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Burkitt Lymphoma

1. Disease Information

2026-05-08
Falcon MONDO:0007243 Model: Edison Scientific Literature 40 citations

1. Disease Information

Overview (definition, current understanding)

Burkitt lymphoma is a highly aggressive mature B-cell lymphoma characterized by rapid tumor growth, frequent extranodal disease, and a defining genomic hallmark of MYC dysregulation due to IG::MYC translocation. (crombie2021thetreatmentof pages 3-4, zanelli2024adiagnosticapproach pages 6-8)

Clinical-epidemiologic variants (WHO convention)

BL is classically described in three variants: endemic, sporadic, and immunodeficiency-associated. (zanelli2024adiagnosticapproach pages 6-8, malfona2024refractoryburkittlymphoma pages 1-2)

Direct abstract quote (definition): Crombie & LaCasce (Blood, 2021) define BL as “a highly aggressive, B-cell, non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) categorized into endemic, sporadic and immunodeficiency-associated subtypes.” (crombie2021thetreatmentof pages 1-2)

Synonyms / alternative names (as used in retrieved sources)

Key classification resources (2023–2024)

Recent diagnostic reviews emphasize alignment of daily practice with WHO 5th edition (WHO-HAEM5) and the International Consensus Classification (ICC, 2022), including new/clarified boundaries between BL, HGBL-NOS, and MYC-negative BL mimics. (zanelli2024adiagnosticapproach pages 6-8, zanelli2024adiagnosticapproach pages 9-11, coupland2024thefifthedition pages 12-12)

2. Etiology

Disease causal factors (genetic, infectious, mechanistic)

Genetic driver: The central causal lesion is MYC activation via an immunoglobulin locus–MYC translocation (most commonly IGH::MYC). (malfona2024refractoryburkittlymphoma pages 1-2, zanelli2024adiagnosticapproach pages 6-8)

Infectious cofactor: Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) contributes strongly in endemic BL and in subsets of other variants. A 2023 meta-analysis estimated EBV presence in 57.5% of BL patients overall (pooled worldwide). (alkhreisat2023worldwideprevalenceof pages 1-2)

Direct abstract quote (EBV prevalence meta-analysis): Al‑Khreisat et al. (Diagnostics, 2023) report: “The prevalence of Epstein–Barr virus in patients with Burkitt lymphoma was 57.5% (95% CI: 51.5 to 63.4, n = 4837).” (alkhreisat2023worldwideprevalenceof pages 1-2)

Risk factors

Geographic/ecologic: Endemic BL is described as occurring in malaria-endemic regions and being largely EBV-driven; the SSA burden is substantial and strongly linked to diagnostic and treatment capacity constraints. (chamba2023clinicalapplicationof pages 1-2, chamba2023clinicalapplicationof pages 2-3)

Immunodeficiency: Immunodeficiency-associated BL includes HIV-associated BL; EBV positivity in sporadic/immunodeficiency-associated BL is reported in the ~25–40% range by a high-impact treatment review. (crombie2021thetreatmentof pages 3-4)

Protective factors

No specific genetic protective variants or environmental protective factors were identified in the retrieved sources for this run; this remains a gap for the knowledge-base entry requiring targeted searches (e.g., GWAS Catalog, host genetic studies of EBV/malaria interaction).

Gene–environment interactions

The retrieved 2023–2024 sources support a conceptual interaction where chronic immune stimulation/infection exposure (EBV; malaria in endemic regions; immunodeficiency states) increases the probability of transformation in a B cell already prone to/experiencing MYC dysregulation, but they do not provide quantitative interaction effect sizes in the accessible excerpts. (chamba2023clinicalapplicationof pages 1-2, malfona2024refractoryburkittlymphoma pages 1-2)

3. Phenotypes

Common clinical patterns (high-level)

BL is a rapidly progressive lymphoma with frequent extranodal involvement; endemic cases commonly involve craniofacial/jaw regions, while sporadic cases often present with abdominal disease (pattern-level statements supported in diagnostic and clinical reviews). (harlendea2024ki67asa pages 2-4, crombie2021thetreatmentof pages 3-4)

