Home / Deep Research / IDH-Mutant and 1p/19q-Codeleted Oligodendroglioma

IDH-Mutant and 1p/19q-Codeleted Oligodendroglioma

1. Disease Information

2026-04-05
Falcon MONDO:0859592 Model: Edison Scientific Literature 46 citations

1. Disease Information

1.1 Concise overview

In the 2021 WHO Classification of Tumours of the Central Nervous System (WHO CNS5), oligodendroglioma is defined as an adult-type diffuse glioma that is molecularly defined by an IDH1/IDH2 mutation together with whole-arm 1p/19q codeletion, and is graded as CNS WHO grade 2 or grade 3 within the tumor type (louis2021the2021who pages 8-9, louis2021the2021who pages 6-8, komori2023updateofthe pages 1-2).

1.2 Key identifiers and controlled vocabularies

1.3 Synonyms and alternative names

1.4 Evidence source type

The classification statements summarized here are aggregated, disease-level resources (WHO CNS5 summaries and implementation reviews), supplemented by clinical trials and cohort studies (horbinski2022clinicalimplicationsof pages 1-2, louis2021the2021who pages 8-9).

2. Etiology

2.1 Disease causal factors (genetic/mechanistic)

2.2 Risk factors

  • Genetic/molecular trajectory: In WHO CNS5-aligned reviews, IDH-mutant diffuse gliomas follow two broad molecular trajectories: (i) IDH + TP53/ATRX (astrocytic), vs (ii) IDH + whole-arm 1p/19q codeletion + TERT promoter mutation (oligodendroglial; generally more favorable) (reuss2023updatesonthe pages 1-2).
  • Epidemiologic modifiers: Age is a key demographic correlate (typical adult onset; see Epidemiology), but robust environmental risk factors were not retrievable in the evidence assembled for this run.

2.3 Protective factors / gene–environment interactions

No high-quality, disease-specific protective factors or gene–environment interaction evidence was retrieved in the assembled corpus for this run.

3. Phenotypes (Clinical Presentation)

3.1 Typical symptom complex

Clinical presentation is often insidious and related to lesion location and intracranial pressure (antonelli2022adulttypediffuse pages 4-6). Across neuroradiology-focused WHO CNS5 reviews: - Seizures are frequently the initial symptom, plausibly due to cortical involvement (gue2024the2021world pages 7-9). - Other common symptoms include headache and cognitive/personality changes (notably with frontal lobe involvement) (gue2024the2021world pages 7-9).

3.2 Phenotype characteristics (onset, progression, frequency)

3.3 Quality of life impact

High-quality, phenotype-specific QoL effect size estimates for this exact entity were not retrieved in this run. However, the long expected survival in many patients makes late treatment toxicity and “quality of survival” a major concern in treatment strategy discussions (carosi2024targetingisocitratedehydrogenase pages 4-6).

3.4 Suggested HPO terms (examples)

4. Genetic/Molecular Information

4.1 Causal/definitional alterations

WHO CNS5 defines oligodendroglioma as requiring: - IDH1 or IDH2 mutation, and - Whole-arm 1p/19q codeletion (martin2023fromtheoryto pages 2-4, louis2021the2021who pages 6-8).

4.2 Common additional (characteristic) alterations

WHO-aligned molecular summaries list recurrent alterations in oligodendroglioma including TERT promoter, CIC, FUBP1, and NOTCH1 (martin2023fromtheoryto pages 4-6, louis2021the2021who pages 6-8).

4.3 Variant types and testing implications

  • IDH mutations are typically missense hotspot variants (e.g., IDH1 R132H is common; non-canonical IDH variants may require sequencing when IHC is negative but suspicion remains) (martin2023fromtheoryto pages 2-4, martin2023fromtheoryto pages 1-2).
  • Whole-arm 1p/19q codeletion is a structural/copy-number alteration, classically arising from an unbalanced translocation (conceptually consistent with modern diagnostic descriptions) and must be interpreted as whole-arm rather than partial loss (ball2020frequencyoffalsepositive pages 1-2).

