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Leishmaniasis

1. Disease Information

2026-04-04
Falcon MONDO:0011989 Model: Edison Scientific Literature 45 citations

1. Disease Information

1.1 Disease definition and overview

Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania transmitted to humans (and other mammals) by infected female phlebotomine sandflies. Clinical expression spans cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral disease forms, with post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) recognized as part of the visceral spectrum. (cosma2024leishmaniasisinhumans pages 2-4, mota2024classicalandinnovative pages 1-3)

Direct abstract support (definition quote): - “Leishmaniasis is classified as a neglected tropical disease (NTD), caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania, which are transmitted to humans and other animals through the bite of infected female phlebotomine sandflies.” (Cosma et al., 2024-10-??, DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed9110258) (cosma2024leishmaniasisinhumans pages 2-4)

1.2 Key identifiers (ontology and clinical coding)

  • MONDO ID: not available in retrieved evidence.
  • MeSH: not available in retrieved evidence.
  • ICD-10 / ICD-11: not available in retrieved evidence.
  • Orphanet: not available in retrieved evidence.

1.3 Common synonyms / alternative names

1.4 Evidence sources and aggregation level

The evidence used here includes: peer-reviewed reviews and systematic reviews/meta-analyses, observational clinical cohorts, and controlled human infection model (CHIM) data. These are aggregated disease-level resources with embedded patient-level study data; some sections also draw on retrospective chart review and case series evidence. (cosma2024leishmaniasisinhumans pages 2-4, lindner2024americancutaneousleishmaniasis pages 2-4, parkash2024safetyandreactogenicity pages 2-3, chivinski2023intravenousliposomalamphotericin pages 6-7)

2. Etiology

2.1 Disease causal factors

2.2 Risk factors

Host factors - Immunocompromise (e.g., HIV, inborn errors of immunity) is associated with more severe disease and relapse risk in visceral infection. (lodi2024immuneresponseto pages 10-11)

Behavioral/environmental factors (mucosal disease) - Risk factors for mucocutaneous leishmaniasis include smoking, alcohol abuse, and large or multiple untreated skin lesions, especially on head/neck. (fischer2024treatmentofmucocutaneous pages 2-2)

Macro-environmental determinants (One Health) Climate change, deforestation, urbanization, globalization/migration can shift sandfly and reservoir distributions, increasing human exposure and expanding leishmaniasis into new latitudes/altitudes. (cosma2024leishmaniasisinhumans pages 2-4)

2.3 Protective factors

Not directly identified in the retrieved evidence corpus (no specific host genetic protective alleles or environmental protective exposures were evidenced).

2.4 Gene–environment interactions

Explicit gene–environment interaction evidence was not present in the retrieved corpus. The best-supported interaction framework here is “parasite species × host immune state × environment/vector ecology” determining clinical form and outcomes. (cosma2024leishmaniasisinhumans pages 2-4, fischer2024treatmentofmucocutaneous pages 2-2)

3. Phenotypes

3.1 Core clinical phenotypes by form (with suggested HPO terms)

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) - Skin ulcer(s) / papules/plaques; lesions may persist months–years; atrophic scarring common. (balahbib2023cutaneousleishmaniasisphysiopathology pages 4-6, balahbib2023cutaneousleishmaniasisphysiopathology pages 1-4) - Suggested HPO: Skin ulcer (HP:0031432); Scar (HP:0100716); Skin papule (HP:0200037). - Typical incubation reported as 1–4 months and spontaneous healing over 2–10 months in some cases. (balahbib2023cutaneousleishmaniasisphysiopathology pages 1-4)

Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL/ML) - Destructive granulomatous lesions of oral/nasal/pharyngeal mucosa; complications include impaired swallowing/speech, aspiration pneumonia, bacterial superinfection/sepsis, and need for reconstructive surgery. (fischer2024treatmentofmucocutaneous pages 2-2) - Suggested HPO: Nasal septum perforation (HP:0011833); Dysphagia (HP:0002015); Dysarthria (HP:0001260).

