hypothesis that clinically disparate diseases can share common disease mechanisms is a powerful concept that will generate critical mass for the identification and validation of novel therapeutic targets and biomarkers.
  • Snippet 2 (score: 0.390) > The extensive clinical variability and genetic heterogeneity of GSDs, coupled with complex disease mechanisms, renders this extensive group of rare diseases a bench to bedside challenge. Indeed, this large number of different and highly complex phenotypes makes the identification, validation and development of potential therapies almost impossible for anything other than the most common GSDs. As an alternative approach, we might consider identifying genotype-and/or phenotype-independent 'core disease mechanisms' that are shared amongst families of clinically unrelated GSDs. This approach would allow the focusing of resources into several areas of concerted investigation that have the potential to identify and validate therapeutic targets with a broad application to GSDs, inherited connective tissues as a whole and rare genetic disease in general. Indeed, Jürgen Spranger first suggested the idea of 'bone dysplasia families' in 1985 [124] and proposed that phenotypes with a similar clinical and radiographic phenotype would likely have a similar disease mechanism. Thirty years later, we can now expand upon this pioneering concept and propose that common disease mechanisms can also be shared amongst clinically different phenotypes ('common amongst the rare'). > In this context, ER stress has been associated with a diverse range of genetic diseases and chronic conditions such as skeletal dysplasia (as discussed in this review), myopathy [125], cerebro-vascular [42], kidney [126], ischaemia and cardiovascular diseases [127]. Moreover, ER stress is emerging as a very attractive target that is being successfully exploited in a broad range of diseases including neuropathy, juvenile-onset openangle glaucoma, obesity, diabetes, asthma and epidermolysis bullosa, to name but a few. Historically many GSDs were considered diseases of the ECM and proposed therapeutic interventions involved the removal and/or correction of the relevant mutated gene or abnormal gene product. This was particularly the case with dominant-negative mutations in the large structural proteins of the cartilage ECM such as type II collagen [50]. However, emerging knowledge suggests that the primary genetic defect may be less important than the cells' response to the expression of the mutant gene product [107]. Moreover, the largely overlooked response of a cell (i.e.

[8] High Fidelity of Mouse Models Mimicking Human Genetic Skeletal Disorders

  • Authors: R. Brommage, C. Ohlsson
  • Year: 2020
  • Venue: Frontiers in Endocrinology
  • URL: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/3b9e1d0da086028d9f89e99a06b7222353ab6b2d
  • DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00934
  • PMID: 32117046
  • PMCID: 7010808
  • Citations: 25
  • Influential citations: 1
  • Summary: Data is organized for 441 human genetic bone disorders with regard to heredity, gene function, molecular pathways, and fidelity of relevant mouse models to mimic the human skeletal disorders to identify mutant genes responsible for human rare genetic skeletal disorders.
  • Evidence snippets:
  • Snippet 1 (score: 0.407) > Rare human genetic diseases cumulatively affect about 1 in 200 individuals and involve an estimated 7,000 genes. Major research efforts are underway to identify these mutant genes and characterize their disease phenotypes. Knowledge gained can guide therapies and provide hypotheses to develop future treatments. As recently summarized (1), "Genome sequencing has revolutionized the diagnosis of genetic diseases. Close collaborations between basic scientists and clinical genomicists are now needed to link genetic variants with disease causation. To facilitate such collaborations, we recommend prioritizing clinically relevant genes for functional studies, developing reference variant-phenotype databases, adopting phenotype description standards, and promoting data sharing." > Rare human genetic skeletal dysplasias affect about 1 in 5,000 individuals (2) and account for 5% of all birth defects (3). The International Skeletal Dysplasia Society (ISDS, https://www.isds. ch), promotes scientific progress in the field of skeletal dysplasias and dysostoses, meets every second year, and published skeletal nosology summaries during 2001 (4), 2006 (5), 2010 (6), 2015 (7), and 2019 (8). There are presently 441 skeletal nosology genes, with an average of 20 new genes identified yearly (Figure 1). The classification aims to (i) identify metabolic pathways active in cartilage and bone, and their regulatory mechanisms; (ii) identify cellular signaling networks and gene expression sequences implicated in skeletal development; (iii) identify candidate genes for genetic disorders; (iv) facilitate integration of data coming from spontaneous and genetically engineered mouse mutants; (v) help in developing diagnostic strategies; (vi) stimulate the design and exploration of new therapeutic possibilities; and (vii) provide a knowledge framework accessible to physicians as well as to basic scientists and thus to facilitate communication between clinical genetics and pediatrics and the basic sciences (4). > The objectives of the present review include further characterizations of these 441 skeletal nosology genes and evaluating the reliability of mutant mouse models to mimic these human skeletal disorders.