4.4 Epigenetic information

5. Environmental Information

No robust disease-specific environmental, lifestyle, or infectious causal factors were retrieved in the evidence assembled for this run.

6. Mechanism / Pathophysiology

6.1 Core causal chain (current understanding)

  1. IDH1/2 neomorphic mutation produces the oncometabolite 2-HG (martin2023fromtheoryto pages 1-2, carosi2024targetingisocitratedehydrogenase pages 3-4).
  2. 2-HG competitively inhibits α-KG–dependent dioxygenases (e.g., TET/Jumonji demethylases), causing DNA/histone hypermethylation and an epigenetically constrained cellular state (carosi2024targetingisocitratedehydrogenase pages 3-4).
  3. In IDH-mutant gliomas, this is linked to blocked differentiation programs and maintenance of an OPC-like developmental state (wei2023stalledoligodendrocytedifferentiation pages 1-2).

6.2 Differentiation blockade and cell-of-origin programs (2023 evidence)

A 2023 Genome Medicine multi-omic analysis concludes that IDH-mutant gliomas resemble early oligodendrocyte lineage states and show a blocked myelination program, supported by DNA methylation and chromatin accessibility patterns (wei2023stalledoligodendrocytedifferentiation pages 1-2).

6.3 Immune microenvironment effects (2024 evidence)

6.4 Suggested ontology terms

  • GO biological process (examples): DNA methylation, histone methylation, glial cell differentiation, oligodendrocyte differentiation, T cell proliferation.
  • CL cell types (examples): oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC), oligodendrocyte, microglial cell, T cell.

7. Anatomical Structures Affected

7.1 Organ/system level

7.2 Tissue/cell level

7.3 Suggested UBERON terms (examples)

  • Cerebral cortex; frontal lobe; cerebral white matter.

8. Temporal Development (Natural History)

8.1 Onset pattern

Often insidious presentation in adults (gue2024the2021world pages 7-9).

8.2 Progression and grading

  • WHO CNS5 recognizes grading within the entity: CNS WHO grade 2 and grade 3 oligodendroglioma (louis2021the2021who pages 8-9, louis2021the2021who pages 9-10).
  • Traditional grade 3 (“anaplastic”) criteria in earlier WHO frameworks incorporate brisk mitotic activity and/or microvascular proliferation; one study cites a cutoff of ≥6 mitoses per 10 high-power fields and highlights that imaging growth rate may capture aggressiveness and predict progression-free survival (roux2020imaginggrowthas pages 7-7).

9. Inheritance and Population

9.1 Inheritance

This tumor entity is primarily considered sporadic in routine clinical neuro-oncology practice; heritable Mendelian patterns were not supported by retrieved evidence in this run.

9.2 Epidemiology and demographics

A WHO CNS5 implementation review reports: - Incidence: approximately 0.48 per 100,000. - Age: peak in fourth–fifth decades. - Median overall survival: approximately 10–17 years (reflecting grade and treatment heterogeneity) (martin2023fromtheoryto pages 4-6).

10. Diagnostics

10.1 Integrated diagnostic criteria (WHO CNS5-aligned workflow)

A practical diagnostic workflow for adult diffuse gliomas is: 1. Test for IDH1/2 (IHC for IDH1 R132H and/or sequencing). 2. In IDH-mutant tumors, assess ATRX: loss supports astrocytoma; retained ATRX prompts 1p/19q testing. 3. If whole-arm 1p/19q codeletion is present, diagnose oligodendroglioma, IDH-mutant and 1p/19q-codeleted (martin2023fromtheoryto pages 2-4).

