Plasma Cell Neoplasm

1. Disease Information

1.1 Concise overview / definition

Plasma cell neoplasms are terminally differentiated B-cell neoplasms characterized by clonal expansion of plasma cells and typically secretion of a monoclonal immunoglobulin (“M-protein”), with a “stepwise development” from a premalignant clonal stage such as MGUS (fend2023plasmacellneoplasms pages 1-3). A contemporary review states: “Plasma cell neoplasms including multiple myeloma (MM) … are characterized by secretion of monoclonal immunoglobulin and stepwise development from … monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS).” (Fend et al., 2023, Virchows Archiv; Nov 2023; https://doi.org/10.1007/s00428-022-03431-3) (fend2023plasmacellneoplasms pages 1-3).

1.2 Classification and terminology (WHO-HAEM5 / ICC 2022; current understanding)

Key recent classification concepts in the retrieved sources are from ICC 2022 updates summarized by Fend et al. (2023) (Nov 2023; https://doi.org/10.1007/s00428-022-03431-3): - Terminology: “multiple myeloma” replaces “plasma cell myeloma” (fend2023plasmacellneoplasms pages 1-3). - Cytogenetic subgrouping: MM is subdivided into mutually exclusive cytogenetic groups (eg, CCND family translocations; MAF family translocations; NSD2 translocation; hyperdiploidy), with remaining cases as MM, NOS (fend2023plasmacellneoplasms pages 1-3). - IgM MGUS subdivision: IgM MGUS is subdivided into “IgM MGUS of plasma cell type” (precursor to rare IgM MM; MM-type cytogenetics; no clonal B-cells; MYD88 wild-type) versus IgM MGUS, NOS (fend2023plasmacellneoplasms pages 1-3). - Amyloidosis terminology: systemic “primary AL” renamed immunoglobulin light-chain amyloidosis (AL) and localized AL amyloidosis recognized as distinct (fend2023plasmacellneoplasms pages 1-3). - Plasmacytoma staging nuance: minimal bone marrow infiltration detected by flow cytometry has major prognostic importance for solitary plasmacytoma of bone (fend2023plasmacellneoplasms pages 1-3).

1.3 Key identifiers (MONDO, ICD-10/11, MeSH, OMIM, Orphanet)

The retrieved corpus did not include authoritative identifier crosswalks (MONDO, ICD-10/11, MeSH, OMIM, Orphanet). Therefore, MONDO ID: not available from retrieved sources.

1.4 Common synonyms / alternative names

• “Multiple myeloma” (preferred) vs historical “plasma cell myeloma” (WHO 2016 term replaced per ICC summary) (fend2023plasmacellneoplasms pages 1-3).
• “Plasma cell dyscrasias” is used as a broad clinical grouping that includes MGUS/MM and related entities (nedal2024dietinducedobesityreduces pages 1-2).

1.5 Evidence source type (aggregated vs patient-level)

Most information summarized here comes from aggregated resources including classification reviews and registry/cohort studies (eg, SEER-based incidence trends; national and regional cancer registries; prospective observational cohorts) (mousavi2023apopulationbasedstudy pages 1-2, imounga2023thesingularepidemiology pages 1-2, shibayama2024primaryanalysisof pages 1-2).

2. Etiology

2.1 Disease causal factors (current understanding)

PCNs arise through multistep clonal evolution from premalignant stages (MGUS → SMM → MM), with genetics and the bone marrow microenvironment shaping progression (fend2023plasmacellneoplasms pages 1-3, kansal2024towardprecisionmedicine pages 3-6).

2.2 Risk factors (genetic and environmental)

Genetic susceptibility

A large 2023 study using functional annotation and GWAS meta-analysis (Macauda et al., 2023, Leukemia; Sep 2023; https://doi.org/10.1038/s41375-023-02022-8) reiterates that familial aggregation and the MGUS precursor support heritable susceptibility; it analyzed 5,982 MM cases and 266,173 controls and reports a novel locus (rs28199) with OR 1.18 (95% CI 1.11–1.23) (macauda2023identificationofnovel pages 1-2).

