Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting (CINV): Comprehensive Disease Characteristics Report

Target disease metadata

• Disease name: Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV)
• Category: Iatrogenic (treatment-related adverse event)
• MONDO ID / MeSH / ICD-10 / ICD-11: Not retrievable from the provided tool-derived corpus; therefore not asserted here.
• Common synonyms/alternative names: CINV; acute CINV; delayed CINV; long-delayed/persistent CINV; anticipatory CINV; breakthrough CINV; refractory CINV. (jeryczynski2026antiemetictherapy pages 1-2, montes2026ttdexpertconsensus pages 3-5, rapoport20242023updatedmasccesmo pages 5-6)
• Evidence source types used in this report: Aggregated guideline resources (MASCC/ESMO), expert consensus, randomized-trial synthesis, and real-world observational data. (herrstedt20242023updatedmasccesmo pages 1-2, rapoport20242023updatedmasccesmo pages 1-2, sun2024theevolvinglandscape pages 1-2, uchiike2023olanzapinetreatmenteffectively pages 1-2)

1. Disease information (overview and current understanding)

CINV is a common, distressing adverse effect of antineoplastic therapy characterized by nausea and/or vomiting that occurs temporally in relation to chemotherapy exposure, with clinically relevant subtypes defined by timing and response to prophylaxis. Acute CINV occurs in the first 24 hours, delayed CINV occurs from 24–120 hours, and some sources additionally describe long-delayed/persistent symptoms beyond 120 hours; these later phases remain a major clinical challenge. (jeryczynski2026antiemetictherapy pages 1-2)

Key contemporary definitions/classifications (clinical phenotypes)

Definitions supported by guideline and expert consensus sources include: - Acute CINV: within 0–24 h after chemotherapy. (jeryczynski2026antiemetictherapy pages 1-2, uchiike2023olanzapinetreatmenteffectively pages 1-2) - Delayed CINV: 24–120 h after chemotherapy; one consensus also highlights a common window of 24–72 h. (jeryczynski2026antiemetictherapy pages 1-2, montes2026ttdexpertconsensus pages 3-5) - Long-delayed/persistent CINV: >120 h after chemotherapy. (jeryczynski2026antiemetictherapy pages 1-2) - Anticipatory CINV: conditioned response occurring before treatment (linked to prior negative experiences). (montes2026ttdexpertconsensus pages 3-5, dhabhar2025expertconsensusguidance pages 5-6) - Breakthrough CINV: nausea/vomiting occurring despite guideline-directed prophylaxis; MASCC/ESMO explicitly defines it as occurring “during chemotherapy regardless of prophylaxis with guideline-directed antiemetics.” (rapoport20242023updatedmasccesmo pages 5-6) - Refractory CINV: symptoms recurring in subsequent cycles despite management in prior cycles. (montes2026ttdexpertconsensus pages 3-5)

A structured subtype table with suggested HPO mappings is provided in Artifact 00.

Table: This table summarizes the clinically recognized temporal and response-pattern subtypes of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, along with the dominant mediators supported by the cited evidence. It also suggests best-effort HPO mappings for structured phenotype annotation.

2. Etiology and risk/protective factors

2.1 Primary causal factors (mechanistic)

CINV is caused by chemotherapy-triggered activation of peripheral and central emetic pathways, including gastrointestinal mucosal injury with neurotransmitter release and central chemoreceptor trigger zone/vomiting center activation. (aher2025aretrospectivedrug pages 1-3, montes2026ttdexpertconsensus pages 3-5)

2.2 Treatment-related risk factors

Emetogenicity of the antineoplastic regimen is a key determinant. - High-emetic-risk chemotherapy (HEC) is defined as >90% risk of vomiting in the first 24 h without prophylaxis and includes cisplatin and the anthracycline–cyclophosphamide (AC) combination (in women with breast cancer), among others. (herrstedt20242023updatedmasccesmo pages 1-2) - MASCC/ESMO updated the classification of newer antineoplastic agents (FDA/EMA approvals 2015–2023), revising oral-agent classification to two categories (minimal–low vs moderate–high) to align with ASCO, while retaining the four-category schema for IV agents; the panel emphasized large heterogeneity and imprecision for oral agents. (jordan2024emeticriskclassification pages 1-2)