10.2 Key molecular tests and platforms

10.3 Important diagnostic caveat: false-positive FISH for 1p/19q

Because FISH is locus-based, it may not distinguish partial from whole-arm losses, producing “false-positive” 1p/19q results when partial losses mimic codeletion (ball2020frequencyoffalsepositive pages 1-2). In an adult diffuse astrocytic glioma series, the estimated false-positive FISH rate was 3.6% (8/223), with similar rates in IDH-mutant vs IDH-wildtype tumors (ball2020frequencyoffalsepositive pages 2-2). The authors recommend selective testing and/or confirmation with whole-arm–resolving platforms such as CMA when morphology/molecular context is discordant (ball2020frequencyoffalsepositive pages 2-2, ball2020frequencyoffalsepositive pages 13-14).

10.4 Imaging features used in real-world workflows (radiology)

Common imaging features reported across WHO-2021 radiology reviews include: - Location: frontal lobe predilection; cortical/subcortical involvement (gue2024the2021world pages 7-9, antonelli2022adulttypediffuse pages 4-6). - CT: hypodense/isodense lesion; calcifications are common (reported ~90% in one review) (martin2023fromtheoryto pages 4-6). - MRI: typically T1 hypointense, T2 hyperintense, often heterogeneous with indistinct margins (gue2024the2021world pages 9-12). - Contrast enhancement: variable; one review reports enhancement in <20% of grade 2 but >70% of grade 3 oligodendrogliomas (gue2024the2021world pages 9-12). - Perfusion: may show elevated rCBV reflecting vascularity (antonelli2022adulttypediffuse pages 4-6).

11. Outcome / Prognosis

11.1 Prognosis and survival statistics from pivotal trials (anaplastic/grade 3; codeleted)

Long-term randomized trial evidence (RTOG 9402 and EORTC 26951) demonstrates substantial benefit from adding PCV chemotherapy to radiotherapy in 1p/19q-codeleted anaplastic oligodendroglial tumors, with median OS on the order of a decade or longer and durable long-term survivors.

Key statistics include: - RTOG 9402 (JCO 2013): in codeleted tumors, median OS 14.7 years with PCV+RT vs 7.3 years with RT alone (HR 0.59; P=0.03) (cairncross2013phaseiiitrial pages 1-2). - Joint final report (JCO 2022): in the codeleted subgroup, probable 20-year OS ~37% with PCV+RT versus ~15% without PCV in RTOG 9402; and ~37% with PCV versus ~14% without PCV in EORTC 26951 (lassman2022jointfinalreport pages 1-2). The Kaplan–Meier curves and numbers-at-risk are shown in Figure 2 (lassman2022jointfinalreport media 697c589d).

11.2 Prognostic biomarkers (selected)

  • 1p/19q codeletion is strongly associated with improved outcomes relative to non-codeleted gliomas in the major randomized trial datasets (bent2013adjuvantprocarbazinelomustine pages 2-3, cairncross2013phaseiiitrial pages 1-2).
  • Epigenetic classifiers and additional CNV/alterations can stratify prognosis in IDH-mutant gliomas generally, but oligodendroglioma-specific prognostic molecular modeling was not deeply retrievable in this run.

12. Treatment

12.1 Standard-of-care components and real-world implementations

12.2 Temozolomide vs RT-containing regimens (evolving practice)

The initial CODEL trial design analysis showed inferior PFS with temozolomide alone compared with RT-containing regimens in newly diagnosed 1p/19q-codeleted grade 3 oligodendroglioma (jaeckle2021codelphaseiii pages 1-2). This led to redesign of CODEL to compare RT+PCV vs RT+TMZ rather than including a TMZ-only arm (jaeckle2021codelphaseiii pages 1-2, jaeckle2021codelphaseiii pages 9-10).

12.3 Targeted therapy (major 2023 development): IDH inhibitor vorasidenib

A major recent advance is the phase 3 INDIGO trial of vorasidenib in post-surgical residual/recurrent grade 2 IDH-mutant glioma (including oligodendroglioma and astrocytoma, stratified by 1p/19q status) (mellinghoff2023vorasidenibinidh1 pages 3-5).

