Cutaneous Larva Migrans (CLM) — Disease Characteristics Research Report

1. Disease information

Overview / current definition

Cutaneous larva migrans (CLM) is a zoonotic, hookworm-related dermatosis caused by penetration of animal hookworm larvae and their subsequent superficial migration within human skin, producing intensely pruritic, slowly advancing, linear/serpiginous tracks (“creeping eruption”). (rodriguezmorales2021cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 1-3, guarda2026importedcutaneouslarva pages 4-7)

A representative clinical image (serpiginous plaque) and histopathologic confirmation (organism in stratum corneum with eosinophil-rich infiltrate) are shown in the 2023 Dermatology Online Journal report. (johanis2023cutaneouslarvamigrans media 1be38c9c, johanis2023cutaneouslarvamigrans media a6ff90a3)

Synonyms / alternative names

Synonyms used in the clinical/review literature include: hookworm-related cutaneous larva migrans (HrCLM), creeping eruption, zoonotic hookworm infection, serpiginous linear dermatitis, ground itch, sandworm, and plumber’s itch. (rodriguezmorales2021cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 1-3)

Key identifiers (ontology/coding)

• MeSH: “Cutaneous Larva Migrans” / “Larva Migrans, Cutaneous” is used as an indexed subject term in the biomedical literature; however, the MeSH ID was not present in the retrieved full-text snippets. (guarda2026importedcutaneouslarva pages 4-7)
• ICD-10/ICD-11: A CLM-specific ICD code was not explicitly stated in the CLM-focused papers retrieved here; several sources refer generally to use of ICD groupings/codes in datasets, but without giving a CLM code. (shrestha2024cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 1-2)
• MONDO: A MONDO ID was not found in the retrieved evidence.

Evidence source type

The evidence retrieved here is primarily aggregated disease-level reviews, case reports, and case series/outbreak investigations in humans (travel medicine, dermatology), with supporting epidemiologic and quality-of-life cohort studies. (hochedez2007hookwormrelatedcutaneouslarva pages 4-6, hasni2024cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 2-6, schuster2011lifequalityimpairment pages 1-2)

Table: This compact table summarizes the most actionable disease-characteristics evidence for cutaneous larva migrans, including definition, likely identifiers, causes, exposures, treatment, and recent 2023–2024 developments. It is designed for quick knowledge-base population and citation tracing.

2. Etiology

Primary causal factors (infectious)

CLM is most often attributed to zoonotic hookworms of dogs/cats. Reviews emphasize Ancylostoma braziliense as a principal cause, with other implicated species including Ancylostoma caninum and Uncinaria stenocephala. (rodriguezmorales2021cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 1-3, elmi2025cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 1-3, currie2025cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 6-7)

Humans are accidental/dead-end hosts; larvae generally do not mature to adult intestinal worms in humans. (rodriguezmorales2021cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 1-3)

Risk factors

Commonly supported risks include: * Bare-skin contact with contaminated sand/soil, especially beaches and sandboxes (walking barefoot, sitting/lying on sand). (rodriguezmorales2021cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 1-3, guarda2026importedcutaneouslarva pages 4-7) * Exposure to dog/cat feces or untreated pets (domestic or stray), especially in resource-poor settings. (shrestha2024cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 1-2, johanis2023cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 1-3) * Occupational soil exposure (e.g., farming, gardening, animal handling). (elmi2025cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 1-3, hasni2024cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 2-6) * Climate/environmental events: a 2024 Oman case series reported a cluster occurring “mainly after periods of rainfall” and noted recent contact with “water puddles or mud” across cases, supporting a role for unusual wet conditions facilitating larval survival/exposure. (hasni2024cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 2-6, hasni2024cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 6-7)

Protective factors

Direct, empirically quantified protective factors were not provided in the retrieved primary studies. Prevention recommendations (Section 13) imply protective effects of consistent footwear and avoidance of direct contact with contaminated sand/soil. (hochedez2007hookwormrelatedcutaneouslarva pages 4-6, shrestha2024cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 1-2)

Genetic risk / protective factors; gene–environment interactions

CLM is not a genetic disease; no causal human genes/variants or gene–environment interaction studies were present in the retrieved evidence.