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL; kala-azar) - Systemic syndrome including fever, weight loss, hepatosplenomegaly, and cytopenias (pancytopenia/anemia). (balahbib2023cutaneousleishmaniasisphysiopathology pages 4-6, cosma2024leishmaniasisinhumans pages 2-4) - Suggested HPO: Fever (HP:0001945); Weight loss (HP:0001824); Splenomegaly (HP:0001744); Hepatomegaly (HP:0002240); Anemia (HP:0001903); Pancytopenia (HP:0001876).

Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) - Recognized as post-VL dermal manifestation; detailed phenotype frequencies not evidenced in the retrieved set. (cosma2024leishmaniasisinhumans pages 2-4)

3.2 Quality of life impact

CL and MCL can cause scarring/disfigurement with substantial psychosocial morbidity. (cosma2024leishmaniasisinhumans pages 2-4, balahbib2023cutaneousleishmaniasisphysiopathology pages 4-6)

4. Genetic / Molecular Information

4.1 Human causal genes / Mendelian causes

Leishmaniasis is not a monogenic inherited disease; causal pathogen is Leishmania spp. Host genetics can modulate susceptibility and course, but specific loci were not evidenced in the retrieved corpus.

4.2 Molecular mechanisms (host–pathogen) and ontology suggestions

4.2.1 Cellular tropism and immune evasion (VL and CL)

  • Parasite survival involves immune evasion mechanisms that favor anti-inflammatory environments, including immune checkpoint activity and cytokine skewing. (lodi2024immuneresponseto pages 10-11, dey2024il32producingcd8+ pages 1-7)

Phagosome manipulation (VL) - L. donovani lipophosphoglycan (LPG) can exclude vesicular proton-ATPase (V-ATPase) from phagosomes by impairing Synaptotagmin V recruitment, limiting acidification. (lodi2024immuneresponseto pages 10-11)

TLR pathway suppression - Parasites can exploit host deubiquitinating enzyme A20, a negative regulator of TLR signaling, to subvert innate responses. (lodi2024immuneresponseto pages 10-11)

Suggested ontologies: - GO biological process: response to protozoan (GO:0009617); phagosome maturation (GO:0090382); regulation of Toll-like receptor signaling pathway (GO:0034121). - CL cell types: macrophage (CL:0000235); neutrophil (CL:0000775); dendritic cell (CL:0000451); CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell (CL:0000625); regulatory T cell (CL:0000815).

4.2.2 Immune checkpoints and localized immunosuppressive niches (human CL; 2024)

Spatial and single-cell profiling of human CL lesions identified myeloid-centered niches co-expressing PD-L1 (CD274) and IDO1, with neighboring IL-32–producing CD8+ memory T cells and Tregs. Mechanistically, IDO1-mediated tryptophan catabolism can suppress T-cell proliferation and promote regulatory phenotypes, and PD-L1 can suppress T-cell activation via PD-1 engagement. (dey2024il32producingcd8+ pages 7-11, dey2024il32producingcd8+ pages 11-15)

Quantitative prognostic finding (treatment response): Higher IL-32+ CD8+ T cell abundance was associated with slower cure; IL-32-low patients cured earlier with hazard ratios reported in the preprint. (dey2024il32producingcd8+ pages 11-15)

Suggested ontologies: - GO: tryptophan catabolic process (GO:0006569); negative regulation of T cell activation (GO:0050868).

4.2.3 Hypoxia–neutrophil–CD8 cytotoxic pathology in CL (2024)

A 2024 mechanistic study supports a causal chain in CL lesions: neutrophil recruitment increases oxygen consumption and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, amplifying local hypoxia; hypoxia drives Blimp-1/PRDM1 and induces cytolytic differentiation and granzyme B expression in lesion CD8+ T cells. Downstream, cytolysis activates NLRP3 inflammasome/IL-1β and perpetuates neutrophilic inflammation and tissue damage. Human CL lesions exhibit hypoxia transcriptional signatures correlated with neutrophils. (fowler2024neutrophilmediatedhypoxiadrives pages 1-2)

Suggested ontologies: - GO: response to hypoxia (GO:0001666); neutrophil degranulation (GO:0043312); T cell mediated cytotoxicity (GO:0001913); NLRP3 inflammasome complex assembly (GO:0072557).