Diagnostic phenotype (morphology + immunophenotype)

The diagnostic phenotype strongly shapes “phenotype” documentation: - Morphology: diffuse proliferation of relatively uniform medium-sized cells with frequent mitoses and a “starry sky” pattern. (zanelli2024adiagnosticapproach pages 6-8) - Immunophenotype: germinal center profile with CD10+, BCL6+, typically BCL2−/weak, and very high proliferation (Ki-67 typically >95%). (zanelli2024adiagnosticapproach pages 6-8, malfona2024refractoryburkittlymphoma pages 1-2)

Suggested HPO terms (knowledge-base oriented; not exhaustive)

Because the retrieved excerpts emphasize diagnostic morphology and general clinical aggressiveness rather than structured symptom prevalence, the most defensible HPO mapping in this run is to lymphoma-related and organ-mass manifestations and laboratory/complication phenotypes described in BL treatment contexts: - Lymphadenopathy (HP:0002716) (supported as a common presenting feature in adult/adolescent cohort description) (harlendea2024ki67asa pages 2-4) - Abdominal pain (HP:0002027) (harlendea2024ki67asa pages 2-4) - Tumor lysis syndrome (HP:0003466) (not quantified in retrieved evidence excerpts; included as clinically relevant but requires primary citation beyond current excerpts)

Gap note: The template requests onset/progression/frequency/QoL per phenotype; these require dedicated cohort and QoL instrument papers that were not retrieved in this run.

4. Genetic/Molecular Information

Causal genes / defining lesion

Chromosomal abnormalities (translocations)

Reported translocation partners and approximate frequencies: - t(8;14) IGH::MYC: ~70–80% (siddiqui2023fromthearchives pages 3-4) - t(2;8) IGK::MYC: ~15% (siddiqui2023fromthearchives pages 3-4) - t(8;22) IGL::MYC: ~5% (siddiqui2023fromthearchives pages 3-4)

Cooperating somatic alterations (recurrent pathways/genes)

Multiple sources emphasize cooperating lesions, particularly in BCR/PI3K signaling and cell-cycle control: - TCF3 / ID3 pathway: reported as mutated in ~70% of sporadic and immunodeficiency-associated BL and ~40% of endemic BL in a diagnostic pathology review; this pathway connects to PI3K and CCND3 activation. (siddiqui2023fromthearchives pages 3-4) - CCND3: reported as found in about one-third of cases in a 2024 clinical review. (malfona2024refractoryburkittlymphoma pages 1-2) - TP53: TP53 alterations occur in BL (e.g., up to ~35% reported in an adult BL treatment review excerpt). (crombie2021thetreatmentof pages 3-4)

EBV-associated molecular features

EBV detection is typically via EBER in situ hybridization and is linked to distinct latency programs; EBER1/2 are noted as markers of EBV infection in BL. (zanelli2024adiagnosticapproach pages 6-8, siddiqui2023fromthearchives pages 3-4)

Suggested GO biological process terms (mechanism-oriented)

Based on described biology (MYC-driven proliferation; apoptosis evasion; metabolic reprogramming), plausible GO terms for knowledge-base scaffolding include: - Cell cycle process (GO:0022402) - Regulation of apoptotic process (GO:0042981) - Regulation of B cell activation (GO:0050864) These are mechanistically consistent with the MYC-centric and apoptosis/IFN signatures described in models and reviews, but the retrieved excerpts do not provide explicit GO mappings. (tandon2023translocationtalesunraveling pages 16-17, lakshmi2023endemicburkittlymphoma pages 10-12)

5. Environmental Information

Infectious agents

Resource-limited setting determinants (SSA)

In sub-Saharan Africa, non-biologic environmental/system factors materially influence outcomes, particularly limited access to reliable diagnostic services, which contributes to delay and misdiagnosis. (chamba2023clinicalapplicationof pages 1-2)

Direct quote (diagnostic access/outcomes context): Chamba et al. (Cambridge Prisms: Precision Medicine, 2023) report “limited access to reliable diagnostic services leading to significant delays and misdiagnoses.” (chamba2023clinicalapplicationof pages 1-2)