3. Phenotypes (clinical presentation)

Core clinical phenotypes

The typical presentation is a pruritic, erythematous, linear/serpiginous track that migrates to adjacent skin over time. (johanis2023cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 1-3, guarda2026importedcutaneouslarva pages 4-7)

A 2023 abstract states CLM is “characterized by erythematous, twisting, and linear plaques that can migrate to adjacent skin.” (johanis2023cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 1-3)

Common sites reflect exposure (feet/ankles; sometimes thighs/buttocks). (guarda2026importedcutaneouslarva pages 4-7, johanis2023cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 1-3)

Complications / atypical features

Complications described across recent and foundational sources include: * Secondary bacterial infection due to excoriation/scratching. (guarda2026importedcutaneouslarva pages 4-7, shrestha2024cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 3-4) * Vesiculobullous lesions and folliculitis (including “hookworm folliculitis”/follicular CLM). (johanis2023cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 1-3, hochedez2007hookwormrelatedcutaneouslarva pages 4-6) * Rare systemic manifestations such as Löffler syndrome are mentioned as exceptional. (rodriguezmorales2021cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 1-3, hasni2024cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 6-7)

Shrestha et al. (2024) summarizes that routine investigations are often normal and that complications can include secondary bacterial infection, allergy, and rare internal migration; the abstract explicitly notes the lesion was initially misdiagnosed as fungal infection and later became “intensely pruritic.” (shrestha2024cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 1-2)

Onset, severity, progression

CLM is often subacute after exposure, with lesions migrating over days to weeks; the condition is generally self-limited, with larvae dying after several weeks if untreated (reported as ~5–6 weeks in a 2024 review/case report). (shrestha2024cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 3-4)

Quality-of-life impact (statistics)

In a cohort of 91 adults and children in Manaus, Brazil, 91.5% had “a considerable reduction of skin disease-associated life quality” at diagnosis; the most frequent restrictions were intense pruritus (93.4%), sleep disturbance (73.6%), and shame (64.8%). (schuster2011lifequalityimpairment pages 1-2)

QoL improved rapidly with ivermectin; by four weeks, 73.3% considered disease-associated life quality to have returned to normal in the abstract, and detailed results show a median mDLQI drop from 5 to 0 with most participants reporting normalization. (schuster2011lifequalityimpairment pages 1-2, schuster2011lifequalityimpairment pages 3-4)

Suggested HPO terms

(Approximate mappings based on described phenotypes; HPO IDs not retrieved in evidence snippets.) * Serpiginous/migratory skin lesion: Skin lesion, Erythema, Linear skin lesion * Pruritus: Pruritus * Excoriations: Excoriation * Vesicles/bullae: Vesicle, Bulla * Sleep disturbance from itch: Insomnia * Eosinophilia (sometimes): Eosinophilia

4. Genetic / molecular information

No human causal genes, pathogenic variants, modifier genes, or epigenetic mechanisms were identified in the retrieved evidence; CLM is fundamentally an infectious/parasitic exposure-driven condition.

5. Environmental information

Environmental factors

Key environmental determinants are soil/sand contamination with animal feces and conditions that permit larval development/survival in the environment (warmth and moisture). (rodriguezmorales2021cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 1-3, guarda2026importedcutaneouslarva pages 4-7, johanis2023cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 3-5)

A 2024 Oman cluster associated CLM occurrence with unusual rainfall events and muddy/puddled environments, implying environmental moisture as a practical outbreak driver. (hasni2024cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 2-6, hasni2024cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 6-7)

Lifestyle factors

Walking barefoot and lying directly on sand/soil are recurring behavioral risks. (rodriguezmorales2021cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 1-3, hochedez2007hookwormrelatedcutaneouslarva pages 4-6)

Infectious agents (pathogens)

Most commonly dog/cat hookworms (Ancylostoma spp.). (rodriguezmorales2021cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 1-3, elmi2025cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 1-3)

6. Mechanism / pathophysiology

Causal chain (trigger → mechanism → phenotype)

