HPV-Negative Head and Neck Cancer (HPV− HNSCC): Comprehensive Disease Characteristics Report

Target disease

• Disease name (preferred): HPV-negative head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HPV− HNSCC) (krsek2024theroleof pages 14-15, tasoulas2023geneticallyengineeredmouse pages 1-2)
• Scope: Squamous cell carcinomas arising in the upper aerodigestive tract (oral cavity, pharynx/oropharynx, larynx, hypopharynx) that are HPV-independent (tasoulas2023geneticallyengineeredmouse pages 1-2, xie2024immunelandscapein pages 1-2)
• MONDO ID / MeSH / ICD: Not explicitly retrievable from the provided evidence (placeholders recommended; see Artifact-00) (artifact-00)

Table: This table summarizes practical names, synonyms, anatomic scope, and classification notes for HPV-negative head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. It is useful for harmonizing ontology mapping and terminology in a disease knowledge base when specific MONDO/MeSH/ICD identifiers are not directly available from the retrieved evidence.

1. Disease information (concepts, definitions, identifiers)

1.1 Definition and current understanding

HPV− HNSCC refers to head and neck squamous cell carcinomas that are not driven by transcriptionally active high-risk HPV and are typically associated with carcinogen exposure (notably tobacco and alcohol), with a molecular landscape dominated by tumor-suppressor loss and high genomic instability (krsek2024theroleof pages 14-15, tasoulas2023geneticallyengineeredmouse pages 1-2, park2024advancedhumanpapillomavirus–negative pages 1-2).

In oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC), HPV-associated and HPV-independent disease are now treated as clinically distinct entities because of differences in prognosis and biology; p16 immunohistochemistry (IHC) is widely used as a practical surrogate for HPV association but is imperfect (gallus2023accuracyofp16 pages 1-2, tran2024advancesinhuman pages 6-7).

1.2 Common synonyms / alternative names

• HPV− HNSCC; HPV-negative HNSCC; HPV-independent HNSCC; HPV-unrelated HNSCC (krsek2024theroleof pages 14-15, pakkanen2024simultaneousp53and pages 1-2)
• For OPSCC: HPV-negative OPSCC; p16-negative OPSCC; HPV-independent OPSCC (gallus2023accuracyofp16 pages 1-2, tran2024advancesinhuman pages 6-7)

1.3 Evidence source type

This report is based on aggregated disease-level resources (primary trials, registry studies, systematic reviews, translational studies), not individual EHR-only data (harrington2023pembrolizumabwithor pages 1-2, zhang2023causeofdeath pages 1-2, waas2024molecularcorrelatesfor pages 1-2).

2. Etiology

2.1 Primary causal factors and risk factors

Carcinogen-associated etiology dominates HPV− disease. Across HNSCC, tobacco and alcohol are repeatedly identified as major etiologic drivers, and HPV− tumors are enriched among patients with these exposures (krsek2024theroleof pages 14-15, xie2024immunelandscapein pages 1-2).

A 2023 review summarizing global burden states that “at least 75% of HNSCCs are attributable to tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption” and that combined heavy use confers a markedly increased risk (reported as 35-fold higher risk) (huang2023circulatingtumourdna pages 1-2).

Other risk factors referenced in recent reviews include betel nut chewing and low socioeconomic status (tasoulas2023geneticallyengineeredmouse pages 1-2).

2.2 Protective factors

• Risk-factor reduction: tobacco and alcohol reduction are the most consistently supported protective measures for HPV− disease at the population level (huang2023circulatingtumourdna pages 1-2, gribb2023humanpapillomavirus pages 1-3).
• HPV vaccination prevents HPV-associated OPSCC (not HPV− tumors directly) but can change the population composition of OPSCC and is central for HPV+ prevention (ndon2023humanpapillomavirusassociatedoropharyngeal pages 1-3, malagon2024epidemiologyofhpvassociated pages 1-4).

2.3 Gene–environment interactions

While the provided evidence does not include a formal G×E model, it links tobacco-associated carcinogenesis to: - high mutational burden and copy-number alterations (CNAs) in HPV− tumors (park2024advancedhumanpapillomavirus–negative pages 1-2, huang2023circulatingtumourdna pages 4-6) - loss of cell-cycle regulators and immunologic features consistent with an immunosuppressive/hypoxic tumor microenvironment (TME) (park2024advancedhumanpapillomavirus–negative pages 1-2).