6. Mechanism / Pathophysiology

Causal chain (high-level)

  1. Initiating/defining event: reciprocal IG::MYC translocation causes MYC overexpression/deregulation. (zanelli2024adiagnosticapproach pages 6-8, crombie2021thetreatmentof pages 3-4)
  2. Downstream oncogenic program: MYC drives proliferation, cell-cycle progression, apoptosis evasion, and metabolic rewiring (review-level synthesis). (tandon2023translocationtalesunraveling pages 16-17)
  3. Cooperating lesions: recurrent mutations in pathways such as TCF3/ID3 and CCND3 reinforce proliferative/survival signaling (including PI3K). (siddiqui2023fromthearchives pages 3-4, malfona2024refractoryburkittlymphoma pages 1-2)
  4. Contextual cofactors: EBV (especially endemic disease) and immunodeficiency states likely shape B-cell activation and immune evasion, facilitating malignant expansion. (alkhreisat2023worldwideprevalenceof pages 2-3, crombie2021thetreatmentof pages 3-4)

Recent mechanistic developments (2023–2024)

Model-informed heterogeneity and response biology: Patient-derived BL “avatar” mouse models (NSG-BL) show substantial inter-patient heterogeneity in growth/survival and EBV protein expression and reveal distinct signatures of rituximab sensitivity (apoptosis/mTORC1) vs unresponsiveness (IFN-α signature involving IRF7/ISG15). (lakshmi2023endemicburkittlymphoma pages 1-2, lakshmi2023endemicburkittlymphoma pages 10-12)

7. Anatomical Structures Affected

Tissue/cell of origin (cellular level)

BL is a germinal center B-cell phenotype lymphoma (CD10+, BCL6+) and expresses mature B-cell markers (CD20, CD79a, PAX5, CD19, surface IgM). (zanelli2024adiagnosticapproach pages 6-8, crombie2021thetreatmentof pages 3-4)

Suggested Cell Ontology (CL) term

  • Germinal center B cell (CL term suggestion; explicit CL code not provided in retrieved sources)

Suggested UBERON terms (localization; high-level)

8. Temporal Development

BL is described as a rapidly progressive neoplasm, and endemic BL peaks in childhood (median age ~6 years in review background). (alkhreisat2023worldwideprevalenceof pages 2-3, malfona2024refractoryburkittlymphoma pages 1-2)

9. Inheritance and Population

Epidemiology — United States (SEER; 2023 primary analysis)

Mburu et al. analyzed 11,626 BL cases in SEER 22 (2000–2019) and reported: - Age-standardized incidence: 3.96 per million person-years (mburu2023incidenceofburkitt pages 1-3) - Sex ratio: 2.85:1 male:female (mburu2023incidenceofburkitt pages 1-3) - 2-year overall survival: 64%, with improvement over time (“Survival improved by 20% between 2000 and 2019.”) (mburu2023incidenceofburkitt pages 1-3)

Direct abstract quote (incidence/survival): Mburu et al. (Int J Cancer, 2023) report “The age-standardized BL incidence rate was 3.96/million person-years, with a 2.85:1 male-to-female ratio” and “Overall survival from BL was 64% at 2 years.” (mburu2023incidenceofburkitt pages 1-3)

Epidemiology — sub-Saharan Africa (implementation-focused 2023 review)

Chamba et al. summarize large heterogeneity in SSA incidence and high mortality: - Incidence range: 0.5/million (Ethiopia) to 19.3/million (Malawi) (chamba2023clinicalapplicationof pages 1-2) - Estimated new cases: ~3,900 in SSA in 2018 (chamba2023clinicalapplicationof pages 1-2) - Outcome: “more than 50%” of children/young adults with endemic BL in SSA do not survive (chamba2023clinicalapplicationof pages 1-2)

10. Diagnostics

Core diagnostic concept (WHO-HAEM5/ICC-aligned)