Open Targets (retrieved context) highlights MM-associated/therapeutically relevant targets including CRBN, TNFRSF17 (BCMA), CD38, KRAS/NRAS, FGFR3, and XPO1, reflecting the intersection of genetics and druggability in modern MM management (OpenTargets Search: multiple myeloma).

Environmental / lifestyle risk factors

• Obesity: A 2024 experimental paper states: “Obesity is associated with an increased risk of developing multiple myeloma (MM)” and shows diet-induced obesity promotes tumor growth and reduces bone marrow T and B cells in a transplantable Vk*MYC model (Nedal et al., 2024, Scientific Reports; Feb 2024; https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-54193-8) (nedal2024dietinducedobesityreduces pages 1-2).
• Pesticide exposures (MGUS-focused evidence): A 2023 systematic review of MGUS risk factors reports strong associations for several pesticides/chemicals (examples: dieldrin 5.6-fold [95% CI 1.9–16.6]; chlorothalonil 2.4-fold [95% CI 1.1–5.3]; permethrin OR 2.49 [95% CI 1.32–4.69]) (Verma et al., 2023, Hemato; Nov 2023; https://doi.org/10.3390/hemato4040027) (verma2023geographicprevalencepatterns pages 9-11).
• Chlordecone (organochlorine pesticide) and MM incidence gradient: A Martinique registry-based spatial study (Houpert et al., 2024, BMC Cancer; Dec 2024; https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-024-13221-6) reports “a significant increasing gradient in the incidence of multiple myeloma in men, from reference to highly contaminated areas” of chlordecone soil contamination (houpert2024geographicaldisparitiesin pages 1-2).

Precursor condition prevalence and progression risk (etiologic context)

MGUS prevalence varies geographically (0.24%–9% across studies), affects ~3% of people >50 years in the US, and progresses to MM at ~1% per year (Verma et al., 2023) (verma2023geographicprevalencepatterns pages 1-2).

2.3 Protective factors

Protective factors are incompletely defined. A 2023 MGUS review reports diet associations suggesting higher fruit intake may be protective (eg, adolescent fruit intake 3×/week OR 0.62 [95% CI 0.41–0.95]; midlife whole-wheat bread >5/week OR 0.75 [95% CI 0.57–0.99]) (verma2023geographicprevalencepatterns pages 11-13). No specific genetic protective variants were identified in the retrieved corpus.

2.4 Gene–environment interactions

Direct gene–environment interaction analyses were not available in the retrieved corpus. However, MGUS etiology is hypothesized to involve chronic antigenic stimulation and immune/inflammatory context interacting with clonal genetic lesions (verma2023geographicprevalencepatterns pages 1-2, verma2023geographicprevalencepatterns pages 13-14).

3. Phenotypes

3.1 Cardinal clinical phenotype framework (SLiM-CRAB)

IMWG diagnostic framework incorporates “CRAB” end-organ damage and “SLiM” biomarkers to define myeloma-defining events. A 2024 review summarizes SLiM criteria as: “60% of clonal bone marrow plasma cells, involved/uninvolved serum free light chain ratio ≥100 and >1 focal lesion in MRI studies.” (Morè et al., 2024, Cancers; Jun 2024; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16122263) (more2024thechallengingapproach pages 1-2). A separate 2024 review similarly lists SLiM-CRAB components and specifies that presence of any CRAB or SLiM event with ≥10% clonal marrow plasma cells (or a biopsy-proven plasmacytoma) defines active MM (Kansal 2024; Jan 2024; https://doi.org/10.33696/haematology.5.058) (kansal2024towardprecisionmedicine pages 3-6).

3.2 Precursor-stage phenotype

SMM is defined as asymptomatic disease meeting M-protein and/or marrow plasma-cell thresholds but without SLiM-CRAB features (fend2023plasmacellneoplasms pages 6-8, kansal2024towardprecisionmedicine pages 3-6).