[9] Investigating the role of NPR1 in dilated cardiomyopathy and its potential as a therapeutic target for glucocorticoid therapy

  • Authors: Yaomeng Huang, Tongxin Li, Shichao Gao, Shuyu Li, Xiaoran Zhu et al.
  • Year: 2023
  • Venue: Frontiers in Pharmacology
  • URL: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/be229f6f2059faab4c97ec0a04bd055adab9dfe1
  • DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1290253
  • PMID: 38026943
  • PMCID: 10662320
  • Citations: 3
  • Summary: Natriuretic peptide receptor 1 (NPR1) was identified as a core gene associated with DCM through bioinformatics analysis and led to substantial improvements in cardiac and renal function, accompanied by an upregulation of NPR1 expression.
  • Evidence snippets:
  • Snippet 1 (score: 0.403) > Multiple pathways and molecules are involved in this process; however, the detailed underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In recent years, with the development of high-throughput sequencing and gene chip technologies, the use of bioinformatics technology to explore the occurrence, development, and prognosis of diseases has become a hot topic for scholars worldwide (Hwang et al., 2018;Nayor et al., 2019;Rinschen et al., 2019;Sturm et al., 2019;Montaner et al., 2020). > The present study aimed to use bioinformatics technology to screen for DCM-related genes and investigate their mechanisms, with the purpose of revealing the pathogenesis of DCM and seeking treatment methods. The GSE3586 dataset, containing expression profiles related to DCM, was selected from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. This study aimed to predict the core genes that may play crucial roles in disease progression at the molecular level through the enrichment of relevant molecular pathways associated with DCM. Furthermore, the phenotype of the core genes was validated to further support the results of the bioinformatics analysis through basic and clinical experiments. Additionally, the role of glucocorticoids in DCM treatment is discussed in this article with the purpose of providing a theoretical and experimental basis for exploring the pathogenesis of DCM and elucidating therapeutic methods. This study also provides a theoretical reference for the interpretation, early diagnosis, and treatment of DCM.

[10] Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Signaling Pathway: An Update on Molecular Biomarkers

  • Authors: W. Tulalamba, T. Janvilisri
  • Year: 2012
  • Venue: International Journal of Cell Biology
  • URL: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/307cb9186444d9dad6e2e3b53763be0de76de186
  • DOI: 10.1155/2012/594681
  • PMID: 22500174
  • PMCID: 3303613
  • Citations: 93
  • Influential citations: 5
  • Summary: The molecular signaling pathways in the NPC are discussed for the holistic view of NPC development and progression and the important insights toward NPC pathogenesis may offer strategies for identification of novel biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis.
  • Evidence snippets:
  • Snippet 1 (score: 0.398) > In the pregenomic eras, highly integrated and complex circuitry of molecular signaling in NPC pathogenesis was only partially understood. Over the past decade, the knowledge of the molecular mechanisms in NPC carcinogenesis has been rapidly accumulated. Dysregulation and abnormal protein expression of molecules in certain signaling pathways involved in cellular functions including proliferation, adhesion, survival, and apoptosis has been demonstrated in the NPC cells. Detailed information on the complex network in signaling pathway leading to a coordinated pattern of gene expression and regulation in NPC will undoubtedly provide important clues to develop novel prognostic and therapeutic strategies for this cancer. Refining molecular markers into clinically relevant assays may assist in the detection of NPC in asymptomatic patients, as well as stage classification and monitoring disease progression and treatments. Furthermore, selective regulation of particular proteins targeting cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and apoptosis is a hopeful prospect for future anticancer therapy that slow disease progression and improve survival.