4.2.4 Epigenetic regulation and IL-10/IL-12 reciprocity (macrophage; 2024)

Single-cell ATAC-seq analysis in a macrophage infection model identified a transient “sleepy macrophage” state and a reciprocal IL-10/IL-12 axis; the work emphasizes transcription-factor-driven chromatin remodeling and epigenetic control of inflammatory cytokine programs in infected macrophages. (khandibharad2024singlecellatacsequencing pages 1-2)

Suggested ontologies: - GO: chromatin remodeling (GO:0006338); regulation of interleukin-10 production (GO:0032666); regulation of interleukin-12 production (GO:0032655).

4.2.5 Single-cell atlas of parasite development in the vector (2024)

Single-cell analysis of Leishmania development in sandflies identified heterogeneity in transmitted parasite forms beyond classical nondividing metacyclic promastigotes, including “replicating early metacyclics” and haptomonad stages, with in vivo mouse infection indicating pathology is not restricted to a single transmitted stage. (parkash2024safetyandreactogenicity pages 2-3)

5. Environmental Information

5.1 Environmental and ecological drivers (One Health)

Environmental disruptions (climate change, deforestation, urbanization) and human/animal movement can expand sandfly range and human-vector contact, contributing to emergence in previously non-endemic areas. (cosma2024leishmaniasisinhumans pages 2-4)

5.2 Reservoirs and zoonotic ecology

Domestic dogs are highlighted as primary reservoirs for zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in some settings, with additional roles for wild reservoirs. (sousa2024visceralleishmaniasistherapeutic pages 4-6)

6. Anatomical Structures Affected

6.1 Primary organs/tissues

6.2 Subcellular compartments

Not explicitly evidenced in the retrieved corpus; infection is intracellular (amastigotes in host cells). (mota2024classicalandinnovative pages 1-3)

7. Temporal Development

8. Inheritance and Population

8.1 Epidemiology (recent statistics)

8.2 Geographic distribution and expansion

Leishmaniasis is endemic across Africa, Asia, Southern Europe, the Middle East, and Central/South America, with recent reports of autochthonous transmission in previously non-endemic Western Europe and North America attributed to climate and migration drivers. (cosma2024leishmaniasisinhumans pages 2-4)

9. Diagnostics

9.1 Parasitological diagnosis (microscopy, histology, culture)

9.2 Serology

9.3 Molecular diagnostics and species typing

9.4 Diagnostics used in recent spatial-omics CL studies

Studies of human CL lesions used slit-skin smears (Giemsa), PCR/qPCR confirmation, and RNA-FISH probes (e.g., amastin) for parasite detection in tissue sections. (dey2024il32producingcd8+ pages 19-22)

10. Outcome / Prognosis

11. Treatment

11.1 Standard pharmacotherapy and real-world use

Common antileishmanial agents across syndromes include pentavalent antimonials, amphotericin B (including liposomal), miltefosine, paromomycin, and pentamidine; choice often depends on setting/availability and host factors. (sousa2024visceralleishmaniasistherapeutic pages 4-6, fischer2024treatmentofmucocutaneous pages 2-2)

11.2 Quantitative treatment outcomes from recent evidence

Liposomal amphotericin B for cutaneous/mucosal disease (systematic review/meta-analysis; 2023)

Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis therapies (systematic review; 2024)

Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) randomized trial (2021)

11.3 Treatment guidelines (evidence limitation)

Formal WHO/IDSA guideline text was not retrieved in this corpus; treatment regimen details referenced in the meta-analysis include mention of guideline cumulative dosing (e.g., IDSA cumulative 18–21 mg/kg for L-AmB) but without full guideline retrieval. (chivinski2023intravenousliposomalamphotericin pages 7-9)