3.3 Aggressive phenotype: PCL and PCL-like MM

• IMWG revised PCL criterion: ≥5% circulating plasma cells (kansal2024towardprecisionmedicine pages 3-6, jelinek2023morethan2% pages 1-2).
• A 2023 JCO study proposes a more sensitive flow-cytometry threshold (>2% circulating tumor plasma cells) for an ultra–high-risk “PCL-like” subgroup with markedly worse PFS and OS (Jelinek et al., 2023; Mar 2023; https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.22.01226) (jelinek2023morethan2% pages 1-2, jelinek2023morethan2% pages 4-5).

3.4 Suggested phenotype ontology terms (HPO) (non-exhaustive)

Because the retrieved corpus did not enumerate phenotype frequencies for classic CRAB components, below are ontology suggestions aligned to the SLiM-CRAB framework: - Bone lesions/osteolysis: HP:0002797 (Osteolysis); HP:0002659 (Skeletal abnormalities) - Hypercalcemia: HP:0003072 - Renal insufficiency: HP:0000083 - Anemia: HP:0001903 - Elevated serum free light chains / monoclonal protein: HP:0030393 (Paraproteinemia; if used) / HP:0030410 (Monoclonal gammopathy; term availability varies) - Bone marrow plasmacytosis: HP:0030180 (Plasmacytosis; if used)

(These HPO suggestions are provided as a mapping aid; the retrieved corpus did not include HPO annotations.)

4. Genetic / Molecular Information

4.1 Recurrent cytogenetic/genetic classes (MM)

ICC 2022 emphasizes MM cytogenetic subgrouping (CCND family translocations, MAF family translocations, NSD2 translocation, hyperdiploidy) reflecting clinical/prognostic relevance (fend2023plasmacellneoplasms pages 1-3). Primary cytogenetic features such as trisomies/hyperdiploidy may be present already in MGUS and persist through progression (fend2023plasmacellneoplasms pages 6-8).

4.2 Core molecular pathways and mechanistic chain (current understanding)

Progression is driven by cumulative genetic lesions and dependence on bone marrow microenvironment signals. A 2024 mouse-model review emphasizes that progression from MGUS to MM is “frequently driven by activation of MYC, RAS/mTOR, or NFkB pathways,” and that BCMA signaling via APRIL/BAFF activates NF-κB and supports survival (du2024immunocompetentmousemodels pages 1-3).

4.3 Multi-omics and genomic evolution (model-organism evidence)

The VkMYC immunocompetent mouse model credibly recapitulates diverse, spontaneously acquired genomic alterations. A 2024 Nature Communications study reports that analysis of 119 VkMYC tumors shows recurrent CNVs, structural variants, chromothripsis, driver mutations, APOBEC activity, and decreasing immunoglobulin transcription with increasing proliferation; it identifies murine-specific insertional mutagenesis activating NF-κB and IL6 signaling pathways shared with human MM (Maura et al., 2024; May 2024; https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-48091-w) (maura2024thegenomiclandscape pages 1-2).

4.4 Suggested ontology terms

• Cell type (CL): plasma cell (CL:0000786); malignant plasma cell (no single CL term; often modeled as plasma cell with disease context)
• Biological processes (GO, examples): NF-κB signaling (eg, GO:0043122), B cell receptor signaling (GO:0050853), plasma cell differentiation (GO:0002313), response to interleukin-6 (GO:0070741), T cell exhaustion (no single GO term; related to regulation of T cell activation)

5. Diagnostics

5.1 Clinical criteria and key diagnostic thresholds (IMWG)

• SMM definition: M-protein ≥30 g/L or urinary M-protein ≥500 mg/24 h or 10–60% clonal BM plasma cells, without myeloma-defining events (fend2023plasmacellneoplasms pages 6-8, kansal2024towardprecisionmedicine pages 3-6).
• Active MM: ≥10% clonal BM plasma cells or biopsy-proven plasmacytoma plus CRAB and/or SLiM myeloma-defining biomarkers (kansal2024towardprecisionmedicine pages 3-6).

5.2 Imaging

Conventional skeletal X-ray is less sensitive; a 2024 review states false-negativity “ranging from 30% to 70%,” and notes whole-body low-dose CT, PET, and whole-body MRI are increasingly central for diagnosis/staging and prognostication (more2024thechallengingapproach pages 1-2).