[11] Signaling Pathways in Bone Development and Their Related Skeletal Dysplasia

  • Authors: Alessandra Guasto, V. Cormier-Daire
  • Year: 2021
  • Venue: International Journal of Molecular Sciences
  • URL: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/c5466b45e1a7e5aa8e7ad05c7d9287a9e84e9262
  • DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094321
  • PMID: 33919228
  • PMCID: 8122623
  • Citations: 51
  • Summary: The principal signaling pathways involved in bone development and their associated skeletal dysplasia are reviewed and genotype–phenotype correlations have helped to elucidate their role in skeletogenesis.
  • Evidence snippets:
  • Snippet 1 (score: 0.395) > In this review, we discussed the main signaling pathways involved in bone development and how mutations in their components have been associated with SD. It is important to highlight that even if the signaling pathways have been discussed independently, there is a complex cross-talk among them at multiple levels. This, in association with the evidence that the mutation consequences depend on the specificity of the mutations and on their temporal and spatial mode of action, makes more difficult the understanding of the physiopathological mechanisms of these diseases. Moreover, these signaling pathways can be secondarily affected by alterations in other cellular processes, such as extracellular matrix regulation or metabolic processing. Indeed, several skeletal dysplasia, that we decided to omit in this review, have been associated with mutations in these processes. Fortunately, in the last decade, the development of new technologies, like whole exome and genome sequencing has accelerated the identification of skeletal dysplasia-causing mutations. On the other hand, the development of CRISPR-Cas9 technology and of several mouse models is helping the deciphering of the physiopathological mechanisms. Advanced genetic testing is also helping the diagnosis of skeletal dysplasia. The diagnosis and management of these pathologies have long been based on clinical feature and skeletal imaging. Today, these key techniques are increasingly combined with the genetic testing in order to obtain a more accurate and early diagnosis of SD. It also aids in prognosis and in counselling families regarding genetic recurrence risk and preconceptional reproductive planning [212][213][214]. These continuous discoveries will help to expand the genotype-phenotype correlation of SD and to develop new therapeutic strategies. Nowadays, few treatments are available for SD, but several clinical trials are ongoing to validate new drugs targeting specifically these pathways in achondroplasia or FOP for example, and highlighting the importance of multidisciplinary cross talks (from bed to bench side) [215].

[12] Human Dermal Fibroblast: A Promising Cellular Model to Study Biological Mechanisms of Major Depression and Antidepressant Drug Response

  • Authors: P. Mesdom, R. Colle, É. Lebigot, S. Trabado, Eric Deflesselle et al.
  • Year: 2020
  • Venue: Current Neuropharmacology
  • URL: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/79368e365458486de96794333613c12a6063bf54
  • DOI: 10.2174/1570159X17666191021141057
  • PMID: 31631822
  • PMCID: 7327943
  • Citations: 12
  • Summary: This review highlights the great and still underused potential of HDF, which stands out as a very promising tool in the understanding of MDD and AD mechanisms of action.
  • Evidence snippets:
  • Snippet 1 (score: 0.393) > Background: Human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) can be used as a cellular model relatively easily and without genetic engineering. Therefore, HDF represent an interesting tool to study several human diseases including psychiatric disorders. Despite major depressive disorder (MDD) being the second cause of disability in the world, the efficacy of antidepressant drug (AD) treatment is not sufficient and the underlying mechanisms of MDD and the mechanisms of action of AD are poorly understood. Objective The aim of this review is to highlight the potential of HDF in the study of cellular mechanisms involved in MDD pathophysiology and in the action of AD response. Methods The first part is a systematic review following PRISMA guidelines on the use of HDF in MDD research. The second part reports the mechanisms and molecules both present in HDF and relevant regarding MDD pathophysiology and AD mechanisms of action. Results HDFs from MDD patients have been investigated in a relatively small number of works and most of them focused on the adrenergic pathway and metabolism-related gene expression as compared to HDF from healthy controls. The second part listed an important number of papers demonstrating the presence of many molecular processes in HDF, involved in MDD and AD mechanisms of action. Conclusion The imbalance in the number of papers between the two parts highlights the great and still underused potential of HDF, which stands out as a very promising tool in our understanding of MDD and AD mechanisms of action