2.3 Patient-related risk factors

Expert consensus and meta-analytic evidence highlight: - Female sex and younger age (e.g., <50) as major risk factors. (montes2026ttdexpertconsensus pages 3-5) - Prior CINV predicting subsequent cycles; MASCC/ESMO notes prior history significantly predicts later-cycle CINV. (rapoport20242023updatedmasccesmo pages 5-6) - History of pregnancy emesis and motion sickness as additional risk factors. (montes2026ttdexpertconsensus pages 3-5) - Anxiety and fatigue as risk factors in platinum-based chemotherapy meta-analysis (OR 1.689 and OR 1.413, respectively). (suzukichiba2024comparisonofolanzapine pages 5-7)

2.4 Pharmacogenomics / genetic susceptibility

A clinically relevant pharmacogenomic point is that CYP2D6 ultra-rapid metabolizers may be undertreated with standard 5-HT3 receptor antagonist dosing, implying reduced antiemetic efficacy for some patients. (montes2026ttdexpertconsensus pages 3-5)

2.5 Environmental/clinical co-factors

Concomitant exposures and clinical context can modulate risk, including opioids/NSAIDs and radiotherapy site/dose. (montes2026ttdexpertconsensus pages 3-5)

2.6 Protective factors (evidence-supported)

Protective “factors” are largely iatrogenic/behavioral (preventive pharmacotherapy and implementation): - Guideline-concordant primary prophylaxis (prophylaxis before chemotherapy rather than rescue) is emphasized as key for preventing CINV and reducing later problems such as anticipatory CINV. (jeryczynski2026antiemetictherapy pages 1-2, dhabhar2025expertconsensusguidance pages 5-6)

A structured risk/protective/implementation table is provided in Artifact 02.

Table: This table summarizes evidence-backed CINV risk factors, limited protective factors, and real-world implementation/effectiveness findings, including pharmacogenomic risk, adherence gaps, and olanzapine outcomes. It is useful for knowledge-base curation and risk-stratified supportive care planning.

3. Phenotypes (symptoms/signs), frequencies, and QoL implications

3.1 Core phenotypes

• Nausea and vomiting are the defining symptoms; nausea is repeatedly highlighted as the persistent unmet need even as emesis control improves. (herrstedt20242023updatedmasccesmo pages 7-8, rapoport20242023updatedmasccesmo pages 5-6)
• Suggested HPO:
• Nausea: HP:0002018 (candidate mapping based on standard HPO usage)
• Vomiting: HP:0002013 (candidate mapping)

3.2 Frequencies/data points from recent studies and guideline-cited cohorts

• Breakthrough CINV burden: MASCC/ESMO cites a prospective multicenter Japanese study (n=1910 MEC/HEC patients) in which “almost half of the patients experienced breakthrough nausea and vomiting despite prophylactic use of antiemetics.” (rapoport20242023updatedmasccesmo pages 5-6)
• Real-world breakthrough treatment outcomes (olanzapine): In 127 patients treated for breakthrough CINV refractory to standard therapy, baseline severity was grade 1 (18%), grade 2 (69%), grade 3 (13%); after olanzapine (2.5/5/10 mg/day), improvement occurred in 83% and complete response in 33%, with somnolence the most common adverse effect (27%) and no grade ≥3 AEs. (uchiike2023olanzapinetreatmenteffectively pages 1-2)

3.3 Quality of life impact

CINV is described as one of the most distressing adverse effects of chemotherapy and a contributor to interruptions/discontinuation in cancer therapy; persistent nausea is emphasized as a key residual problem. (jeryczynski2026antiemetictherapy pages 1-2, herrstedt20242023updatedmasccesmo pages 7-8)

4. Genetic / molecular information

CINV is not a monogenic disorder and does not have “causal genes” in the Mendelian sense. Evidence in the provided corpus supports a pharmacogenomic modifier concept (e.g., CYP2D6 affecting 5-HT3 receptor antagonist exposure/effect), but does not provide specific variants/allele frequencies suitable for ClinVar-style annotation. (montes2026ttdexpertconsensus pages 3-5)