5.3 Pathology and flow cytometry (plasmacytoma)

For localized plasma-cell tumors, ICC 2022 emphasizes that minimal marrow infiltration detected by flow cytometry is of major prognostic importance in solitary plasmacytoma of bone (fend2023plasmacellneoplasms pages 1-3).

5.4 MRD (measurable/minimal residual disease): methods, sensitivity, implementation

Two principal MRD methods are widely used: NGS (immunoglobulin gene clonotype tracking) and high-sensitivity flow cytometry (NGF). - IMWG benchmark: MRD assays should achieve at least 10−5 sensitivity (jevremovic2024reallifesensitivityof pages 1-2). - FDA-approved MRD test: A 2024 letter notes: “Currently the only FDA approved test for MM MRD is NGS-based clonoSEQ© … with the sensitivity of 10−6.” (Jevremovic et al., 2024; Jul 2024; https://doi.org/10.1038/s41408-024-01113-8) (jevremovic2024reallifesensitivityof pages 1-2). A 2023 MRD review similarly notes clonoSEQ as FDA-approved (krzywdzinska2023roleofflow pages 2-3). - Real-world NGF performance: the same 2024 letter reports median collected events ~7–8.3×10^6 yielding practical sensitivities ~2.4–2.8×10−6, approaching NGS-level sensitivity in practice (jevremovic2024reallifesensitivityof pages 1-2). - NGF vs NGS comparison (China cohort): NGS showed LOD ~10−6 and detected MRD in 6/7 pre-ASCT samples vs NGF in 1/7, with 79.1% concordance overall (Zhou et al., 2024; Mar 2024; https://doi.org/10.1007/s12672-024-00938-w) (zhou2024evaluationofnextgeneration pages 1-3). - Deep MRD for treatment decisions: MRD2STOP (2024; https://doi.org/10.1038/s41408-024-01156-x) used PET, BM flow (LoD 10−5) and BM clonoSEQ (LoD 10−6) for eligibility; CD138+ enrichment enabled ~10−7 sensitivity, and clonoSEQ LoD is reported as 6.8×10−7 with LOQ 1.76×10−6 under specified input conditions (derman2024discontinuationofmaintenance pages 1-2).

5.5 Suggested diagnostic ontology terms (examples)

• LOINC examples (not extracted from corpus): serum free light chain assay; serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP); immunofixation; β2-microglobulin.
• MAXO examples: bone marrow biopsy (MAXO term varies), flow cytometry assay, next-generation sequencing assay.

6. Outcome / Prognosis (including epidemiology)

6.1 Epidemiology: incidence and demographic disparities

United States (SEER 22; 2000–2020)

A SEER-22 population analysis used ICD-O-3 morphological codes 9731 (solitary plasmacytoma of bone), 9732 (plasma cell myeloma), and 9734 (extraosseous plasmacytoma) (Mousavi et al., 2023; Nov 2023; https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-47906-y) (mousavi2023apopulationbasedstudy pages 1-2). Key findings include: - 193,530 plasma cell myeloma cases (2000–2019), with 85.51% age ≥55 and 54.82% male (mousavi2023apopulationbasedstudy pages 1-2). - Age-standardized incidence (all ages) ~7.8 per 100,000 for both sexes (women 7.86; men 7.84), with small positive AAPCs over 2000–2019 (mousavi2023apopulationbasedstudy pages 8-10). - Marked racial disparity: Non-Hispanic Black incidence highest (women 11.65; men 15.64 per 100,000) (mousavi2023apopulationbasedstudy pages 8-10). - Plasmacytomas are rare with low ASIRs (eg, extraosseous plasmacytoma ~0.06 women and ~0.13 men per 100,000 overall) and declining incidence (AAPC negative) (mousavi2023apopulationbasedstudy pages 10-11).

A table containing ASIR/AAPC stratifications is present in the source and was retrieved as images (Tables 4–6) (mousavi2023apopulationbasedstudy media 89dc06ac, mousavi2023apopulationbasedstudy media e0de6d5f, mousavi2023apopulationbasedstudy media a18865ac).