[13] WNT Signaling and Bone: Lessons From Skeletal Dysplasias and Disorders

  • Authors: Yentl Huybrechts, G. Mortier, E. Boudin, W. Van Hul
  • Year: 2020
  • Venue: Frontiers in Endocrinology
  • URL: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/00fd0aa090f258a34c6590bc3dee4b211ecb0929
  • DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00165
  • PMID: 32328030
  • PMCID: 7160326
  • Citations: 95
  • Summary: This review discusses the skeletal disorders that are included in the latest nosology of skeletal disorders and that are caused by genetic defects involving the Wingless and int-1 (WNT) signaling pathway.
  • Evidence snippets:
  • Snippet 1 (score: 0.389) > The identification of novel disease-causing genes for rare skeletal dysplasias accelerated significantly in the last decades, initially by positional cloning efforts and more recently by the availability of next-generation sequencing technology. This resulted in the identification of the disease-causing gene for 92% of the skeletal disorders (6). The increased knowledge on monogenic diseases resulted in a better understanding of the pathological mechanisms and highlighted which pathways regulate specific cellular processes. This information is also relevant for understanding more common multifactorial diseases. Furthermore, it has been shown that therapeutic targets which are based on genetic evidence from Mendelian traits as well as genome-wide association studies (GWASs) are more likely to be successful in clinical studies for multifactorial diseases (150). Here, we focused on skeletal dysplasias caused by mutations in genes that encode proteins that are directly involved in one of the WNT signaling pathways. As shown in Table 1, mutations in these genes can result in a variety of skeletal dysplasias, each with specific clinical features. The broad spectrum of clinical observations reflect the cellular and spatial functions of WNT signaling, some of them associated with embryonal development, others with bone mass and homeostasis in adult life. For example, the clinical features of RS and OMOD are similar which led to the hypothesis that all causative genes are involved in the WNT/PCP pathway which is previously shown to be important during limb development (Figure 2) (102). On the other hand, the influence of canonical WNT signaling on bone mass was highlighted by unraveling the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of disorders with a progressively increasing bone mass such as sclerosteosis, Van Buchem disease, and high bone mass phenotypes (osteosclerosis) (51,53,57,107,113). The genes causing these disorders, SOST, LRP4, LRP5, and LRP6, are all involved in the canonical WNT signaling pathway (Figure 3), and all mutations reported result in an increased canonical WNT signaling (Table 1).

[14] Role of Transcriptomics in Precision Oncology

  • Authors: Ruby Srivastava
  • Year: 2024
  • Venue: Reports of Radiotherapy and Oncology
  • URL: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/0bd862558bbb7286336111d9dfd232b5f905d3d9
  • DOI: 10.5812/rro-142195
  • Citations: 4
  • Summary: : Transcriptome profiling is one of the most widely used approaches in the field of multiomics research. It plays a crucial role in the prognostic, diagnostic, and predictive treatment of cancer patients. Novel next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies permit the identification of cancer biomarkers, gene signatures, and their abnormal expression, affecting oncogenic and molecular targets and novel biomarkers for cancer therapies. Multiomics studies have changed the overall understanding o...
  • Evidence snippets:
  • Snippet 1 (score: 0.388) > : Transcriptome profiling is one of the most widely used approaches in the field of multiomics research. It plays a crucial role in the prognostic, diagnostic, and predictive treatment of cancer patients. Novel next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies permit the identification of cancer biomarkers, gene signatures, and their abnormal expression, affecting oncogenic and molecular targets and novel biomarkers for cancer therapies. Multiomics studies have changed the overall understanding of cancer and opened a precise perspective for tumor diagnostics and therapy. The use of these approaches has strengthened our understanding of disease pathophysiology and classifications at the molecular level, including specific interference with drug mechanisms of action. Still, it has limited added value in the clinical setting. The omics data on precision medicine include the application of data from genes, transcripts, and proteins for diagnosis, monitoring of diseases, risk factor determination, counseling, and development of novel therapeutics. Bioinformatics applications have expanded statistics-based analysis toward deriving molecular pathways and process models for characterizing phenotypes and drug action mechanisms. In this review, we will discuss transcriptomics and interference analysis that allows the identification of predictive biomarkers at the molecular level to test drug response and analyze the molecular process interface of disease progression-relevant pathophysiology and mechanism of action to propose predictive biomarkers.

[15] Modelling Mitochondrial Disease in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells: What Have We Learned?