Direct abstract quote supporting the key efficacy claim: - “Progression-free survival was significantly improved in the vorasidenib group as compared with the placebo group (median progression-free survival, 27.7 months vs. 11.1 months; hazard ratio … 0.39 …; P<0.001).” (mellinghoff2023vorasidenibinidh1 pages 1-3)

Safety signal of note: - Grade ≥3 ALT elevation occurred in 9.6% on vorasidenib vs 0% on placebo (mellinghoff2023vorasidenibinidh1 pages 16-18).

12.4 Suggested MAXO terms (examples)

  • Surgical tumor resection; external beam radiotherapy; chemotherapy with procarbazine/lomustine/vincristine; chemotherapy with temozolomide; targeted therapy with IDH inhibitor.

13. Prevention

Primary prevention and population-level screening strategies are not established for sporadic adult diffuse gliomas in the retrieved evidence. Secondary prevention largely consists of surveillance imaging in diagnosed patients following surgery and/or adjuvant therapy (carosi2024targetingisocitratedehydrogenase pages 4-6).

14. Other Species / Natural Disease

No naturally occurring non-human disease analogs were retrieved in this run.

15. Model Organisms

No specific oligodendroglioma model-organism systems were retrieved in the assembled evidence for this run; however, mechanistic multi-omics studies in human tumor samples (bulk and single-cell transcriptome, methylation, scATAC-seq) provide strong in situ evidence for differentiation blockade and epigenetic mechanisms (wei2023stalledoligodendrocytedifferentiation pages 1-2).

Key Recent Developments (2023–2024 emphasis)

  1. IDH inhibition in earlier-stage disease: INDIGO (NEJM 2023) demonstrated significant delay in progression and next intervention with vorasidenib in grade 2 IDH-mutant glioma after surgery only (mellinghoff2023vorasidenibinidh1 pages 1-3, mellinghoff2023vorasidenibinidh1 pages 3-5).
  2. Differentiation blockade mapped with multi-omics: 2023 single-cell/bulk multi-omics indicates stalled oligodendrocyte-lineage differentiation with blocked myelination programs in IDH-mutant gliomas (wei2023stalledoligodendrocytedifferentiation pages 1-2).
  3. Refinement of WHO CNS5 implementation: Practical guidance emphasizes integrated diagnoses driven by canonical molecular alterations and highlights laboratory workflow for IDH→ATRX→1p/19q testing (martin2023fromtheoryto pages 2-4, komori2023updateofthe pages 1-2).

Key Trials and Outcome Statistics (Table)