11.4 MAXO term suggestions (treatments)

12. Prevention

12.1 Vector/reservoir control and One Health prevention

Integrated surveillance and prevention strategies targeting vectors, animal reservoirs (notably dogs), and human exposure are emphasized in the One Health literature; drivers such as climate change and land-use change motivate adaptive surveillance. (cosma2024leishmaniasisinhumans pages 2-4, sousa2024visceralleishmaniasistherapeutic pages 4-6)

12.2 Vaccines and CHIM as a vaccine-enabling technology (2024)

A major 2024 development is the establishment of a controlled human infection model (CHIM) for sand fly–transmitted L. major CL to accelerate vaccine development. (parkash2024safetyandreactogenicity pages 2-3, parkash2024safetyandreactogenicity pages 1-2)

Direct abstract support (CHIM quote): - “The leishmaniases are globally important parasitic diseases for which no human vaccines are currently available.” (Parkash et al., Nature Medicine, 2024-08, DOI: 10.1038/s41591-024-03146-9) (parkash2024safetyandreactogenicity pages 1-2)

13. Other Species / Natural Disease (One Health)

14. Model Organisms and Experimental Systems

14.1 Human CHIM (real-world implementation for translational research)

14.2 Mouse models

Mechanistic work in mice supports roles for neutrophils/hypoxia and CD8 cytotoxicity in CL pathology. (fowler2024neutrophilmediatedhypoxiadrives pages 1-2)

14.3 Macaque model (visceral persistence; single-cell)

A rhesus macaque VL model with post-treatment tissue reservoirs and single-cell transcriptomic profiling is described (preprint), highlighting parasite persistence in spleen, bone marrow, and lymph nodes after miltefosine. (parkash2024safetyandreactogenicity pages 2-3)

15. Clinical Trials and Development Pipeline (selected)

ClinicalTrials.gov trials retrieved include: - NCT04512742: sand fly-transmitted CL CHIM (vaccine-enabling model). (parkash2024safetyandreactogenicity pages 1-2) - VL combination therapy trials (completed): NCT01122771, NCT00696969, NCT00523965, NCT00371995. (clinical-trials tool output; not chunk-cited in current evidence set) - Cutaneous/mucosal treatment trials: NCT01377974 (miltefosine for mucosal leishmaniasis), NCT03829917 (oral miltefosine + topical paromomycin in ACL). (clinical-trials tool output; not chunk-cited in current evidence set)

Expert interpretation and analysis (2023–2024 emphasis)

  1. Diagnostics are moving toward molecular confirmation and species typing, driven by heterogeneous treatment response across Leishmania species and the need to guide therapy; PCR-RFLP and HSP70 typing are used in real-world clinical practice for imported cases. (lindner2024americancutaneousleishmaniasis pages 2-4, gritti2024epidemiologicalclinicaland pages 39-44)
  2. Pathophysiology is increasingly understood as spatially compartmentalized immunopathology, where distinct immune niches and checkpoints exist within lesions; spatial transcriptomics and single-cell methods identify actionable pathways (PD-L1/IDO1; hypoxia-driven cytotoxicity). (dey2024il32producingcd8+ pages 7-11, fowler2024neutrophilmediatedhypoxiadrives pages 1-2)
  3. A major translational development is the CL CHIM that directly supports vaccine development by enabling controlled assessment of protective immunity and lesion biology in humans, including spatial immune mapping. (parkash2024safetyandreactogenicity pages 1-2, parkash2024safetyeffectivenessand pages 13-17)
  4. One Health framing is essential: climate change and land-use shifts are not only upstream risk drivers but also determinants of future geographic spread, requiring surveillance strategies integrating humans, vectors, and reservoir animals (notably dogs). (cosma2024leishmaniasisinhumans pages 2-4, sousa2024visceralleishmaniasistherapeutic pages 4-6)

Key URLs (publication pages)

Not-yet-fulfilled template elements (data not present in retrieved evidence)

  • Curated IDs (MONDO, MeSH, ICD-10/11, Orphanet) and validated ontology mappings (MAXO IDs, specific UBERON/HPO/GO IDs) were not available in the evidence corpus and therefore remain incomplete.
  • Specific host genetic susceptibility loci/variants and protective factors were not retrieved.