5. Environmental information

For CINV, “environmental” contributors are best conceptualized as clinical context exposures: - Concomitant medications (opioids, NSAIDs) and radiation parameters can influence emesis risk. (montes2026ttdexpertconsensus pages 3-5)

6. Mechanism / pathophysiology

6.1 Causal chain (current mechanistic understanding)

1. Chemotherapy exposure damages GI mucosa and/or activates central chemoreceptor pathways.
2. Peripheral neurotransmitter release (notably serotonin from enterochromaffin cells) activates vagal afferents and central pathways.
3. Central integration in brainstem/emetic circuitry produces nausea/vomiting.

Specific mediator timing: - Acute CINV: linked to serotonin → 5-HT3 receptor signaling (GI tract and CNS), with vagal and splanchnic afferent involvement. (montes2026ttdexpertconsensus pages 3-5, aher2025aretrospectivedrug pages 1-3) - Delayed CINV: linked to substance P → NK1 receptor signaling. (montes2026ttdexpertconsensus pages 3-5, aher2025aretrospectivedrug pages 1-3) - Inflammation/cytokines: IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6 can sensitize vagal afferents; IL-33 may stimulate serotonin release, connecting inflammation to emesis. (montes2026ttdexpertconsensus pages 3-5, montes2026ttdexpertconsensus pages 2-3)

6.2 Anatomical structures and cell types implicated

• GI tract / gastric mucosa (injury/toxicity site). (jeryczynski2026antiemetictherapy pages 1-2)
• Enterochromaffin cells (serotonin source). (aher2025aretrospectivedrug pages 1-3, montes2026ttdexpertconsensus pages 2-3)
• Vagus nerve / vagal afferents; afferent splanchnic pathways. (montes2026ttdexpertconsensus pages 3-5)
• Chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) in area postrema of the medulla; vomiting center/brainstem. (aher2025aretrospectivedrug pages 1-3, montes2026ttdexpertconsensus pages 2-3)

Ontology suggestions (candidates; not exhaustively validated in this corpus): - UBERON: stomach, gastrointestinal tract, medulla oblongata, area postrema; vagus nerve. - CL: enterochromaffin cell. - GO biological process: emesis; regulation of neurotransmitter secretion; inflammatory response; vagus nerve signaling.

7. Anatomical structures affected

Primary “affected” systems are functional emesis circuits spanning: - Digestive system (gastric mucosa, GI tract). (aher2025aretrospectivedrug pages 1-3, jeryczynski2026antiemetictherapy pages 1-2) - Nervous system (vagus nerve, brainstem/medullary emetic circuitry). (aher2025aretrospectivedrug pages 1-3, montes2026ttdexpertconsensus pages 3-5)

8. Temporal development

• Onset is acute/subacute and linked to chemotherapy dosing episodes.
• Time-anchored phases are central to management: acute (0–24 h), delayed (24–120 h), and long-delayed (>120 h). (jeryczynski2026antiemetictherapy pages 1-2)

9. Inheritance and population

CINV is not inherited in a Mendelian pattern. Population differences may arise from treatment distributions and pharmacogenomics (e.g., CYP2D6 metabolizer phenotypes), but detailed population genetics are not present in the provided corpus. (montes2026ttdexpertconsensus pages 3-5)

10. Diagnostics / assessment

CINV is clinically diagnosed and monitored using symptom grading and patient-reported measures.