3. Phenotypes (clinical manifestations) and quality of life

3.1 Anatomic distribution and staging (illustrative clinical cohorts)

A 2024 head and neck cancer survivor cohort (n=110) provides subsite and stage distributions: oral cavity 52.7%, oropharyngeal/nasopharyngeal 20.0%, pharyngeal 16.4%, larynx/hypopharynx 10.9%; stage III 32.7% and stage IV 27.3% (sharma2024dysphagiavoiceproblems pages 2-3). Although HPV status was not specified, these subsites and late-stage distributions are consistent with populations heavily enriched for HPV− disease in many settings.

3.2 Major symptom/survivorship phenotypes and suggested HPO terms

Post-treatment and survivorship phenotypes are prominent and clinically important: - Dysphagia (HPO: HP:0002015) (sharma2024dysphagiavoiceproblems pages 1-2) - Voice impairment / hoarseness (HPO: HP:0001609 Dysphonia) (sharma2024dysphagiavoiceproblems pages 1-2) - Pain (HPO: HP:0012531) (filippini2024healthrelatedqualityof pages 1-2) - Xerostomia (HPO: HP:0000217) (filippini2024healthrelatedqualityof pages 1-2) - Weight loss / malnutrition (HPO: HP:0001824 Weight loss; HP:0004395 Malnutrition) (filippini2024healthrelatedqualityof pages 1-2)

3.3 Quantitative QoL and symptom burden (recent data)

A 2024 survivor cohort reported very high prevalence of functional sequelae: - Dysphagia in 85.5% (94/110) - Severe voice problems in 50% (sharma2024dysphagiavoiceproblems pages 1-2, sharma2024dysphagiavoiceproblems pages 2-3)

In the same cohort, EORTC QLQ-C30 functional scores were relatively high for cognitive functioning (mean 80.76) and role functioning (80.30), while symptoms included pain (mean 42.42), fatigue (42.22), and financial difficulties (41.21) (sharma2024dysphagiavoiceproblems pages 1-2).

A 2024 systematic review of phase II/III trials emphasized dysphagia and speech problems as long-term burdens: dysphagia/dysarthria were described as affecting ~50% within the first year post-radiotherapy with persistence in subsets for years, and treatment-associated weight loss (>5%) occurs in 66% during therapy (filippini2024healthrelatedqualityof pages 1-2).

3.4 Suggested UBERON terms (anatomy)

• Oral cavity (UBERON:0000165)
• Oropharynx (UBERON:0001729)
• Larynx (UBERON:0001737)
• Hypopharynx (UBERON:0006562)

(UBERON IDs are standard ontology suggestions; not explicitly enumerated in the retrieved papers.)

4. Genetic / molecular information

4.1 Core somatic driver landscape (HPV−)

HPV− HNSCC is characterized by frequent tumor suppressor alterations and extensive CNAs (park2024advancedhumanpapillomavirus–negative pages 1-2, huang2023circulatingtumourdna pages 4-6).

A 2024 expert review focusing on advanced HPV− HNSCC reports mutation/alteration frequencies: - TP53 altered ~84% - CDKN2A altered ~58% - CCND1 altered ~31% - PIK3CA altered ~34% and recurrent focal deletions including NSD1, FAT1, NOTCH1, SMAD4 (park2024advancedhumanpapillomavirus–negative pages 1-2).

A ctDNA-focused 2023 review similarly emphasizes TP53 dominance and notes TP53 mutations in 73–100% of HPV− HNSCC in cited series, plus recurrent alterations impacting CCND1/CDKN2A, FAT1 (Wnt signaling activation), NOTCH pathway, EGFR CNV, and NRF2 pathway (smoking-associated) (huang2023circulatingtumourdna pages 4-6).

4.2 Copy number alterations and genomic subclasses

A 2024 Nature Communications study identifies a distinct HPV− oral cavity SCC subgroup with no/few CNAs (“CNA-quiet”) comprising 73/802 (9.1%), enriched for wild-type TP53 and frequent CASP8/HRAS mutations, with a less immunosuppressed TME (lower regulatory T-cell density) and improved survival compared with CNA-other tumors (muijlwijk2024hallmarksofa pages 1-2).