1. Environmental contamination with infective larvae from dog/cat hookworms (feces contaminating sand/soil). (rodriguezmorales2021cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 1-3, guarda2026importedcutaneouslarva pages 4-7)
2. Skin penetration of infective larvae after bare-skin contact with contaminated substrate. (guarda2026importedcutaneouslarva pages 4-7)
3. Intraepidermal migration of larvae in humans (who are accidental hosts), producing a moving inflammatory focus along the larval path. (rodriguezmorales2021cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 1-3, guarda2026importedcutaneouslarva pages 4-7)
4. Local inflammation with eosinophils contributes to intense pruritus and visible serpiginous tracks; histology in a U.S. case showed organism in the stratum corneum with a dermal mixed infiltrate including eosinophils. (johanis2023cutaneouslarvamigrans media a6ff90a3)
5. Downstream consequences: scratching/excoriation → secondary bacterial infection; atypical manifestations include bullae or folliculitis. (guarda2026importedcutaneouslarva pages 4-7, hochedez2007hookwormrelatedcutaneouslarva pages 4-6)

Immune involvement / tissue injury

Evidence supports eosinophil-rich inflammation as a recurring histologic pattern, consistent with helminth-driven type 2 inflammation. (johanis2023cutaneouslarvamigrans media a6ff90a3)

Suggested ontology terms

• GO (biological process): inflammatory response; eosinophil chemotaxis; leukocyte migration; pruritus (as neuro-immune symptom)
• CL (cell types): eosinophil; keratinocyte; dermal macrophage; T cell
• UBERON (anatomy): skin of foot; epidermis; stratum corneum; dermis

Molecular profiling / omics

No transcriptomic/proteomic/metabolomic profiling studies were identified in the retrieved evidence.

7. Anatomical structures affected

Organ/system level

Primary organ: skin (typically exposed areas such as foot/ankle, thigh, buttocks). (guarda2026importedcutaneouslarva pages 4-7, johanis2023cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 1-3)

Tissue/cell level

Primary tissue layer: epidermis/stratum corneum with associated dermal inflammation; organism within stratum corneum is documented histologically. (johanis2023cutaneouslarvamigrans media a6ff90a3)

8. Temporal development

Onset and course

CLM is typically acute-to-subacute following exposure and is often self-limited if untreated, although symptoms can persist for weeks; treatment shortens duration substantially. (hochedez2007hookwormrelatedcutaneouslarva pages 4-6, shrestha2024cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 3-4)

Remission

After ivermectin treatment in a Brazilian cohort, lesion resolution and QoL normalization occurred within weeks for most patients. (schuster2011lifequalityimpairment pages 1-2, schuster2011lifequalityimpairment pages 3-4)

9. Inheritance and population

Epidemiology and geography

CLM is classically associated with tropical/subtropical climates and beach exposure, but recent case literature highlights possible geographic expansion.

A 2023 report emphasized that although CLM is traditionally tropical, clinicians should recognize expanding spread, including a case acquired in New England. (johanis2023cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 1-3)

Recent outbreak/case-series data (2023–2024)

• Oman (Seeb, Muscat), 2022–2024: “nine cases of CLM” were reported, 78% pediatric (7/9), with cases occurring mainly after rainfall events and with exposure to puddles/mud. (hasni2024cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 2-6, hasni2024cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 6-7)

Endemic-community prevalence (older but quantitative)

In Manaus, Brazil, CLM prevalence was reported in the QoL study background as up to ~4% overall and 15% in young children in slum communities (contextualizing the burden). (schuster2011lifequalityimpairment pages 1-2)

10. Diagnostics

Clinical diagnosis

Diagnosis is predominantly clinical, based on characteristic serpiginous/migratory track morphology and exposure history; Oman outbreak cases did not require biopsy. (hasni2024cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 2-6)

Laboratory testing

Routine laboratory investigations are often normal; eosinophilia may occur but is not required for diagnosis. (elmi2025cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 1-3, hochedez2007hookwormrelatedcutaneouslarva pages 4-6)

Histopathology / biopsy

Biopsy is not routinely required, but may confirm diagnosis; one 2023 U.S. case described punch biopsy at the leading edge with histology consistent with hookworm. (johanis2023cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 1-3, johanis2023cutaneouslarvamigrans media a6ff90a3)

Differential diagnosis

A recent review of refractory CLM emphasized important mimics and broader differential diagnoses for migratory lesions, including Strongyloides (larva currens—migrates much faster), Gnathostoma, and other parasitic and non-parasitic causes; the differential list included dracunculiasis, fascioliasis, loiasis, paragonimiasis, tungiasis, and myiasis. (currie2025cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 6-7)