French Guiana (registry; 2005–2014)

A cancer registry study reports world-standardized incidence 5.9/100,000 man-years and 7.8/100,000 woman-years with female predominance and younger median age at diagnosis than mainland France (Imounga et al., 2023; Dec 2023; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16010178) (imounga2023thesingularepidemiology pages 1-2, imounga2023thesingularepidemiology pages 2-4).

6.2 Survival outcomes (recent cohort data)

A prospective Japanese observational cohort in the “novel drug era” (2016–2021; analysis of 2016–2018 diagnoses) reports a 3-year OS of 70.0% among treated symptomatic PCN (n=1284), with much higher 3-year OS among those receiving upfront autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) (90.3%) vs those not receiving ASCT (61.4%) (Shibayama et al., 2024; Mar 2024; https://doi.org/10.1007/s12185-024-03754-8) (shibayama2024primaryanalysisof pages 1-2).

6.3 Ultra–high-risk subgroup outcomes (PCL-like)

Jelinek et al. (2023) report that patients with 2%–20% circulating tumor plasma cells had markedly shorter PFS and OS than those with <2% (example cohort: PFS 3.1 vs 15.6 months; OS 14.6 vs 33.6 months) (https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.22.01226) (jelinek2023morethan2% pages 1-2).

7. Treatment (current applications; 2023–2024 developments prioritized)

7.1 Current treatment landscape (high-level)

Modern MM outcomes improved through proteasome inhibitors, IMiDs, and anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies (daratumumab, isatuximab), with newer immunotherapies (CAR-T and bispecific antibodies) producing deep responses but novel toxicities (CRS, neurotoxicity, infections) (more2024thechallengingapproach pages 1-2).

7.2 BCMA-directed CAR-T therapies (ide-cel, cilta-cel): real-world and trial outcomes

A 2024 review summarizes: - KarMMa-3: ide-cel ORR 71% vs 42% control; median PFS 13.3 vs 4.4 months (mirvis2024arewethere pages 3-4). - CARTITUDE-1: cilta-cel ORR 97%, 67% sCR; median PFS 34.9 months (mirvis2024arewethere pages 3-4).

Real-world sequential BCMA targeting: a multi-center real-world cohort of commercial ide-cel found lower outcomes in patients previously exposed to BCMA-targeted therapy (ORR 74% vs 88%; median PFS 3.2 vs 9.0 months) (Ferreri et al., 2023; Aug 2023; https://doi.org/10.1038/s41408-023-00886-8) (ferreri2023realworldexperienceof pages 1-2).

7.3 Bispecific antibodies (T-cell redirectors): teclistamab, elranatamab, talquetamab

A 2024 review reports that these BsAbs achieve ORR exceeding 60% and CR rates ~25–50% with median PFS around 1 year in heavily pretreated RRMM; key toxicities include CRS, cytopenias, hypogammaglobulinemia, and infections (Tacchetti et al., 2024; Jun 2024; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16132337) (tacchetti2024bispecificantibodiesfor pages 1-2).

Agent-level examples from the retrieved corpus: - Teclistamab (MajesTEC-1): ORR 63% (updated), ≥CR 45.5%, median PFS 11.3 months, median DoR 21.6 months; hematologic toxicity includes neutropenia 71% (65.5% grade ≥3) (tacchetti2024bispecificantibodiesfor pages 5-6). - Infections and CRS (teclistamab): a 2024 review summarizes teclistamab trial data with CRS ~70–72% (mostly grade 1–2), ICANS ~14.5%, and infections 76.4% (44.8% grade ≥3) (Parrondo et al., 2024; Apr 2024; https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2024.1394048) (parrondo2024bispecificantibodiesfor pages 2-3). - Regulatory timeline and indications: elranatamab was FDA-approved Aug 2023 after ≥4 prior lines including PI/IMiD/anti-CD38 (Devasia et al., 2024; Sep 2024; https://doi.org/10.1038/s41408-024-01139-y) (devasia2024bispecificantibodiesin pages 3-4).