Table (click to expand)
Trial Population Interventions Key efficacy outcomes Publication PMID URL
Joint Final Report: EORTC 26951 + RTOG 9402 Newly diagnosed anaplastic oligodendroglial tumors; key molecular subgroup: 1p/19q-codeleted tumors RT alone vs RT + PCV EORTC 26951, codeleted subgroup (n=80): median OS 9.3 y without PCV vs 14.2 y with PCV; HR 0.60 (95% CI 0.35-1.03), P=.063; 14-y OS 26.2% vs 51.0%; probable 20-y OS 13.6% vs 37.1%. RTOG 9402, codeleted subgroup (n=125): median OS 7.3 y without PCV vs 13.2 y with PCV; HR 0.61 (95% CI 0.40-0.94), P=.02; 14-y OS 25.0% vs 46.1%; probable 20-y OS 14.9% vs 37.0%. Median follow-up 18-19 y. (lassman2022jointfinalreport pages 1-2, lassman2022jointfinalreport pages 2-3) Journal of Clinical Oncology (2022) Not available in retrieved context https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.21.02543
RTOG 9402 long-term results 291 eligible patients with anaplastic oligodendroglioma/oligoastrocytoma; 1p/19q-codeleted subgroup analyzed Intensive PCV then RT vs RT alone Overall cohort: median OS 4.6 y vs 4.7 y; HR 0.79 (95% CI 0.60-1.04), P=.1. Codeleted tumors: median OS 14.7 y with PCV+RT vs 7.3 y with RT alone; HR 0.59 (95% CI 0.37-0.95), P=.03. Non-codeleted: no benefit (2.6 y vs 2.7 y; HR 0.85, P=.39). (cairncross2013phaseiiitrial pages 1-2) Journal of Clinical Oncology (2013) Not available in retrieved context https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2012.43.2674
EORTC 26951 long-term follow-up 368 patients with newly diagnosed anaplastic oligodendroglioma; molecular data available for 316; key subgroup: 1p/19q-codeleted tumors RT alone vs RT followed by adjuvant PCV Overall cohort: median OS 30.6 mo with RT vs 42.3 mo with RT/PCV; HR 0.75 (95% CI 0.60-0.95). Median PFS 13.2 mo vs 24.3 mo; HR 0.66 (95% CI 0.52-0.83). Codeleted tumors: median PFS 76 mo vs 11 mo for non-codeleted; HR 0.39 (95% CI 0.28-0.53); median OS 123 mo vs 23 mo for non-codeleted; HR 0.36 (95% CI 0.27-0.49). In the codeleted treatment comparison, OS was not reached with RT/PCV vs 112 mo with RT; HR 0.56 (95% CI 0.31-1.03). (bent2013adjuvantprocarbazinelomustine pages 2-3, bent2013adjuvantprocarbazinelomustine pages 1-2) Journal of Clinical Oncology (2013) Not available in retrieved context https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2012.43.2229
CODEL initial design analysis Newly diagnosed 1p/19q-codeleted WHO grade 3 oligodendroglioma; 36 randomized patients RT alone vs RT + concomitant/adjuvant TMZ vs TMZ alone; key comparison pooled RT-containing arms vs TMZ alone With median follow-up 7.5 y: progression in 83.3% (10/12) on TMZ alone vs 37.5% (9/24) on RT-containing arms. PFS significantly shorter with TMZ alone: HR 3.12 (95% CI 1.26-7.69), P=0.014; adjusted HR 3.33 (95% CI 1.31-8.45), P=0.011. Median PFS 2.9 y with TMZ alone vs not reached with RT-containing arms; 3-y/5-y PFS 50%/33% vs 83%/56%. OS comparison underpowered and not significant. (jaeckle2021codelphaseiii pages 5-7, jaeckle2021codelphaseiii pages 1-2, jaeckle2021codelphaseiii pages 9-10) Neuro-Oncology (2021) Not available in retrieved context https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noaa168
INDIGO (vorasidenib) Residual or recurrent grade 2 IDH1/2-mutant glioma after surgery only; included oligodendroglioma and astrocytoma; no prior RT/chemotherapy Vorasidenib 40 mg daily vs placebo 331 randomized. Median PFS 27.7 mo vs 11.1 mo; HR 0.39 (95% CI 0.27-0.56), P<0.001. Time to next intervention HR 0.26 (95% CI 0.15-0.43); median time to next intervention not reached vs 17.8 mo. Grade >=3 adverse events 16.2%-22.8% with vorasidenib vs 5.5%-13.5% with placebo across excerpts; grade >=3 ALT increase 9.6% vs 0%. About half of enrolled tumors had 1p/19q codeletion. (mellinghoff2023vorasidenibinidh1 pages 1-3, mellinghoff2023vorasidenibinidh1 pages 6-8, mellinghoff2023vorasidenibinidh1 pages 3-5, mellinghoff2023vorasidenibinidh1 pages 16-18) New England Journal of Medicine (2023) Not available in retrieved context https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2304194

Table: This table summarizes pivotal clinical trials and long-term outcome statistics relevant to IDH-mutant, 1p/19q-codeleted oligodendroglioma and related anaplastic oligodendroglial tumor populations. It is useful for comparing historical RT/PCV evidence, temozolomide-era trial data, and recent IDH-targeted therapy results.

Evidence Figure

Kaplan–Meier overall survival and progression-free survival curves for 1p/19q-codeleted subgroups comparing RT vs RT+PCV across EORTC 26951 and RTOG 9402 are shown in the joint final report figure (lassman2022jointfinalreport media 697c589d).