A Cureus case report additionally lists common outpatient differentials such as tinea corporis, contact dermatitis, scabies, cellulitis, and arthropod bites. (guarda2026importedcutaneouslarva pages 4-7)

11. Outcome / prognosis

Natural history

CLM is usually self-limited and confined to the skin; however, morbidity can be substantial due to pruritus and sleep disturbance. (rodriguezmorales2021cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 1-3, schuster2011lifequalityimpairment pages 1-2)

Treatment outcomes (statistics)

• Travelers (prospective study): ivermectin achieved an overall 97% cure rate in a prospective series; 77% cured after a single dose and 23% (14/64) required additional treatment because of relapse/non-response; median time to pruritus disappearance 3 days and lesion disappearance 7 days; superinfection occurred in 8% (5 cases). (bouchaud2000cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 4-5)
• Endemic-community QoL cohort: substantial QoL restoration within weeks after ivermectin (median mDLQI improved to near-normal by 2–4 weeks). (schuster2011lifequalityimpairment pages 1-2, schuster2011lifequalityimpairment pages 3-4)

12. Treatment

First-line pharmacotherapy (real-world implementation)

• Ivermectin (oral): widely recommended first-line; cohort-series cure rates reported as 94–100% in most series (lowest 81% in one series), with repeat dosing sometimes required. (johanis2023cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 3-5, bouchaud2000cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 4-5)
• Albendazole (oral): effective alternative; dosing commonly 400 mg/day for 3–7 days, with some practice recommending 400 mg once daily for 5 days (e.g., Oman outbreak recommendation) or 400 mg/day for 1 week in a retrospective series. (johanis2023cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 3-5, hasni2024cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 2-6)

Pediatric considerations

A 2024 case report/review notes a WHO consultation indicating albendazole/mebendazole safety in children ≥12 months and advises against treatment under 12 months; topical therapies may be used when oral therapy is contraindicated. (shrestha2024cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 3-4)

Topical/adjunctive therapy

Topical 10% albendazole is described as an alternative when oral ivermectin/albendazole are contraindicated (e.g., very small children), though multiple lesions/folliculitis may respond less well. (hochedez2007hookwormrelatedcutaneouslarva pages 4-6, shrestha2024cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 3-4)

Treatment developments (2023–2024)

• Outbreak practice variation (Oman 2024): variability in albendazole prescribing prompted a recommended standardized regimen of albendazole 400 mg once daily for five days and improved surveillance. (hasni2024cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 2-6, hasni2024cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 6-7)
• Combination therapy and resistance concern: a 2024 two-patient report from Sudan described successful combined albendazole + ivermectin and framed it as potentially relevant amid concerns about emerging antihelminthic resistance. (currie2025cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 13-13)

Suggested MAXO terms (treatments)

• Anthelmintic therapy; ivermectin administration; albendazole administration; topical anthelmintic therapy; antipruritic therapy (antihistamine); treatment of secondary bacterial infection (antibiotic therapy).

13. Prevention

Primary prevention (behavioral/environmental)

Evidence-based recommendations emphasize: * Consistent footwear and avoidance of direct skin contact with potentially contaminated sand/soil (beaches, sandboxes). (hochedez2007hookwormrelatedcutaneouslarva pages 4-6, shrestha2024cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 1-2) * Pet deworming and management of stray dogs/cats to reduce environmental contamination. (shrestha2024cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 1-2, guarda2026importedcutaneouslarva pages 4-7)

Public health / One Health implementations

The 2024 Oman outbreak report explicitly calls for stronger surveillance and multi-sectoral action, including “electronic notification” of cases, “environmental eradication campaigns,” and collaboration between Ministry of Health, municipality, and agriculture—a practical One Health approach to prevention. (hasni2024cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 6-7)

14. Other species / natural disease

CLM is a zoonosis originating from dogs and cats harboring hookworm infections; environmental contamination with animal feces is repeatedly cited as central to transmission. (rodriguezmorales2021cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 1-3, guarda2026importedcutaneouslarva pages 4-7)

15. Model organisms

No experimental model organism systems were described in the retrieved evidence set. Mechanistic inference relies largely on veterinary parasitology of canine/feline hookworms and human clinical/histopathologic observation. (currie2025cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 6-7, johanis2023cutaneouslarvamigrans media a6ff90a3)