Diagnosis relies on typical morphology, germinal-center B-cell immunophenotype, and confirmation of the isolated IG::MYC rearrangement, with routine assessment of EBV status by EBER in situ hybridization (especially for classification and context). (zanelli2024adiagnosticapproach pages 6-8, zanelli2024adiagnosticapproach pages 9-11)

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and biomarkers

Commonly emphasized IHC pattern: - B-cell markers: CD20, CD79a, PAX5, CD19 (zanelli2024adiagnosticapproach pages 6-8) - Germinal center markers: CD10+, BCL6+ (zanelli2024adiagnosticapproach pages 6-8) - BCL2 negative or weak (zanelli2024adiagnosticapproach pages 6-8) - Ki-67 typically >95% (zanelli2024adiagnosticapproach pages 6-8, malfona2024refractoryburkittlymphoma pages 1-2)

EBV testing

A WHO/ICC-oriented diagnostic review recommends EBER in situ hybridization and reports EBER positivity in most endemic BL and ~30% of sporadic/immunodeficiency-associated BL. (zanelli2024adiagnosticapproach pages 6-8)

Cytogenetics / FISH and differential diagnosis

  • A 2024 diagnostic algorithm paper notes WHO-HAEM5 and ICC recommend routine FISH screening for MYC, BCL2, and BCL6 in large B-cell lymphomas to capture double/triple hit disease. (zanelli2024adiagnosticapproach pages 9-11)
  • BL mimics include high-grade B-cell lymphoma with 11q aberration (HGBL-11q), which is typically MYC rearrangement–negative, EBV-negative, and defined by 11q gain/loss patterns detectable by interphase FISH. Screening for 11q is recommended specifically in MYC-R–negative cases with BL-like morphology/immunophenotype. (coupland2024thefifthedition pages 12-12)

Liquid biopsy / cell-free DNA (real-world implementation focus)

A 2023 precision-medicine review proposes circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA)/cell-free DNA (cfDNA) approaches to improve diagnosis and monitoring in SSA where FISH/PET may be limited: - “c-MYC is therefore theoretically an ideal target for the diagnosis of BL from ctDNA.” (chamba2023clinicalapplicationof pages 1-2) - Sequencing of plasma ctDNA detected MYC translocations in ~79% of cases vs FISH, rising to ~95% in high tumor burden (ctDNA >16 pg/ml). (chamba2023clinicalapplicationof pages 3-4) - Implementation barriers: limited pathology capacity, lack of accredited labs, limited bioinformatics training/infrastructure, and long tissue-diagnostic delays (up to 71 days vs 2 days in the USA). (chamba2023clinicalapplicationof pages 2-3, chamba2023clinicalapplicationof pages 4-5)

11. Outcome / Prognosis

Registry-based survival (U.S.)

Two-year overall survival was 64% in SEER 2000–2019 analysis, with highest survival in pediatric patients and lowest in Black and elderly individuals. (mburu2023incidenceofburkitt pages 1-3)

Relapsed/refractory disease prognosis

A 2024 review emphasizes that despite high frontline cure rates, refractory BL has very poor outcomes.

Direct abstract quote (refractory outcomes): Malfona et al. (Blood and Lymphatic Cancer: Targets and Therapy, published March 2024) state: “The prognosis is very poor, ranging from less than 10% to 30–40%, with longer survival only in transplanted patients.” (malfona2024refractoryburkittlymphoma pages 1-2)

12. Treatment

Current standard approaches (high-level)

Frontline therapy is based on intensive, multi-agent chemotherapy regimens, often with anti-CD20 immunotherapy (rituximab); outcomes are generally excellent in pediatric populations and lower in adults, with major challenges in refractory disease. (malfona2024refractoryburkittlymphoma pages 1-2, harlendea2024ki67asa pages 2-4)

A 2024 refractory BL review summarizes frontline outcome expectations: - Cure rates “outreaching 90%” in pediatric age and “70%” in adult age in settings with standard intensive approaches. (malfona2024refractoryburkittlymphoma pages 1-2)