10.1 Clinical assessment tools and endpoints

• CTCAE grading is used to classify severity and define improvement (e.g., “downgrade in CINV symptoms”); used in real-world olanzapine study. (uchiike2023olanzapinetreatmenteffectively pages 1-2)
• Complete response (CR) commonly defined as no emetic episodes and no rescue medication. (rapoport20242023updatedmasccesmo pages 5-6)
• Visual analog scale (VAS) for nausea: 0 (no nausea) to 100 mm (worst possible nausea), used as an exploratory nausea endpoint in some studies. (rapoport20242023updatedmasccesmo pages 5-6)

10.2 Differential diagnosis (important in breakthrough/persistent symptoms)

MASCC/ESMO emphasizes considering non-chemotherapy causes of persistent nausea/vomiting, including: - Gastrointestinal: constipation, mucositis, hepatic metastases. - Neurological: CNS metastases. - Metabolic: electrolyte abnormalities. - Drug-related: narcotics, antibiotics. - Psychophysiological causes. (rapoport20242023updatedmasccesmo pages 5-6)

11. Outcomes / prognosis

CINV rarely affects long-term survival directly but substantially impacts tolerability and supportive-care burden.

11.1 Persistent burden despite prophylaxis

In clinical practice, “over 40%” of patients still experience CINV despite major antiemetic advances. (sun2024theevolvinglandscape pages 1-2)

11.2 Quantitative trial-level improvements (cisplatin RCT landscape)

A 2024 analysis of 156 cisplatin-based RCTs reported stepwise improvements in vomiting control aligned with major antiemetic eras: - No-vomiting improved from 40.30% → 54.18% after 5-HT3RA-based doublets and then to 66.01% after NK1RA-based triplets. (sun2024theevolvinglandscape pages 2-5) - Acute-phase no-vomiting improved from 50.46% → 76.98% with 5-HT3RA+glucocorticoid vs 5-HT3RA alone, and to 91.30% after adding an NK1RA. (sun2024theevolvinglandscape pages 2-5) However, nausea control improvements were modest and nausea outcomes were frequently underreported in antiemetic trials. (sun2024theevolvinglandscape pages 1-2, sun2024theevolvinglandscape pages 2-5)

12. Treatment (and real-world implementation)

12.1 Guideline-based pharmacologic prophylaxis (2023 MASCC/ESMO updates; published online 2023, in 2024 journal issue)

The MASCC/ESMO 2023 update for high-emetic-risk chemotherapy emphasizes: - Olanzapine as a fixed component of a four-drug prophylactic regimen for both AC and non-AC HEC. (herrstedt20242023updatedmasccesmo pages 1-2) - Steroid-sparing for AC HEC: “no need to prescribe steroids (dexamethasone) beyond day 1 after AC HEC,” while non-AC HEC retains a multi-day dexamethasone regimen. (herrstedt20242023updatedmasccesmo pages 1-2, herrstedt20242023updatedmasccesmo pages 7-8) Visual evidence from the guideline summary table is provided in Table 2 image (MASCC/ESMO high-risk update). (herrstedt20242023updatedmasccesmo media aa8b3b03)

A structured regimen summary is provided in Artifact 01.

Table: This table summarizes the key 2023-2024 MASCC/ESMO guideline-update recommendations for major CINV settings supported by the retrieved evidence. It highlights regimen components, dexamethasone duration, and where olanzapine is fixed, optional, or recommended for rescue.

12.2 Multiple-day cisplatin prophylaxis (MASCC/ESMO 2023 update)

For multiple-day cisplatin, MASCC/ESMO recommends 5-HT3RA + dexamethasone + aprepitant + olanzapine, with explicit dosing schedules and bedtime olanzapine suggested. (rapoport20242023updatedmasccesmo pages 5-6)

12.3 HSCT / high-dose chemotherapy

For high-dose chemotherapy with stem cell transplantation, MASCC/ESMO recommends 5-HT3RA + dexamethasone + aprepitant, with olanzapine as a consideration. (rapoport20242023updatedmasccesmo pages 1-2)

12.4 Breakthrough CINV (rescue)

MASCC/ESMO recommends olanzapine for breakthrough CINV if it was not used in prophylaxis, with evidence supporting daily dosing for 3 days. (rapoport20242023updatedmasccesmo pages 1-2, rapoport20242023updatedmasccesmo pages 5-6)