Recent developments and expert synthesis (emphasis 2023–2024)

1. Climate/environment linkage in applied settings: The Oman 2024 case series/outbreak suggests extreme weather and unusual rainfall may precipitate local clusters through increased muddy exposure and larval survival, highlighting a need for climate-aware surveillance. (hasni2024cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 2-6, hasni2024cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 6-7)
2. Geographic expansion beyond classic tropics: A 2023 U.S. case acquired in New England illustrates potential northward spread and the importance of clinician vigilance in temperate regions. (johanis2023cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 1-3)
3. Treatment standardization and access: Recent practice-focused papers emphasize ivermectin as preferred first-line but also document the operational reality of variable dosing practices and the need for standardized regimens and surveillance. (johanis2023cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 3-5, hasni2024cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 6-7)
4. Emerging resistance concerns (One Health): Clinical reports of refractory disease and calls for combination therapy are framed in the broader context of expanding macrocyclic lactone use in animals and emerging multi-drug resistance in animal hookworms, implying a One Health antimicrobial-resistance problem. (currie2025cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 13-13, currie2025cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 6-7)

Key limitations of this evidence package

• Many retrieved clinical sources are case reports/series; robust incidence/prevalence estimates for CLM at national/global scale were not present in the retrieved texts.
• The retrieved full texts did not provide MONDO/MeSH numeric identifiers or CLM-specific ICD codes.
• Several 2023–2024 items were unobtainable in the current retrieval set; additional targeted PubMed/ontology queries would likely improve identifier completeness.

References

1. (rodriguezmorales2021cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 1-3): Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales, Natalia González-Leal, Maria Camila Montes-Montoya, Lorena Fernández-Espíndola, D. Katterine Bonilla-Aldana, José María Azeñas- Burgoa, Juan Carlos Diez de Medina, Verónica Rotela-Fisch, Melany Bermudez-Calderon, Kovy Arteaga-Livias, Fredrikke Dam Larsen, and José A. Suárez. Cutaneous larva migrans. Current Tropical Medicine Reports, 8:190-203, Apr 2021. URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40475-021-00239-0, doi:10.1007/s40475-021-00239-0. This article has 25 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.

2. (guarda2026importedcutaneouslarva pages 4-7): Diego Guarda, Cristóbal Norambuena, Priscilla Marquez, Gerardo Bascuñan, and Diego I Mendez-Villanueva. Imported cutaneous larva migrans in an adolescent traveler: a case report from chile. Cureus, Mar 2026. URL: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.104834, doi:10.7759/cureus.104834. This article has 0 citations.

3. (johanis2023cutaneouslarvamigrans media 1be38c9c): Michael Johanis, Karan S Cheema, Peter A Young, Saisindhu Narala, Atif Saleem, Roberto A Novoa, and Gordon H Bae. Cutaneous larva migrans in the northeastern us. Dermatology Online Journal, Sep 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.5070/d329461906, doi:10.5070/d329461906. This article has 7 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.

4. (johanis2023cutaneouslarvamigrans media a6ff90a3): Michael Johanis, Karan S Cheema, Peter A Young, Saisindhu Narala, Atif Saleem, Roberto A Novoa, and Gordon H Bae. Cutaneous larva migrans in the northeastern us. Dermatology Online Journal, Sep 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.5070/d329461906, doi:10.5070/d329461906. This article has 7 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.

5. (shrestha2024cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 1-2): Amrita Shrestha, Kusha K.C., Abal Baral, Rojina Shrestha, and Rabina Shrestha. Cutaneous larva migrans in a child: a case report and review of literature. Annals of Medicine and Surgery, 86:530-534, Nov 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1097/ms9.0000000000001512, doi:10.1097/ms9.0000000000001512. This article has 10 citations.

6. (hochedez2007hookwormrelatedcutaneouslarva pages 4-6): Patrick Hochedez and Eric Caumes. Hookworm-related cutaneous larva migrans. Journal of travel medicine, 14 5:326-33, Sep 2007. URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1708-8305.2007.00148.x, doi:10.1111/j.1708-8305.2007.00148.x. This article has 213 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.