  • Authors: Cameron L. McKnight, Y. C. Low, D. Elliott, D. Thorburn, Ann E. Frazier
  • Year: 2021
  • Venue: International Journal of Molecular Sciences
  • URL: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/bf41f9d980522896fcd2284bd630fbb418e55941
  • DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147730
  • PMID: 34299348
  • PMCID: 8306397
  • Citations: 20
  • Summary: Mitochondrial diseases disrupt cellular energy production and are among the most complex group of inherited genetic disorders. Affecting approximately 1 in 5000 live births, they are both clinically and genetically heterogeneous, and can be highly tissue specific, but most often affect cell types with high energy demands in the brain, heart, and kidneys. There are currently no clinically validated treatment options available, despite several agents showing therapeutic promise. However, modell...
  • Evidence snippets:
  • Snippet 1 (score: 0.387) > Mitochondrial disease hPSC models provide a system to study disease gene-or mutation-related pathomechanisms in tissues relevant to the clinical phenotype. Ultimately, the long-term goal of these models would be to identify a phenotype in a clinically relevant cell type that could be used to validate efficacy of targeted treatments, or for use in highthroughput treatment trials [94][95][96] (Figure 2). > There are now a wide range of endpoints that have been validated in terminally differentiated cell types to investigate the underlying cellular mechanisms of disease and efficiently identify targetable pathways. Many of these approaches can also be adapted to suit different cell types and even organoids at scale. The tissue specific nature of mitochondrial diseases means that mitochondrial function post-differentiation can be distinct to that from the undifferentiated stem cells or original fibroblast line, often greatly exaggerating any underlying defects [97]. Additionally, detailed transcriptomic and proteomic analyses can elucidate cellular compensation mechanisms and potential target pathways to inform downstream treatment studies [98,99]. Other approaches include microscopic visualization of key cellular features to determine a mutation's impact on cell structure or function [100]. For cardiomyocytes and neurons, electrophysiology can provide highly sensitive data to identify even subtle functional changes [101]. Calcium imaging can be particularly informative in the context of mitochondrial diseases, since calcium handling is a key role of mitochondria [102,103].

[16] Type II Thanatophoric Dysplasia

  • Authors: T. Zahouani, A. Recinos, A. Gonzales, S. Kandi, B. Rajegowda
  • Year: 2016
  • Venue: Pediatrics & Therapeutics
  • URL: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/a94dec8eed0aa8c161cda952efef350e66982636
  • DOI: 10.4172/2161-0665.1000I120
  • Citations: 1
  • Summary: A baby girl was born at 32 weeks of gestation via vaginal delivery to a 28 y/o mother whose prenatal course was remarkable for ultrasound findings at 23 weeks suggestive of severe polyhydramnios and type II Thanatophoric Dysplasia and small compressed chest with severe pulmonary hypoplasia.
  • Evidence snippets:
  • Snippet 1 (score: 0.387) > Type II Thanatophoric Dysplasia

[17] Multi‐gene panel sequencing in highly consanguineous families and patients with congenital forms of skeletal dysplasias

  • Authors: Naseebullah Kakar, F. Rehman, Ramandeep Kaur, G. Bhavani, M. Goyal et al.
  • Year: 2024
  • Venue: Clinical Genetics
  • URL: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/08f6a00a89b10f2208d3e03fb37a980a49142dfc
  • DOI: 10.1111/cge.14509
  • PMID: 38378010
  • Citations: 2
  • Summary: Panel sequencing proved to be a highly effective way to decipher the genetic basis of SKDs in highly consanguineous families as well as sporadic and or familial cases from South Asia, and expand the allelic spectrum of skeletal dysplasias.
  • Evidence snippets:
  • Snippet 1 (score: 0.386) > Inherited skeletal dysplasias (SKDs) are a heterogeneous group of developmental disorders of the skeleton, also known as osteochondrodysplasias, characterized by abnormal growth of bone and cartilage.The abnormal shape and size of the skeleton lead to disproportional long bones which can result in different types of SKDs. 1 Based on radiographic and molecular features SKDs are classified into distinct groups, including proportionate and disproportionate short stature, increased bone fragility, and skeletal deformities.SKDs show remarkable clinical and genetic heterogeneity that comprises more than 750 types. 2 Each type of SKD is rare, with the overall birth incidence rate worldwide estimated to be $1 of 3300 live births. 3Relatively common SKDs include osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) also known as brittle bone disease, osteopetrosis, achondroplasia, hypochondroplasia, campomelic dysplasia, and thanatophoric dysplasia. 4inically, SKDs can present with short stature, rhizomelic or mesomelic or acromelic limb shortening, bony deformities, or spine involvement.Genetic studies of inherited SKDs offer the opportunity to identify corresponding disease genes, thus providing significant clues in understanding the pathophysiology of these disorders. 5,6This can possibly contribute to the medical and surgical treatment options of the individuals affected with SKD in order to improve their quality of life and lifespan, as exemplified in the case of some genetic types of OI. > Over the past decade, next-generation sequencing (NGS) has enhanced the identification of variants in genes associated with rare diseases, including inherited skeletal dysplasia. 5,7,8Until recently the diagnosis of SKDs usually depended on the opinions of experienced clinicians or radiologists.However, multigene panel sequencing approaches now enable the identification of the underlying genetic cause of SKDs when pathogenic variants are identified, irrespective of the clinical diagnosis.