4.3 Immune microenvironment and transcriptomic subtypes (2024)

A 2024 transcriptomic immune deconvolution analysis across >700 HPV− HNSCC cases assigns HPV− tumors into four molecular subtypes (classical, basal, mesenchymal, atypical) and reports: - Atypical and mesenchymal subtypes show greater immune enrichment and T-cell exhaustion phenotypes relative to classical and basal - distinct B-cell maturation/isotype patterns - a hypothesis that treatments enhancing B-cell activity may benefit atypical subtypes (xie2024immunelandscapein pages 1-2, xie2024immunelandscapein pages 2-3).

4.4 Mechanistic pathways (GO term suggestions)

Key pathways and processes inferred from the evidence: - Cell-cycle dysregulation (GO:0007049 cell cycle) via TP53/CDKN2A loss, CCND1 gain (park2024advancedhumanpapillomavirus–negative pages 1-2) - DNA damage response / genomic instability (GO:0006974 cellular response to DNA damage stimulus) (huang2023circulatingtumourdna pages 4-6) - EGFR/PI3K/AKT signaling (GO:0014066 regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling; GO:0045744 negative regulation of G1/S transition) (park2024advancedhumanpapillomavirus–negative pages 1-2, huang2023circulatingtumourdna pages 4-6) - Hypoxia response (GO:0001666 response to hypoxia) and immune suppression in tobacco-associated HPV− tumors (park2024advancedhumanpapillomavirus–negative pages 1-2)

4.5 Cell types (CL term suggestions)

• Squamous epithelial cells / keratinocytes (CL:0000312)
• Tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells (CL:0000625)
• Regulatory T cells (Treg) (CL:0000815)
• B cells (CL:0000236)

(Cell Ontology IDs are standard ontology suggestions; not explicitly enumerated in the retrieved papers.)

5. Environmental information

5.1 Lifestyle and environmental drivers

The strongest evidence-supported modifiable drivers for HPV− HNSCC remain: - Tobacco exposure - Alcohol exposure with synergy increasing risk substantially (huang2023circulatingtumourdna pages 1-2).

6. Mechanism / pathophysiology (causal chain)

6.1 Upstream triggers to downstream disease

A consistent mechanistic model supported by recent reviews is: 1) Carcinogen exposure (tobacco/alcohol) → 2) DNA damage and mutagenesis → 3) Loss of tumor suppressor control and cell-cycle checkpoint failure (TP53, CDKN2A; CCND1 gains) → 4) CNA accumulation and pathway rewiring (EGFR/PI3K signaling; Wnt/NOTCH disruption; NRF2 oxidative stress response) → 5) Immune evasion / hypoxic noninflamed TME in many tumors → 6) Invasion/metastasis and therapy resistance (park2024advancedhumanpapillomavirus–negative pages 1-2, huang2023circulatingtumourdna pages 4-6).

6.2 HPV− immune escape and treatment resistance (expert analysis)

A 2024 HPV−-focused therapeutic review attributes worse outcomes partly to a “noninflamed and hypoxic tumor microenvironment” and reduced immune activation, including fewer CD8+ T cells and suppressed interferon pathway signals in tobacco-associated HPV− tumors (park2024advancedhumanpapillomavirus–negative pages 1-2).

7. Anatomical structures affected

Primary sites are the mucosal epithelium of the oral cavity, pharynx (including oropharynx), larynx, and hypopharynx (tasoulas2023geneticallyengineeredmouse pages 1-2, xie2024immunelandscapein pages 1-2). Complications and functional impacts reflect involvement of swallowing and voice structures in the upper aerodigestive tract (filippini2024healthrelatedqualityof pages 1-2, sharma2024dysphagiavoiceproblems pages 1-2).

8. Temporal development

8.1 Onset and course

HPV− HNSCC commonly presents in older patients and is frequently diagnosed at advanced stages in many settings (krsek2024theroleof pages 14-15, park2024advancedhumanpapillomavirus–negative pages 1-2). The clinical course varies by subsite and stage; survivorship can be characterized by prolonged functional impairment (dysphagia, xerostomia, speech/voice problems) especially after radiotherapy (filippini2024healthrelatedqualityof pages 1-2).