12.5 Dose optimization and real-world effectiveness

• Breakthrough treatment effectiveness: real-world cohort showed 83% improvement and 33% complete response with olanzapine. (uchiike2023olanzapinetreatmenteffectively pages 1-2)
• Prophylaxis dose comparison (Japan 2024): 2.5 mg olanzapine was associated with higher additional antiemetic use than 5 mg (36% vs 31%, p<0.001) with similar length of stay (8 days) and similar hospitalization cost (5061 vs 5160 USD, p=0.07). (suzukichiba2024comparisonofolanzapine pages 1-2)

12.6 Pediatric antiemetics (2024 systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis)

A 2024 pediatric NMA (16 RCTs; 3115 patients) found that, when given with dexamethasone, NK1 antagonists with ondansetron ranked highest for several complete/partial response outcomes; palonosetron performed better than ondansetron for delayed/overall CR and nausea prevention; and post hoc analysis suggested benefit from adding olanzapine to aprepitant+ondansetron regimens. (walker2024antiemeticmedicationsfor pages 1-2)

12.7 Implementation science: adherence gaps and pharmacist interventions

• Reviews note guideline adherence is often suboptimal (historically 11–29% appropriate prophylaxis; more recently ~50% guideline-consistent use). (jeryczynski2026antiemetictherapy pages 1-2)
• A pharmacist-led intervention increased delayed-phase guideline adherence from 6.6% to 89% and improved delayed complete protection from 54% to 74% (P<0.05) in an mCRC MEC setting, illustrating real-world implementation gains. (fujii2024pharmacistinterventionand pages 2-5)

Suggested MAXO terms (candidates)

• Antiemetic prophylaxis
• Administration of 5-HT3 receptor antagonist
• Administration of NK1 receptor antagonist
• Administration of corticosteroid therapy (dexamethasone)
• Administration of olanzapine

Suggested CHEBI entities (candidates)

• Dexamethasone
• Olanzapine
• Aprepitant / fosaprepitant
• Palonosetron / ondansetron / granisetron
• Netupitant (as NEPA when combined with palonosetron)

13. Prevention

Primary prevention is largely pharmacologic prophylaxis matched to emetogenic risk, emphasizing correct upfront regimens over rescue therapy. (jeryczynski2026antiemetictherapy pages 1-2, rapoport20242023updatedmasccesmo pages 5-6)

A key prevention concept is that optimal control in cycle 1 helps prevent anticipatory CINV in later cycles. (dhabhar2025expertconsensusguidance pages 5-6)

14. Other species / natural disease

Not applicable as a naturally occurring disease entity; this is iatrogenic and treatment-triggered.

15. Model organisms

Not represented in the retrieved corpus; mechanistic understanding in these sources is primarily human clinical/pharmacologic.

Direct abstract quotes supporting key statements (selected)

• MASCC/ESMO multiple-day/high-dose/breakthrough update: “CINV, particularly nausea, remains a clinically significant side effect for patients receiving high-dose chemotherapy.” (rapoport20242023updatedmasccesmo pages 1-2)
• Sun 2024 cisplatin RCT landscape (abstract-level): “Despite the significant advancements in antiemetic regimens… over 40% of cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy still experience CINV in clinical practice.” (sun2024theevolvinglandscape pages 1-2)
• Pharmacist intervention review: “After intervention by pharmacists, the rate of adherence to prophylaxis pharmacotherapy for these AEs was significantly improved, and the incidence of CINV… was significantly decreased.” (fujii2024pharmacistinterventionand pages 1-2)

Notes on evidence limitations for knowledge-base population

• Ontology identifiers (MONDO/MeSH/ICD) were not recoverable from the retrieved documents and should be sourced from dedicated ontology resources (e.g., MeSH Browser, ICD-10/ICD-11, MONDO) before final KB ingestion.
• Genetic variant-level annotations (ClinVar-style) are not supported by the current evidence set; only a high-level CYP2D6 pharmacogenomic effect is available.

References

1. (jeryczynski2026antiemetictherapy pages 1-2): Georg Jeryczynski. Antiemetic therapy. memo - Magazine of European Medical Oncology, Jan 2026. URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12254-025-01098-5, doi:10.1007/s12254-025-01098-5. This article has 0 citations.