References

  1. (cosma2024leishmaniasisinhumans pages 2-4): Claudia Cosma, Carla Maia, Nushrat Khan, Maria Infantino, and Marco Del Riccio. Leishmaniasis in humans and animals: a one health approach for surveillance, prevention and control in a changing world. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, 9:258, Oct 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9110258, doi:10.3390/tropicalmed9110258. This article has 76 citations.

  2. (balahbib2023cutaneousleishmaniasisphysiopathology pages 1-4): Abdelaali Balahbib, Asma Hmamouch, Aicha El Allam, Hikmat Douhri, Naoufal Dahaieh, Nasreddine El Omari, Jactty Chew, Long Chiau Ming, and Abdelhakim Bouyahya. Cutaneous leishmaniasis: physiopathology, molecular diagnostic, and therapeutic approaches. Progress In Microbes & Molecular Biology, Dec 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.36877/pmmb.a0000395, doi:10.36877/pmmb.a0000395. This article has 5 citations.

  3. (balahbib2023cutaneousleishmaniasisphysiopathology pages 4-6): Abdelaali Balahbib, Asma Hmamouch, Aicha El Allam, Hikmat Douhri, Naoufal Dahaieh, Nasreddine El Omari, Jactty Chew, Long Chiau Ming, and Abdelhakim Bouyahya. Cutaneous leishmaniasis: physiopathology, molecular diagnostic, and therapeutic approaches. Progress In Microbes & Molecular Biology, Dec 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.36877/pmmb.a0000395, doi:10.36877/pmmb.a0000395. This article has 5 citations.

  4. (mota2024classicalandinnovative pages 1-3): Wanessa J. S. Mota, Beatriz N. Guedes, Sona Jain, Juliana C. Cardoso, Patricia Severino, and Eliana B. Souto. Classical and innovative drugs for the treatment of leishmania infections. Discover Public Health, Oct 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12982-024-00247-1, doi:10.1186/s12982-024-00247-1. This article has 6 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.

  5. (fischer2024treatmentofmucocutaneous pages 2-2): Theresa Fischer, Marcellus Fischer, Sibylle Schliemann, and Peter Elsner. Treatment of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis – a systematic review. JDDG: Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft, 22:763-773, May 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/ddg.15424, doi:10.1111/ddg.15424. This article has 32 citations.

  6. (sousa2024visceralleishmaniasistherapeutic pages 4-6): Júlia Santos Pinto de Sousa, Suzana Telles da Cunha Lima, Vitória Pereira de Oliveira, Esther Carvalho Nascimento, and Carlos Eduardo Sampaio Guedes. Visceral leishmaniasis: therapeutic challenges and the potential of microalgae as a source of antileishmanial compounds. Research, Society and Development, 13:e145131247645, Dec 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v13i12.47645, doi:10.33448/rsd-v13i12.47645. This article has 0 citations.

  7. (chivinski2023intravenousliposomalamphotericin pages 6-7): Jeffrey Chivinski, Keren Nathan, Faheel Naeem, Taline Ekmekjian, Michael D Libman, and Sapha Barkati. Intravenous liposomal amphotericin b efficacy and safety for cutaneous and mucosal leishmaniasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Open Forum Infectious Diseases, Jul 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofad348, doi:10.1093/ofid/ofad348. This article has 16 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.

  8. (lindner2024americancutaneousleishmaniasis pages 2-4): Andreas K. Lindner, Maria Cristina Moreno-del Castillo, Mia Wintel, Gabriela Equihua Martinez, Joachim Richter, Florian Kurth, Frieder Pfäfflin, Thomas Zoller, Maximilian Gertler, Susanne Georgi, Michael Nürnberg, Claudia Hülso, Julian Bernhard, Sarah Konopelska Kotsias, Antonio Seigerschmidt, Welmoed van Loon, Frank Mockenhaupt, Beate Kampmann, and Gundel Harms. American cutaneous leishmaniasis: imported cases in berlin 2000–2023. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 18:e0012323, Jul 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0012323, doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0012323. This article has 2 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.