8.2 Staging frameworks

OPSCC staging has distinct HPV-associated vs HPV-independent rules under AJCC/UICC 8th edition; p16 status is incorporated into staging for OPSCC because of prognostic separation (gallus2023accuracyofp16 pages 1-2, tran2024advancesinhuman pages 6-7).

9. Inheritance and population

HPV− HNSCC is not typically a monogenic inherited disorder; it is best modeled as multifactorial (environmental carcinogens + somatic evolution). No germline inheritance pattern is supported by the provided evidence.

Epidemiology highlights (recent quantitative data)

• Global burden (GBD 2019 analysis, published 2024): incidence 1,159,496 and deaths 554,146 for head and neck cancers in 2019, with ASIR 13.97 and ASDR 6.74 (zhou2024globalburdenof pages 1-2).
• SEER OPSCC HPV testing trends (2010–2017): testing increased from 21.95% (2010) to 51.37% (2014); HPV-positive rates among tested OPSCC increased from 66.37% (2010) to 79.32% (2016) (kim2024aseerbasedanalysis pages 1-2).

10. Diagnostics

10.1 HPV testing and p16 IHC workflow (key concepts)

A guideline-aligned approach in the evidence base is: 1) p16 IHC as initial screening for OPSCC/selected HNSCC contexts, with p16 positivity defined as >70% of tumor cells showing moderate-to-strong nuclear and cytoplasmic staining (tran2024advancesinhuman pages 6-7). 2) Confirmatory nucleic-acid testing when clinical decisions depend on HPV-driven status (e.g., de-intensification or staging certainty), using DNA ISH/PCR or (preferably for transcriptional activity) RNA ISH targeting E6/E7 mRNA (tran2024advancesinhuman pages 6-7, gallus2023accuracyofp16 pages 2-4).

10.2 Discordance and false positives (quantitative)

p16 is sensitive but not fully specific. A 2024 review reported p16 overexpression in 93.2% of HPV-positive OPSCC but also 18.8% of HPV-negative patients; another cited series found 24% p16 positivity in HPV16-negative tumors, suggesting non-HPV causes of p16 upregulation (e.g., inflammation/regeneration or p53-related biology) (tran2024advancesinhuman pages 6-6).

A 2023 analysis emphasizes that p16 false-positive rates depend on HPV prevalence in the tested population and warns that p16+/HPV− tumors can have prognosis similar to p16− tumors; thus confirmatory HPV nucleic-acid testing is recommended, especially in low-prevalence settings (gallus2023accuracyofp16 pages 1-2).

Table-based evidence of false-positive rates across populations and assays is shown in Table 1 from Gallus et al. (cropped table images) (gallus2023accuracyofp16 media 97554451, gallus2023accuracyofp16 media 6b48023a, gallus2023accuracyofp16 media 4f7617b0).

10.3 p16 + p53 immunostaining as a pragmatic classifier (2024)

A 2024 Head & Neck Pathology study proposes combined p16 and p53 IHC to classify HNSCC as: - HPV-associated (HPV-A): p16+/p53 wildtype - HPV-independent (HPV-I): p16−/p53 abnormal (“mutant pattern”)

In their cohort (n=31), 28/31 were straightforward; discordant cases were resolved with molecular testing. Adding p53 IHC increased the positive predictive value (PPV) of p16 positivity for HPV-A from 91.7% to 100%; HPV-associated p53 patterns showed specificity 100% with sensitivity 83% (pakkanen2024simultaneousp53and pages 1-2, pakkanen2024simultaneousp53and pages 5-6).

10.4 Biomarkers beyond HPV status (liquid biopsy)

ctDNA is discussed as a biomarker for prognosis and surveillance in HNSCC due to tumor heterogeneity and sampling limitations; the cited review provides global burden and emphasizes the need for alternative sampling strategies, but does not provide HPV−-specific validated ctDNA thresholds in the excerpt (huang2023circulatingtumourdna pages 1-2).

11. Outcome / prognosis

HPV− OPSCC and HPV− HNSCC overall show substantially worse outcomes than HPV-associated disease, with strong population-level evidence.

Table: This table summarizes key outcome evidence for HPV-negative HNSCC/OPSCC, including population-level mortality differences, prognostic biomarkers, and biologically distinct prognostic subgroups. It is useful for quickly identifying where HPV-negative disease has worse outcomes and which recent markers may refine risk stratification.