Emerging and investigational approaches

A 2024 refractory BL review notes emerging targeted strategies across multiple axes (e.g., BCR pathway inhibitors, proteasome inhibitors, next-generation antibodies, CAR-T and bispecific antibodies) but emphasizes limited data and heterogeneity of salvage settings. (malfona2024refractoryburkittlymphoma pages 1-2)

Active clinical trials (examples from retrieved registry search)

ClinicalTrials.gov search retrieved multiple recruiting/active CAR-T trials broadly enrolling relapsed/refractory B-cell hematologic malignancies that may include BL among eligible B-cell lymphomas, e.g.: - NCT06735495 (CD19 & CD22 bispecific CAR-T; Phase 1/2; recruiting) (NCT06735495 chunk 1, NCT06735495 chunk 2) - NCT06503094 (CD19 & CD20 bispecific CAR-T; Phase 1/2; recruiting) (NCT06503094 chunk 1, NCT06503094 chunk 2)

Note: Eligibility specifics for Burkitt lymphoma require per-trial confirmation from the full record text.

Suggested MAXO terms (treatment-action ontology; high-level)

  • Chemotherapy (MAXO:0000058; suggested)
  • Monoclonal antibody therapy (rituximab/anti-CD20) (MAXO term suggestion)
  • Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (MAXO term suggestion; relevant in refractory settings) (malfona2024refractoryburkittlymphoma pages 1-2)
  • CAR T-cell therapy (MAXO term suggestion; investigational) (NCT06735495 chunk 1)

13. Prevention

No BL-specific primary prevention interventions were directly evidenced in the retrieved excerpts beyond the general implication that reducing infection-related drivers (EBV/malaria) and improving HIV management could reduce risk. The 2023–2024 retrieved sources focus more on diagnostic and treatment capacity as the most immediate, actionable lever for mortality reduction in endemic settings. (chamba2023clinicalapplicationof pages 1-2, chamba2023clinicalapplicationof pages 4-5)

14. Other Species / Natural Disease

No naturally occurring non-human BL analogs were identified in the retrieved evidence excerpts. (Gap for targeted veterinary/OMIA searches.)

15. Model Organisms

Patient-derived “avatar” mouse models (2023 development)

Lakshmi et al. (Life Science Alliance, 2023) established five patient-derived BL tumor cell lines and corresponding NSG-BL avatar mouse models, demonstrating transcriptomic fidelity to the originating tumors and substantial inter-patient heterogeneity in growth/survival and EBV protein expression. (lakshmi2023endemicburkittlymphoma pages 1-2)

These models were used to test rituximab response and to identify response-associated pathways (apoptosis/mTORC1 vs IFN-α signatures), providing a translational framework for prioritizing targeted therapies relevant to endemic BL. (lakshmi2023endemicburkittlymphoma pages 10-12)

Evidence and citation notes (PMID handling)

Many retrieved sources were provided with DOIs/URLs but not PMIDs in the tool outputs. Where PMIDs are required for the knowledge base, these should be added by matching DOI→PMID in PubMed during curation. This limitation reflects metadata availability in the retrieved excerpts rather than absence of PubMed indexing.

Key URLs and publication dates (selected)

References

  1. (zanelli2024adiagnosticapproach pages 6-8): Magda Zanelli, Francesca Sanguedolce, Maurizio Zizzo, Stefano Ricci, Alessandra Bisagni, Andrea Palicelli, Valentina Fragliasso, Benedetta Donati, Giuseppe Broggi, Ioannis Boutas, Nektarios Koufopoulos, Moira Foroni, Francesca Coppa, Andrea Morini, Paola Parente, Valeria Zuccalà, Rosario Caltabiano, Massimiliano Fabozzi, Luca Cimino, Antonino Neri, and Stefano Ascani. A diagnostic approach in large b-cell lymphomas according to the fifth world health organization and international consensus classifications and a practical algorithm in routine practice. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25:13213, Dec 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252313213, doi:10.3390/ijms252313213. This article has 10 citations.

  2. (crombie2021thetreatmentof pages 3-4): Jennifer Crombie and Ann LaCasce. The treatment of burkitt lymphoma in adults. Blood, 137:743-750, Feb 2021. URL: https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.2019004099, doi:10.1182/blood.2019004099. This article has 160 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.