[18] Developmental Genes and Malformations in the Hypothalamus

  • Authors: C. Díaz, L. Puelles
  • Year: 2020
  • Venue: Frontiers in Neuroanatomy
  • URL: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/b2148f35930e6690b57b92bb8daf3f3615a2095e
  • DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2020.607111
  • PMID: 33324176
  • PMCID: 7726113
  • Citations: 30
  • Influential citations: 2
  • Summary: The complex molecular genoarchitecture of the hypothalamus resulting from the activity of previous morphogenetic signaling centers is analyzed and some malformations related to alterations in genes implicated in the development ofThe hypothalamus are analyzed.
  • Evidence snippets:
  • Snippet 1 (score: 0.386) > Several recent monographs present structural and functional vertebrate neuroanatomy, including that of the human brain, based on the prosomeric model (Watson et al., 2010;Striedter, 2016;ten Donkelaar, 2018ten Donkelaar, , 2020;;Schröder et al., 2020;Striedter and Northcutt, 2020). The advantage of the prosomeric model compared to older models is that it is causally oriented and greatly aids the experimental assessment of molecular and genetic causal mechanisms involved in normal or pathologic neural development. It accordingly promises to aid significantly advances in system physiology and clinical physiopathology in the molecular era, though progress in this direction is still preliminary because physiologists and clinicians are still little aware of the mentioned paradigm shift. > Studies in animal models are essential to evaluate mutations in regulatory genes implicated in hypothalamic development potentially related to rare endocrine disorders associated with congenital malformations such as holoprosencephaly, septo-optic-dysplasia, and congenital obesity. Experimental animal studies, together with data of human patients and their families, are allowing the identification of relevant genes implicated in hypothalamic development, to assess the risk and progression of these rare diseases, and to evaluate possible treatments (e.g., new drugs or gene therapy). Diagnosis and treatment are two of the main problems of patients affected by rare diseases whose origin, in a high percentage (estimated up 72%), is due to the unidentified alteration of one or more genes, most of the patients being children (Nguengang Wakap et al., 2020). Genetic and clinical heterogeneity increases the intricacy of rare diseases or disorders. > For instance, holoprosencephaly (cyclopy), a brain malformation with high clinical variability, is not completely deciphered yet, though we know a number of the genes and a variety of mechanisms involved.

[19] 5. Hereditary Kidney Disorders

  • Authors: A. Stavljenic-Rukavina
  • Year: 2009
  • Venue: EJIFCC
  • URL: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/3130ef69f6556fdfdd741e3495c85439e6146976
  • PMID: 27683325
  • PMCID: 4975268
  • Citations: 4
  • Summary: The global increasing number of patients with ESRD urges the identification of molecular pathways involved in renal pathophysiology in order to serve as targets for either prevention or intervention.
  • Evidence snippets:
  • Snippet 1 (score: 0.384) > Hereditary kidney disorders represent significant risk for the development of end stage renal desease (ESRD). Most of them are recognized in childhood, or prenataly particularly those phenotypicaly expressed as anomalies on ultrasound examination (US) during pregnancy. They represent almost 50% of all fetal malformations detected by US (1). Furthermore many of urinary tract malformations are associated with renal dysplasia which leeds to renal failure. > Recent advances in molecular genetics have made a great impact on better understanding of underlying molecular mechanisms in different kidney and urinary tract disorders found in childhood or adults. Even some of clinical syndromes were not recognized earlier as genetic one. In monogenic kidney diseases gene mutations have been identified for Alport syndrome and thin basement membrane disease, autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, and tubular transporter disorders. There is evident progress in studies of polygenic renal disorders as glomerulopathies and diabetic nephropathy. The expanded knowledge on renal physiology and pathophysiology by analyzing the phenotypes caused by defected genes might gain to earlier diagnosis and provide new diagnostic and prognostic tool. The global increasing number of patients with ESRD urges the identification of molecular pathways involved in renal pathophysiology in order to serve as targets for either prevention or intervention. Molecular genetics nowadays possess significant tools that can be used to identify genes involved in renal disease including gene expression arrays, linkage analysis and association studies.

Notes

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