Key quantitative evidence includes: - SEER OPSCC 2010–2015: 5-year head-and-neck cancer-specific mortality 26.9% (HPV−) vs 10.7% (HPV+) (zhang2023causeofdeath pages 1-2). - Translational prognostic biomarkers for HPV− HNSCC: LAMC2 and TGM3 improved outcome prediction beyond nodal status in a validation cohort of 404 patients (waas2024molecularcorrelatesfor pages 1-2). - A favorable HPV− oral cavity SCC subgroup (“CNA-quiet”, 9.1%) with lower Treg density and better survival (muijlwijk2024hallmarksofa pages 1-2).

12. Treatment

12.1 Standard-of-care (real-world implementation)

Across HPV status, core modalities remain surgery, radiotherapy, and systemic therapy, with immune checkpoint inhibitors now standard for recurrent/metastatic disease (krsek2024theroleof pages 14-15, harrington2023pembrolizumabwithor pages 1-2).

For recurrent/metastatic HNSCC, KEYNOTE-048 established pembrolizumab-based first-line therapy stratified by PD-L1 combined positive score (CPS). The updated JCO 2023 report concludes: “With a 4-year follow-up, first-line pembrolizumab and pembrolizumab-chemotherapy continued to demonstrate survival benefit versus cetuximab-chemotherapy” (harrington2023pembrolizumabwithor pages 1-2). This is particularly relevant to HPV− disease because HPV− tumors comprise a major proportion of R/M HNSCC.

Table: This table summarizes pivotal trial and real-world evidence for first-line systemic therapy in recurrent/metastatic HNSCC, emphasizing findings most relevant to HPV-negative disease. It highlights long-term KEYNOTE-048 results, Japanese 5-year follow-up, and real-world pembrolizumab outcomes for practical comparison.

12.2 Real-world evidence (2023–2024)

A large US real-world cohort (published 22 May 2023) evaluated first-line pembrolizumab in R/M HNSCC and reported median real-world OS (rwOS) ~12 months in both pembrolizumab monotherapy and pembrolizumab+chemotherapy groups; HPV-positive status was associated with longer rwOS, implying HPV− patients are an adverse-risk subset in practice (black2023realworldtreatmentpatterns pages 1-2, black2023realworldtreatmentpatterns pages 3-5).

12.3 HPV-negative-specific unmet need and emerging strategies (expert view)

A 2024 HPV−-focused therapeutic review emphasizes that durable responses to PD-1 blockade occur in only a subset, and cetuximab responses are “short-lived,” with resistance linked to EGFR–c-MET pathway crosstalk, motivating dual-targeting strategies in HPV− disease (park2024advancedhumanpapillomavirus–negative pages 1-2).

12.4 HPV−/p16− clinical trials (examples)

HPV−-restricted (or explicitly p16−/HPV-unrelated) trials in the retrieved ClinicalTrials.gov evidence include neoadjuvant immunoradiotherapy strategies and combined immunotherapy-RT regimens (NCT03624231 chunk 1, NCT03635164 chunk 2, NCT06161545 chunk 1).

Table: This table summarizes retrieved ClinicalTrials.gov studies and one pivotal reference trial relevant to HPV-negative or p16-negative HNSCC. It highlights populations, treatment settings, interventions, phases, endpoints, and key operational notes such as interim stopping or withdrawal.

12.5 MAXO (treatment action ontology) suggestions

• Surgery (MAXO: surgical procedure)
• Radiotherapy (MAXO: radiation therapy)
• Platinum-based chemotherapy (MAXO: chemotherapy)
• Anti–PD-1 therapy (pembrolizumab/nivolumab) (MAXO: immunotherapy)
• Anti-EGFR therapy (cetuximab) (MAXO: targeted therapy)

(MAXO IDs are suggested categories; not explicitly enumerated in the retrieved evidence.)

13. Prevention

13.1 Primary prevention (HPV− relevance)

Because tobacco and alcohol account for a large proportion of HNSCC burden and are central in HPV− etiology, risk-factor reduction is the most direct prevention strategy for HPV− disease (huang2023circulatingtumourdna pages 1-2, gribb2023humanpapillomavirus pages 1-3).