7. (hasni2024cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 2-6): Alya AL Hasni, Asma Al Musalhi, Fatma AL Ghashri, Zainab AL Hinai, Isra Al Mahruqi, and Amal AL Sedairi. Cutaneous larva migrans outbreak in seeb wilaya: a case series. Oman Medical Journal, Jan 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.5001/omj.2028.07, doi:10.5001/omj.2028.07. This article has 0 citations.

8. (schuster2011lifequalityimpairment pages 1-2): Angela Schuster, Hannah Lesshafft, Sinésio Talhari, Silás Guedes de Oliveira, Ralf Ignatius, and Hermann Feldmeier. Life quality impairment caused by hookworm-related cutaneous larva migrans in resource-poor communities in manaus, brazil. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 5:e1355, Nov 2011. URL: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001355, doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0001355. This article has 51 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.

9. (currie2025cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 6-7): Bart J. Currie, Jessica Hoopes, and Bonny Cumming. Cutaneous larva migrans refractory to therapy with ivermectin: case report and review of implicated zoonotic pathogens, epidemiology, anthelmintic drug resistance and therapy. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, 10:163, Jun 2025. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10060163, doi:10.3390/tropicalmed10060163. This article has 2 citations.

10. (elmi2025cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 1-3): T Elmi, A Ghorbannia Delavar, and M Taheri. Cutaneous larva migrans: clinical challenges and insights from a case report with a literature review. Unknown journal, 2025.

11. (johanis2023cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 1-3): Michael Johanis, Karan S Cheema, Peter A Young, Saisindhu Narala, Atif Saleem, Roberto A Novoa, and Gordon H Bae. Cutaneous larva migrans in the northeastern us. Dermatology Online Journal, Sep 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.5070/d329461906, doi:10.5070/d329461906. This article has 7 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.

12. (johanis2023cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 3-5): Michael Johanis, Karan S Cheema, Peter A Young, Saisindhu Narala, Atif Saleem, Roberto A Novoa, and Gordon H Bae. Cutaneous larva migrans in the northeastern us. Dermatology Online Journal, Sep 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.5070/d329461906, doi:10.5070/d329461906. This article has 7 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.

13. (hasni2024cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 6-7): Alya AL Hasni, Asma Al Musalhi, Fatma AL Ghashri, Zainab AL Hinai, Isra Al Mahruqi, and Amal AL Sedairi. Cutaneous larva migrans outbreak in seeb wilaya: a case series. Oman Medical Journal, Jan 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.5001/omj.2028.07, doi:10.5001/omj.2028.07. This article has 0 citations.

14. (shrestha2024cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 3-4): Amrita Shrestha, Kusha K.C., Abal Baral, Rojina Shrestha, and Rabina Shrestha. Cutaneous larva migrans in a child: a case report and review of literature. Annals of Medicine and Surgery, 86:530-534, Nov 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1097/ms9.0000000000001512, doi:10.1097/ms9.0000000000001512. This article has 10 citations.

15. (currie2025cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 13-13): Bart J. Currie, Jessica Hoopes, and Bonny Cumming. Cutaneous larva migrans refractory to therapy with ivermectin: case report and review of implicated zoonotic pathogens, epidemiology, anthelmintic drug resistance and therapy. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, 10:163, Jun 2025. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10060163, doi:10.3390/tropicalmed10060163. This article has 2 citations.

16. (schuster2011lifequalityimpairment pages 3-4): Angela Schuster, Hannah Lesshafft, Sinésio Talhari, Silás Guedes de Oliveira, Ralf Ignatius, and Hermann Feldmeier. Life quality impairment caused by hookworm-related cutaneous larva migrans in resource-poor communities in manaus, brazil. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 5:e1355, Nov 2011. URL: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001355, doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0001355. This article has 51 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.

17. (bouchaud2000cutaneouslarvamigrans pages 4-5): Olivier Bouchaud, S. Houzé, R. Schiemann, Rémy Durand, P. Ralaimazava, Catherine Ruggeri, and Jean-Pierre Coulaud. Cutaneous larva migrans in travelers: a prospective study, with assessment of therapy with ivermectin. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 31 2:493-8, Aug 2000. URL: https://doi.org/10.1086/313942, doi:10.1086/313942. This article has 179 citations.