Notes on Evidence Gaps

Several template fields (ICD codes, MeSH/Orphanet/OMIM, population-level prevalence estimates, detailed environmental risk factors, structured HPO frequency estimates, and curated animal model resources) were not retrievable from the evidence assembled in this tool run and therefore are not asserted here.

References

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  23. (lassman2022jointfinalreport pages 1-2): Andrew B. Lassman, Khê Hoang-Xuan, Mei-Yin C. Polley, Alba A. Brandes, J. Gregory Cairncross, Johan M. Kros, Lynn S. Ashby, Martin J.B. Taphoorn, Luis Souhami, Winand N.M. Dinjens, Nadia N. Laack, Mathilde C.M. Kouwenhoven, Karen L. Fink, Pim J. French, David R. Macdonald, Denis Lacombe, Minhee Won, Thierry Gorlia, Minesh P. Mehta, and Martin J. van den Bent. Joint final report of eortc 26951 and rtog 9402: phase iii trials with procarbazine, lomustine, and vincristine chemotherapy for anaplastic oligodendroglial tumors. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 40:2539-2545, Aug 2022. URL: https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.21.02543, doi:10.1200/jco.21.02543. This article has 94 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.

  24. (lassman2022jointfinalreport media 697c589d): Andrew B. Lassman, Khê Hoang-Xuan, Mei-Yin C. Polley, Alba A. Brandes, J. Gregory Cairncross, Johan M. Kros, Lynn S. Ashby, Martin J.B. Taphoorn, Luis Souhami, Winand N.M. Dinjens, Nadia N. Laack, Mathilde C.M. Kouwenhoven, Karen L. Fink, Pim J. French, David R. Macdonald, Denis Lacombe, Minhee Won, Thierry Gorlia, Minesh P. Mehta, and Martin J. van den Bent. Joint final report of eortc 26951 and rtog 9402: phase iii trials with procarbazine, lomustine, and vincristine chemotherapy for anaplastic oligodendroglial tumors. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 40:2539-2545, Aug 2022. URL: https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.21.02543, doi:10.1200/jco.21.02543. This article has 94 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.

  25. (bent2013adjuvantprocarbazinelomustine pages 2-3): Martin J. van den Bent, Alba A. Brandes, Martin J.B. Taphoorn, Johan M. Kros, Mathilde C.M. Kouwenhoven, Jean-Yves Delattre, Hans J.J.A. Bernsen, Marc Frenay, Cees C. Tijssen, Wolfgang Grisold, László Sipos, Roelien H. Enting, Pim J. French, Winand N.M. Dinjens, Charles J. Vecht, Anouk Allgeier, Denis Lacombe, Thierry Gorlia, and Khê Hoang-Xuan. Adjuvant procarbazine, lomustine, and vincristine chemotherapy in newly diagnosed anaplastic oligodendroglioma: long-term follow-up of eortc brain tumor group study 26951. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 31 3:344-50, Jan 2013. URL: https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2012.43.2229, doi:10.1200/jco.2012.43.2229. This article has 1457 citations.

  26. (jaeckle2021codelphaseiii pages 1-2): Kurt A Jaeckle, Karla V Ballman, Martin van den Bent, Caterina Giannini, Evanthia Galanis, Paul D Brown, Robert B Jenkins, J Gregory Cairncross, Wolfgang Wick, Michael Weller, Kenneth D Aldape, Jesse G Dixon, S Keith Anderson, Jane H Cerhan, Jeffrey S Wefel, Martin Klein, Stuart A Grossman, David Schiff, Jeffrey J Raizer, Frederick Dhermain, Donald G Nordstrom, Patrick J Flynn, and Michael A Vogelbaum. Codel: phase iii study of rt, rt + tmz, or tmz for newly diagnosed 1p/19q codeleted oligodendroglioma. analysis from the initial study design. Neuro-Oncology, 23:457-467, Jul 2021. URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noaa168, doi:10.1093/neuonc/noaa168. This article has 122 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.