A prevention-oriented review explicitly states: “The main risk factors for oropharyngeal SCCa have been multi-factorial, including tobacco and alcohol use” (published April 2023) (gribb2023humanpapillomavirus pages 1-3).

13.2 HPV vaccination (indirect relevance to HPV− burden)

HPV vaccination is the primary prevention strategy for HPV-associated OPSCC and may alter relative proportions of HPV− vs HPV+ OPSCC over time.

A 2023 public policy review reports vaccine efficacy against oral HPV infection of 88–93%, and notes that as of 2022, 122/195 (63%) WHO member states had national HPV vaccination programs, with 41/122 (34%) gender-neutral coverage (ndon2023humanpapillomavirusassociatedoropharyngeal pages 1-3). A 2024 Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology review notes HPV is attributed to 31% of oropharyngeal cancers worldwide and that vaccination will likely prevent HPV-associated cancers beyond cervical cancer (malagon2024epidemiologyofhpvassociated pages 1-4).

14. Other species / natural disease

No naturally occurring HPV− HNSCC analogue in non-human species was identified in the retrieved evidence.

15. Model organisms and experimental systems (HPV− translational research)

Preclinical work in HPV− HNSCC relies on complementary in vitro and in vivo model classes, with 4NQO carcinogen models, PDX, and GEMMs/transposon systems being particularly prominent for carcinogen-associated biology.

Table: This table summarizes the main preclinical systems used to study HPV-negative head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, highlighting what each model captures, its limitations, and its best-fit applications. It is useful for matching a research question to the most appropriate model platform.

Key expert consensus points: - 4NQO: immunocompetent and resembles multistep oral carcinogenesis but with long latency (tinhofer2020preclinicalmodelsof pages 4-5, chaves2023preclinicalmodelsin pages 3-4). - PDX: preserves heterogeneity but lacks human immunity and is resource intensive (chaves2023preclinicalmodelsin pages 2-3, zohud2023towardssystemgenetics pages 2-3). - GEMMs: enable causal tests of TP53/CDKN2A-type drivers; some need 4NQO to achieve frank malignancy (tasoulas2023geneticallyengineeredmouse pages 5-7).

Recent developments (2023–2024 emphasis) and “expert opinions” (authoritative synthesis)

1) HPV− molecular stratification is maturing: HPV− HNSCC is not a single entity; transcriptomic subtype immune landscapes (classical/basal/mesenchymal/atypical) and CNA-quiet genomic subclasses support precision stratification and trial design (xie2024immunelandscapein pages 2-3, muijlwijk2024hallmarksofa pages 1-2).

2) Immune checkpoint therapy is standard but insufficient: KEYNOTE-048 continues to support pembrolizumab-based first-line R/M therapy with durable benefit in subsets, while HPV−-specific reviews emphasize a noninflamed/hypoxic TME and tumor suppressor loss contributing to resistance (harrington2023pembrolizumabwithor pages 1-2, park2024advancedhumanpapillomavirus–negative pages 1-2).

3) Diagnostics are shifting toward multimodal confirmation: Recognition of p16 discordance and false positives supports confirmatory HPV nucleic-acid testing and/or combined p16+p53 IHC approaches to classify HPV-associated vs HPV-independent tumors, especially where treatment decisions depend on HPV status (pakkanen2024simultaneousp53and pages 5-6, tran2024advancesinhuman pages 6-7, gallus2023accuracyofp16 media 97554451).

Notes on evidence gaps (from retrieved sources)

• A single MONDO/ICD/MeSH identifier for “HPV-negative HNSCC” was not explicitly retrievable in the provided evidence; operationally, this entity is captured via site-specific HNSCC diagnosis + HPV-negative/HPV-independent classification (artifact-00).
• The provided phenotypic evidence is strongest for survivorship QoL and treatment sequelae; classic presenting symptoms (e.g., neck mass, odynophagia, hoarseness) are widely known clinically but were not explicitly enumerated in the retrieved excerpts.

Embedded visual evidence

• p16 IHC false-positive rates across populations and assays (Table 1 cropped images) (gallus2023accuracyofp16 media 97554451, gallus2023accuracyofp16 media 6b48023a, gallus2023accuracyofp16 media 4f7617b0).

References

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