2. (montes2026ttdexpertconsensus pages 3-5): Ana Fernández Montes, Ismael Macías Declara, Nieves Martínez Lago, Virginia Arrazubi, Beatriz García Paredes, and Paula Jiménez Fonseca. Ttd expert consensus on emesis in gastric cancer: evidence-based strategies for prevention and treatment. Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico, Jul 2026. URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12094-025-03982-2, doi:10.1007/s12094-025-03982-2. This article has 0 citations.

3. (rapoport20242023updatedmasccesmo pages 5-6): Bernardo Leon Rapoport, Jørn Herrstedt, Rebecca Clark Snow, Venkatraman Radhakrishnan, Mitsue Saito, Rudolph M. Navari, and Teresa Smit. 2023 updated mascc/esmo consensus recommendations: prevention of nausea and vomiting following multiple-day chemotherapy, high-dose chemotherapy, and breakthrough nausea and vomiting. Supportive Care in Cancer, Dec 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-023-08224-1, doi:10.1007/s00520-023-08224-1. This article has 23 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.

4. (herrstedt20242023updatedmasccesmo pages 1-2): J. Herrstedt, L. Celio, P. Hesketh, L. Zhang, R. Navari, A. Chan, M. Saito, R. Chow, and M. Aapro. 2023 updated mascc/esmo consensus recommendations: prevention of nausea and vomiting following high-emetic-risk antineoplastic agents. Supportive Care in Cancer, Dec 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-023-08221-4, doi:10.1007/s00520-023-08221-4. This article has 36 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.

5. (rapoport20242023updatedmasccesmo pages 1-2): Bernardo Leon Rapoport, Jørn Herrstedt, Rebecca Clark Snow, Venkatraman Radhakrishnan, Mitsue Saito, Rudolph M. Navari, and Teresa Smit. 2023 updated mascc/esmo consensus recommendations: prevention of nausea and vomiting following multiple-day chemotherapy, high-dose chemotherapy, and breakthrough nausea and vomiting. Supportive Care in Cancer, Dec 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-023-08224-1, doi:10.1007/s00520-023-08224-1. This article has 23 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.

6. (sun2024theevolvinglandscape pages 1-2): Ya Sun, Yalan Wang, Gang Chen, Yaxiong Zhang, Li Zhang, and Xi Chen. The evolving landscape of antiemetic prophylaxis for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting: inspiration from cisplatin-based antiemetic and non-antiemetic trials. Supportive Care in Cancer, Nov 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-024-09035-8, doi:10.1007/s00520-024-09035-8. This article has 2 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.

7. (uchiike2023olanzapinetreatmenteffectively pages 1-2): Akihiro Uchiike, Haruka Kono, Katsuhiro Miura, Tatsuya Hayama, Daisuke Tsutsumi, Shinya Tsuboi, Susumu Ohtsuka, and Shinji Hidaka. Olanzapine treatment effectively relieves breakthrough chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting: a real-world experience. Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Care and Sciences, Aug 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40780-023-00293-y, doi:10.1186/s40780-023-00293-y. This article has 3 citations.

8. (dhabhar2025expertconsensusguidance pages 5-6): Boman Dhabhar, Prabrajya N Mahapatra, Vamshi M Krishna, Jatin Sarin, Tara Chand Gupta, Aseem Samar, Bivas Biswas, Aditya Murli, Rajesh Kota, Suyash Bharat, and Richa Tripathi. Expert consensus guidance on the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting: an indian perspective. Cureus, May 2025. URL: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.84070, doi:10.7759/cureus.84070. This article has 0 citations.

9. (aher2025aretrospectivedrug pages 1-3): Ashwini A. Aher, S. U. Razvi, and M. S. Baig. A retrospective drug utilization study in chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 13:2010-2017, Apr 2025. URL: https://doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20251304, doi:10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20251304. This article has 0 citations.