  27. (jaeckle2021codelphaseiii pages 9-10): Kurt A Jaeckle, Karla V Ballman, Martin van den Bent, Caterina Giannini, Evanthia Galanis, Paul D Brown, Robert B Jenkins, J Gregory Cairncross, Wolfgang Wick, Michael Weller, Kenneth D Aldape, Jesse G Dixon, S Keith Anderson, Jane H Cerhan, Jeffrey S Wefel, Martin Klein, Stuart A Grossman, David Schiff, Jeffrey J Raizer, Frederick Dhermain, Donald G Nordstrom, Patrick J Flynn, and Michael A Vogelbaum. Codel: phase iii study of rt, rt + tmz, or tmz for newly diagnosed 1p/19q codeleted oligodendroglioma. analysis from the initial study design. Neuro-Oncology, 23:457-467, Jul 2021. URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noaa168, doi:10.1093/neuonc/noaa168. This article has 122 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.

  28. (mellinghoff2023vorasidenibinidh1 pages 3-5): Ingo K. Mellinghoff, Martin J. van den Bent, Deborah T. Blumenthal, Mehdi Touat, Katherine B. Peters, Jennifer Clarke, Joe Mendez, Shlomit Yust-Katz, Liam Welsh, Warren P. Mason, François Ducray, Yoshie Umemura, Burt Nabors, Matthias Holdhoff, Andreas F. Hottinger, Yoshiki Arakawa, Juan M. Sepulveda, Wolfgang Wick, Riccardo Soffietti, James R. Perry, Pierre Giglio, Macarena de la Fuente, Elizabeth A. Maher, Steven Schoenfeld, Dan Zhao, Shuchi S. Pandya, Lori Steelman, Islam Hassan, Patrick Y. Wen, and Timothy F. Cloughesy. Vorasidenib in idh1- or idh2-mutant low-grade glioma. New England Journal of Medicine, 389:589-601, Aug 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2304194, doi:10.1056/nejmoa2304194. This article has 772 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.

  29. (mellinghoff2023vorasidenibinidh1 pages 1-3): Ingo K. Mellinghoff, Martin J. van den Bent, Deborah T. Blumenthal, Mehdi Touat, Katherine B. Peters, Jennifer Clarke, Joe Mendez, Shlomit Yust-Katz, Liam Welsh, Warren P. Mason, François Ducray, Yoshie Umemura, Burt Nabors, Matthias Holdhoff, Andreas F. Hottinger, Yoshiki Arakawa, Juan M. Sepulveda, Wolfgang Wick, Riccardo Soffietti, James R. Perry, Pierre Giglio, Macarena de la Fuente, Elizabeth A. Maher, Steven Schoenfeld, Dan Zhao, Shuchi S. Pandya, Lori Steelman, Islam Hassan, Patrick Y. Wen, and Timothy F. Cloughesy. Vorasidenib in idh1- or idh2-mutant low-grade glioma. New England Journal of Medicine, 389:589-601, Aug 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2304194, doi:10.1056/nejmoa2304194. This article has 772 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.

  30. (mellinghoff2023vorasidenibinidh1 pages 16-18): Ingo K. Mellinghoff, Martin J. van den Bent, Deborah T. Blumenthal, Mehdi Touat, Katherine B. Peters, Jennifer Clarke, Joe Mendez, Shlomit Yust-Katz, Liam Welsh, Warren P. Mason, François Ducray, Yoshie Umemura, Burt Nabors, Matthias Holdhoff, Andreas F. Hottinger, Yoshiki Arakawa, Juan M. Sepulveda, Wolfgang Wick, Riccardo Soffietti, James R. Perry, Pierre Giglio, Macarena de la Fuente, Elizabeth A. Maher, Steven Schoenfeld, Dan Zhao, Shuchi S. Pandya, Lori Steelman, Islam Hassan, Patrick Y. Wen, and Timothy F. Cloughesy. Vorasidenib in idh1- or idh2-mutant low-grade glioma. New England Journal of Medicine, 389:589-601, Aug 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2304194, doi:10.1056/nejmoa2304194. This article has 772 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.