  9. (parkash2024safetyandreactogenicity pages 2-3): Vivak Parkash, Helen Ashwin, Shoumit Dey, Jovana Sadlova, Barbora Vojtkova, Katrien Van Bocxlaer, Rebecca Wiggins, David Thompson, Nidhi Sharma Dey, Charles L. Jaffe, Eli Schwartz, Petr Volf, Charles J. N. Lacey, Alison M. Layton, and Paul M. Kaye. Safety and reactogenicity of a controlled human infection model of sand fly-transmitted cutaneous leishmaniasis. Nature Medicine, 30:3150-3162, Aug 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-024-03146-9, doi:10.1038/s41591-024-03146-9. This article has 17 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.

  10. (dey2024il32producingcd8+ pages 1-7): Nidhi S. Dey, Shoumit Dey, Naj Brown, Sujai Senarathne, Luiza Campos Reis, Ritika Sengupta, Jose Angelo L. Lindoso, Sally James, Lesley Gilbert, Mitali Chatterjee, Hiro Goto, Shalindra Ranasinghe, and Paul M. Kaye. Il-32 producing cd8+ memory t cells and tregs define the ido1 / pd-l1 niche in human cutaneous leishmaniasis skin lesions. MedRxiv, Jan 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.01.02.23300281, doi:10.1101/2024.01.02.23300281. This article has 5 citations.

  11. (lodi2024immuneresponseto pages 10-11): Lorenzo Lodi, Marta Voarino, Silvia Stocco, Silvia Ricci, Chiara Azzari, Luisa Galli, and Elena Chiappini. Immune response to viscerotropic leishmania: a comprehensive review. Frontiers in Immunology, Sep 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1402539, doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1402539. This article has 25 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.

  12. (dey2024il32producingcd8+ pages 7-11): Nidhi S. Dey, Shoumit Dey, Naj Brown, Sujai Senarathne, Luiza Campos Reis, Ritika Sengupta, Jose Angelo L. Lindoso, Sally James, Lesley Gilbert, Mitali Chatterjee, Hiro Goto, Shalindra Ranasinghe, and Paul M. Kaye. Il-32 producing cd8+ memory t cells and tregs define the ido1 / pd-l1 niche in human cutaneous leishmaniasis skin lesions. MedRxiv, Jan 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.01.02.23300281, doi:10.1101/2024.01.02.23300281. This article has 5 citations.

  13. (dey2024il32producingcd8+ pages 11-15): Nidhi S. Dey, Shoumit Dey, Naj Brown, Sujai Senarathne, Luiza Campos Reis, Ritika Sengupta, Jose Angelo L. Lindoso, Sally James, Lesley Gilbert, Mitali Chatterjee, Hiro Goto, Shalindra Ranasinghe, and Paul M. Kaye. Il-32 producing cd8+ memory t cells and tregs define the ido1 / pd-l1 niche in human cutaneous leishmaniasis skin lesions. MedRxiv, Jan 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.01.02.23300281, doi:10.1101/2024.01.02.23300281. This article has 5 citations.

  14. (fowler2024neutrophilmediatedhypoxiadrives pages 1-2): Erin A. Fowler, Camila Farias Amorim, Klauss Mostacada, Allison Yan, Laís Amorim Sacramento, Rae A. Stanco, Emily D.S. Hales, Aditi Varkey, Wenjing Zong, Gary D. Wu, Camila I. de Oliveira, Patrick L. Collins, and Fernanda O. Novais. Neutrophil-mediated hypoxia drives pathogenic cd8+ t cell responses in cutaneous leishmaniasis. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, Jun 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1172/jci177992, doi:10.1172/jci177992. This article has 19 citations.

  15. (khandibharad2024singlecellatacsequencing pages 1-2): Shweta Khandibharad and Shailza Singh. Single-cell atac sequencing identifies sleepy macrophages during reciprocity of cytokines in l. major infection. Microbiology Spectrum, Mar 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.03478-23, doi:10.1128/spectrum.03478-23. This article has 8 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.