7.4 Real-world implementation considerations (expert analysis)

Continuous bispecific dosing “until disease progression” raises infection risk, cost, and biologic concerns (T-cell exhaustion). A 2024 perspective argues for strategies such as less-frequent maintenance dosing or fixed-duration therapy after deep remission to improve the toxicity–efficacy balance (van de Donk et al., 2024; Sep 2024; https://doi.org/10.1158/2643-3230.bcd-24-0124) (donk2024tcell–redirectingbispecific pages 1-2).

7.5 Suggested treatment ontology terms (MAXO; examples)

• Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (ASCT)
• Proteasome inhibitor therapy
• Immunomodulatory drug therapy
• Anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody therapy
• CAR-T cell therapy (BCMA-directed)
• Bispecific T-cell engager antibody therapy (BCMA×CD3; GPRC5D×CD3)

(MAXO term IDs were not retrievable from the provided corpus.)

8. Prevention

8.1 Primary prevention

No established primary-prevention interventions exist to prevent transformation to MM. Modifiable risk-factor evidence is strongest for obesity and certain environmental exposures (eg, pesticide-related associations in MGUS literature; chlordecone gradients in Martinique) (nedal2024dietinducedobesityreduces pages 1-2, verma2023geographicprevalencepatterns pages 9-11, houpert2024geographicaldisparitiesin pages 1-2).

8.2 Secondary prevention (early detection)

Population screening for MGUS is controversial and was not directly addressed in the retrieved corpus. However, MGUS prevalence (~3% age>50) and progression risk (~1%/year) support risk-stratified monitoring paradigms (verma2023geographicprevalencepatterns pages 1-2).

8.3 Tertiary prevention

Infection prevention is particularly relevant with T-cell redirectors and CAR-T due to infection burden and hypogammaglobulinemia; continuous bispecific dosing is explicitly associated with “high risk of infections” (donk2024tcell–redirectingbispecific pages 1-2), and teclistamab trials report high infection rates including grade ≥3 events (parrondo2024bispecificantibodiesfor pages 2-3).

9. Other Species / Natural Disease and Model Organisms

9.1 Widely used immunocompetent mouse models (real-world implementation in research)

A 2024 review of immunocompetent mouse models summarizes key systems used for MM biology and therapy development (Du et al., 2024; Apr 2024; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hoc.2023.12.014): - 5TMM family (5T2/5T33/5TGM1; C57BL/KaLwRij): IgG-secreting, BM-homing, lytic bone lesions; used for homing, dormancy, bone disease and therapeutic studies; strain-dependent constraints (du2024immunocompetentmousemodels pages 3-4). - Pristane-induced Balb/c plasmacytomas: IL-6 dependent; typically harbor MYC translocations (du2024immunocompetentmousemodels pages 3-4). - Vk*MYC (C57BL/6): indolent, progressive, class-switched, somatically hypermutated, BM-restricted monoclonal PC disease traceable by M-spike; long latency enables secondary lesions; many transplantable lines; useful for immunotherapy and evolution studies (du2024immunocompetentmousemodels pages 4-6).

9.2 Model strengths and limitations (expert synthesis)

No single model recapitulates all human MM heterogeneity and microenvironment dependence; model choice should match the question (genetic evolution vs immune microenvironment vs bone disease) (du2024immunocompetentmousemodels pages 6-8, du2024immunocompetentmousemodels pages 8-9).

9.3 Recent mechanistic insight from advanced models (2023–2024)

• Genetically heterogeneous GEMMs + immune evasion: A Nature Medicine study created 15 models by combinatorial activation of eight MM lesions and found a MAPK–MYC axis accelerating progression; timing of MYC activation shaped immune evasion and response to immune checkpoint blockade (Larrayoz et al., 2023; Mar 2023; https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-022-02178-3) (larrayoz2023preclinicalmodelsfor pages 1-2).
• Vk*MYC genomic evolution: multi-omics of Vk*MYC highlights shared NF-κB and IL6 pathway activation mechanisms and sustained MYC dependence even in advanced tumors (Maura et al., 2024; May 2024; https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-48091-w) (maura2024thegenomiclandscape pages 1-2).