  31. (lassman2022jointfinalreport pages 2-3): Andrew B. Lassman, Khê Hoang-Xuan, Mei-Yin C. Polley, Alba A. Brandes, J. Gregory Cairncross, Johan M. Kros, Lynn S. Ashby, Martin J.B. Taphoorn, Luis Souhami, Winand N.M. Dinjens, Nadia N. Laack, Mathilde C.M. Kouwenhoven, Karen L. Fink, Pim J. French, David R. Macdonald, Denis Lacombe, Minhee Won, Thierry Gorlia, Minesh P. Mehta, and Martin J. van den Bent. Joint final report of eortc 26951 and rtog 9402: phase iii trials with procarbazine, lomustine, and vincristine chemotherapy for anaplastic oligodendroglial tumors. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 40:2539-2545, Aug 2022. URL: https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.21.02543, doi:10.1200/jco.21.02543. This article has 94 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.

  32. (bent2013adjuvantprocarbazinelomustine pages 1-2): Martin J. van den Bent, Alba A. Brandes, Martin J.B. Taphoorn, Johan M. Kros, Mathilde C.M. Kouwenhoven, Jean-Yves Delattre, Hans J.J.A. Bernsen, Marc Frenay, Cees C. Tijssen, Wolfgang Grisold, László Sipos, Roelien H. Enting, Pim J. French, Winand N.M. Dinjens, Charles J. Vecht, Anouk Allgeier, Denis Lacombe, Thierry Gorlia, and Khê Hoang-Xuan. Adjuvant procarbazine, lomustine, and vincristine chemotherapy in newly diagnosed anaplastic oligodendroglioma: long-term follow-up of eortc brain tumor group study 26951. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 31 3:344-50, Jan 2013. URL: https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2012.43.2229, doi:10.1200/jco.2012.43.2229. This article has 1457 citations.

  33. (jaeckle2021codelphaseiii pages 5-7): Kurt A Jaeckle, Karla V Ballman, Martin van den Bent, Caterina Giannini, Evanthia Galanis, Paul D Brown, Robert B Jenkins, J Gregory Cairncross, Wolfgang Wick, Michael Weller, Kenneth D Aldape, Jesse G Dixon, S Keith Anderson, Jane H Cerhan, Jeffrey S Wefel, Martin Klein, Stuart A Grossman, David Schiff, Jeffrey J Raizer, Frederick Dhermain, Donald G Nordstrom, Patrick J Flynn, and Michael A Vogelbaum. Codel: phase iii study of rt, rt + tmz, or tmz for newly diagnosed 1p/19q codeleted oligodendroglioma. analysis from the initial study design. Neuro-Oncology, 23:457-467, Jul 2021. URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noaa168, doi:10.1093/neuonc/noaa168. This article has 122 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.

  34. (mellinghoff2023vorasidenibinidh1 pages 6-8): Ingo K. Mellinghoff, Martin J. van den Bent, Deborah T. Blumenthal, Mehdi Touat, Katherine B. Peters, Jennifer Clarke, Joe Mendez, Shlomit Yust-Katz, Liam Welsh, Warren P. Mason, François Ducray, Yoshie Umemura, Burt Nabors, Matthias Holdhoff, Andreas F. Hottinger, Yoshiki Arakawa, Juan M. Sepulveda, Wolfgang Wick, Riccardo Soffietti, James R. Perry, Pierre Giglio, Macarena de la Fuente, Elizabeth A. Maher, Steven Schoenfeld, Dan Zhao, Shuchi S. Pandya, Lori Steelman, Islam Hassan, Patrick Y. Wen, and Timothy F. Cloughesy. Vorasidenib in idh1- or idh2-mutant low-grade glioma. New England Journal of Medicine, 389:589-601, Aug 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2304194, doi:10.1056/nejmoa2304194. This article has 772 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.