10. (jordan2024emeticriskclassification pages 1-2): Karin Jordan, Alexandre Chan, Richard J. Gralla, Franziska Jahn, Bernardo Rapoport, Christina H. Ruhlmann, Paula Sayegh, and Paul J. Hesketh. Emetic risk classification and evaluation of the emetogenicity of antineoplastic agents—updated mascc/esmo consensus recommendation. Supportive Care in Cancer, Dec 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-023-08220-5, doi:10.1007/s00520-023-08220-5. This article has 32 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.

11. (suzukichiba2024comparisonofolanzapine pages 5-7): Hiroe Suzuki-Chiba, Takaaki Konishi, Shotaro Aso, Kanako Makito, Hiroki Matsui, Taisuke Jo, Kiyohide Fushimi, and Hideo Yasunaga. Comparison of olanzapine 2.5 mg and 5 mg in the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting: a japanese nationwide database study. International Journal of Clinical Oncology, 29:1762-1773, Aug 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10147-024-02603-2, doi:10.1007/s10147-024-02603-2. This article has 2 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.

12. (jordan2024emeticriskclassification pages 4-5): Karin Jordan, Alexandre Chan, Richard J. Gralla, Franziska Jahn, Bernardo Rapoport, Christina H. Ruhlmann, Paula Sayegh, and Paul J. Hesketh. Emetic risk classification and evaluation of the emetogenicity of antineoplastic agents—updated mascc/esmo consensus recommendation. Supportive Care in Cancer, Dec 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-023-08220-5, doi:10.1007/s00520-023-08220-5. This article has 32 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.

13. (herrstedt20242023updatedmasccesmo media aa8b3b03): J. Herrstedt, L. Celio, P. Hesketh, L. Zhang, R. Navari, A. Chan, M. Saito, R. Chow, and M. Aapro. 2023 updated mascc/esmo consensus recommendations: prevention of nausea and vomiting following high-emetic-risk antineoplastic agents. Supportive Care in Cancer, Dec 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-023-08221-4, doi:10.1007/s00520-023-08221-4. This article has 36 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.

14. (suzukichiba2024comparisonofolanzapine pages 1-2): Hiroe Suzuki-Chiba, Takaaki Konishi, Shotaro Aso, Kanako Makito, Hiroki Matsui, Taisuke Jo, Kiyohide Fushimi, and Hideo Yasunaga. Comparison of olanzapine 2.5 mg and 5 mg in the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting: a japanese nationwide database study. International Journal of Clinical Oncology, 29:1762-1773, Aug 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10147-024-02603-2, doi:10.1007/s10147-024-02603-2. This article has 2 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.

15. (suzukichiba2024comparisonofolanzapine pages 2-4): Hiroe Suzuki-Chiba, Takaaki Konishi, Shotaro Aso, Kanako Makito, Hiroki Matsui, Taisuke Jo, Kiyohide Fushimi, and Hideo Yasunaga. Comparison of olanzapine 2.5 mg and 5 mg in the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting: a japanese nationwide database study. International Journal of Clinical Oncology, 29:1762-1773, Aug 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10147-024-02603-2, doi:10.1007/s10147-024-02603-2. This article has 2 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.

16. (suzukichiba2024comparisonofolanzapine pages 8-9): Hiroe Suzuki-Chiba, Takaaki Konishi, Shotaro Aso, Kanako Makito, Hiroki Matsui, Taisuke Jo, Kiyohide Fushimi, and Hideo Yasunaga. Comparison of olanzapine 2.5 mg and 5 mg in the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting: a japanese nationwide database study. International Journal of Clinical Oncology, 29:1762-1773, Aug 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10147-024-02603-2, doi:10.1007/s10147-024-02603-2. This article has 2 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.

17. (suzukichiba2024comparisonofolanzapine pages 7-8): Hiroe Suzuki-Chiba, Takaaki Konishi, Shotaro Aso, Kanako Makito, Hiroki Matsui, Taisuke Jo, Kiyohide Fushimi, and Hideo Yasunaga. Comparison of olanzapine 2.5 mg and 5 mg in the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting: a japanese nationwide database study. International Journal of Clinical Oncology, 29:1762-1773, Aug 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10147-024-02603-2, doi:10.1007/s10147-024-02603-2. This article has 2 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.

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