10. Summary Table Artifact

The table below compiles key entity definitions and threshold-based diagnostic/classification updates from ICC 2022/IMWG found in the retrieved corpus.

Table: This table summarizes the main plasma cell neoplasm entities and the most important ICC 2022/IMWG diagnostic or classification updates, including threshold-based criteria. It is useful as a compact reference for disease knowledge-base curation and clinical concept mapping.

11. Data and Statistics Highlights (recent)

• US SEER (2000–2019): plasma cell myeloma ASIR ~7.8 per 100,000; NHB men ASIR ~15.6 per 100,000; plasmacytomas are rare with ASIR fractions per 100,000 (mousavi2023apopulationbasedstudy pages 8-10, mousavi2023apopulationbasedstudy pages 10-11).
• French Guiana registry (2005–2014): world-standardized incidence 5.9/100,000 men/year and 7.8/100,000 women/year; median diagnosis age younger than mainland France (imounga2023thesingularepidemiology pages 1-2).
• Japanese prospective cohort (2016–2018 diagnoses): 3-year OS 70.0% overall; 90.3% with upfront ASCT vs 61.4% without (shibayama2024primaryanalysisof pages 1-2).
• PCL-like MM: >2% circulating tumor plasma cells by flow identifies ultra–high-risk subset with PFS 3.1 vs 15.6 months and OS 14.6 vs 33.6 months vs <2% in one cohort (jelinek2023morethan2% pages 1-2).
• MRD: FDA-approved clonoSEQ sensitivity ~10−6; real-world NGF in a reference lab can approach ~10−6 (jevremovic2024reallifesensitivityof pages 1-2).

Figures/Tables consulted (visual evidence)

SEER-derived incidence tables for plasma cell myeloma and plasmacytoma subtypes were located in Tables 4–6 of Mousavi et al. (2023) (mousavi2023apopulationbasedstudy media 89dc06ac, mousavi2023apopulationbasedstudy media e0de6d5f, mousavi2023apopulationbasedstudy media a18865ac).

Limitations of this report (due to retrieval constraints)

• Disease identifiers (MONDO/ICD/MeSH/OMIM/Orphanet) were not present in the retrieved sources and therefore are not provided.
• Detailed phenotype frequencies, full differential diagnosis lists, and comprehensive molecular lesion catalogs (eg, variant-level COSMIC/ClinVar entries, methylation markers) were not fully available in the retrieved corpus; mechanistic content is therefore focused on high-confidence pathway-level findings and model-system evidence.
• Not all cited papers provide PubMed IDs in the retrieved text chunks; where PMIDs are required, direct PubMed lookup was not possible with the provided toolset in this run.

References

1. (fend2023plasmacellneoplasms pages 1-3): Falko Fend, Ahmet Dogan, and James R. Cook. Plasma cell neoplasms and related entities—evolution in diagnosis and classification. Virchows Archiv, 482:163-177, Nov 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00428-022-03431-3, doi:10.1007/s00428-022-03431-3. This article has 74 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.

2. (fend2023plasmacellneoplasms pages 6-8): Falko Fend, Ahmet Dogan, and James R. Cook. Plasma cell neoplasms and related entities—evolution in diagnosis and classification. Virchows Archiv, 482:163-177, Nov 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00428-022-03431-3, doi:10.1007/s00428-022-03431-3. This article has 74 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.

3. (nedal2024dietinducedobesityreduces pages 1-2): Tonje Marie Vikene Nedal, Siv Helen Moen, Ingrid Aass Roseth, Synne Stokke Tryggestad, Kristin Roseth Aass, Gunhild Garmo Hov, Hanne Hella, Anne-Marit Sponaas, and Therese Standal. Diet-induced obesity reduces bone marrow t and b cells and promotes tumor progression in a transplantable vk*myc model of multiple myeloma. Scientific Reports, Feb 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-54193-8, doi:10.1038/s41598-024-54193-8. This article has 16 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.

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