  16. (gritti2024epidemiologicalclinicaland pages 30-35): Tommaso Gritti. Epidemiological, clinical and molecular characterization of tegumentary leishmaniasis in the emilia-romagna region. Text, Jan 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.48676/unibo/amsdottorato/11146, doi:10.48676/unibo/amsdottorato/11146. This article has 0 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.

  17. (balahbib2023cutaneousleishmaniasisphysiopathology pages 9-12): Abdelaali Balahbib, Asma Hmamouch, Aicha El Allam, Hikmat Douhri, Naoufal Dahaieh, Nasreddine El Omari, Jactty Chew, Long Chiau Ming, and Abdelhakim Bouyahya. Cutaneous leishmaniasis: physiopathology, molecular diagnostic, and therapeutic approaches. Progress In Microbes & Molecular Biology, Dec 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.36877/pmmb.a0000395, doi:10.36877/pmmb.a0000395. This article has 5 citations.

  18. (balahbib2023cutaneousleishmaniasisphysiopathology pages 12-15): Abdelaali Balahbib, Asma Hmamouch, Aicha El Allam, Hikmat Douhri, Naoufal Dahaieh, Nasreddine El Omari, Jactty Chew, Long Chiau Ming, and Abdelhakim Bouyahya. Cutaneous leishmaniasis: physiopathology, molecular diagnostic, and therapeutic approaches. Progress In Microbes & Molecular Biology, Dec 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.36877/pmmb.a0000395, doi:10.36877/pmmb.a0000395. This article has 5 citations.

  19. (gritti2024epidemiologicalclinicaland pages 35-39): Tommaso Gritti. Epidemiological, clinical and molecular characterization of tegumentary leishmaniasis in the emilia-romagna region. Text, Jan 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.48676/unibo/amsdottorato/11146, doi:10.48676/unibo/amsdottorato/11146. This article has 0 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.

  20. (gritti2024epidemiologicalclinicaland pages 39-44): Tommaso Gritti. Epidemiological, clinical and molecular characterization of tegumentary leishmaniasis in the emilia-romagna region. Text, Jan 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.48676/unibo/amsdottorato/11146, doi:10.48676/unibo/amsdottorato/11146. This article has 0 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.

  21. (dey2024il32producingcd8+ pages 19-22): Nidhi S. Dey, Shoumit Dey, Naj Brown, Sujai Senarathne, Luiza Campos Reis, Ritika Sengupta, Jose Angelo L. Lindoso, Sally James, Lesley Gilbert, Mitali Chatterjee, Hiro Goto, Shalindra Ranasinghe, and Paul M. Kaye. Il-32 producing cd8+ memory t cells and tregs define the ido1 / pd-l1 niche in human cutaneous leishmaniasis skin lesions. MedRxiv, Jan 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.01.02.23300281, doi:10.1101/2024.01.02.23300281. This article has 5 citations.

  22. (chivinski2023intravenousliposomalamphotericin pages 1-2): Jeffrey Chivinski, Keren Nathan, Faheel Naeem, Taline Ekmekjian, Michael D Libman, and Sapha Barkati. Intravenous liposomal amphotericin b efficacy and safety for cutaneous and mucosal leishmaniasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Open Forum Infectious Diseases, Jul 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofad348, doi:10.1093/ofid/ofad348. This article has 16 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.

  23. (chivinski2023intravenousliposomalamphotericin pages 7-9): Jeffrey Chivinski, Keren Nathan, Faheel Naeem, Taline Ekmekjian, Michael D Libman, and Sapha Barkati. Intravenous liposomal amphotericin b efficacy and safety for cutaneous and mucosal leishmaniasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Open Forum Infectious Diseases, Jul 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofad348, doi:10.1093/ofid/ofad348. This article has 16 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.

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  25. (fischer2024treatmentofmucocutaneous pages 6-7): Theresa Fischer, Marcellus Fischer, Sibylle Schliemann, and Peter Elsner. Treatment of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis – a systematic review. JDDG: Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft, 22:763-773, May 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/ddg.15424, doi:10.1111/ddg.15424. This article has 32 citations.

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