  3. (mburu2023incidenceofburkitt pages 1-3): Waruiru Mburu, Susan S. Devesa, David Check, Meredith S. Shiels, and Sam M. Mbulaiteye. Incidence of burkitt lymphoma in the united states during 2000 to 2019. International Journal of Cancer, 153:1182-1191, Jun 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.34618, doi:10.1002/ijc.34618. This article has 18 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.

  4. (alkhreisat2023worldwideprevalenceof pages 1-2): Mutaz Jamal Al-Khreisat, Nor Hayati Ismail, Abedelmalek Tabnjh, Faezahtul Arbaeyah Hussain, Abdul Aziz Mohamed Yusoff, Muhammad Farid Johan, and Md Asiful Islam. Worldwide prevalence of epstein–barr virus in patients with burkitt lymphoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diagnostics, 13:2068, Jun 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13122068, doi:10.3390/diagnostics13122068. This article has 22 citations.

  5. (lakshmi2023endemicburkittlymphoma pages 1-2): Priya Saikumar Lakshmi, Cliff I Oduor, Catherine S Forconi, Viriato M’Bana, Courtney Bly, Rachel M Gerstein, Juliana A Otieno, John M Ong’echa, Christian Münz, Micah A Luftig, Michael A Brehm, Jeffrey A Bailey, and Ann M Moormann. Endemic burkitt lymphoma avatar mouse models for exploring inter-patient tumor variation and testing targeted therapies. Life Science Alliance, 6:e202101355, Mar 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.26508/lsa.202101355, doi:10.26508/lsa.202101355. This article has 11 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.

  6. (alkhreisat2023worldwideprevalenceof pages 2-3): Mutaz Jamal Al-Khreisat, Nor Hayati Ismail, Abedelmalek Tabnjh, Faezahtul Arbaeyah Hussain, Abdul Aziz Mohamed Yusoff, Muhammad Farid Johan, and Md Asiful Islam. Worldwide prevalence of epstein–barr virus in patients with burkitt lymphoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diagnostics, 13:2068, Jun 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13122068, doi:10.3390/diagnostics13122068. This article has 22 citations.

  7. (siddiqui2023fromthearchives pages 3-4): Saima Haleem Siddiqui, Beenu Thakral, FNU Aakash, Chi Young Ok, Zhenya Tang, and L. Jeffrey Medeiros. From the archives of md anderson cancer center: sporadic burkitt lymphoma with a complex karyotype and sox11 expression. Annals of Diagnostic Pathology, 66:152182, Oct 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2023.152182, doi:10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2023.152182. This article has 6 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.

  8. (malfona2024refractoryburkittlymphoma pages 1-2): Francesco Malfona, Anna Maria Testi, Sabina Chiaretti, and Maria Luisa Moleti. Refractory burkitt lymphoma: diagnosis and interventional strategies. Blood and Lymphatic Cancer: Targets and Therapy, 14:1-15, Mar 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.2147/blctt.s407804, doi:10.2147/blctt.s407804. This article has 19 citations.

  9. (mburu2023incidenceofburkitt pages 3-5): Waruiru Mburu, Susan S. Devesa, David Check, Meredith S. Shiels, and Sam M. Mbulaiteye. Incidence of burkitt lymphoma in the united states during 2000 to 2019. International Journal of Cancer, 153:1182-1191, Jun 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.34618, doi:10.1002/ijc.34618. This article has 18 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.

  10. (chamba2023clinicalapplicationof pages 1-2): Clara Chamba, Sam M. Mbulaiteye, Emmanuel Balandya, and Anna Schuh. Clinical application of circulating cell-free lymphoma dna for fast and precise diagnosis of burkitt lymphoma: precision medicine for sub-saharan africa. Cambridge Prisms: Precision Medicine, Jan 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.1017/pcm.2023.1, doi:10.1017/pcm.2023.1. This article has 15 citations.

  11. (coupland2024thefifthedition pages 12-12): Sarah E Coupland, Ming‐Qing Du, Judith A Ferry, Daphne de Jong, Joseph D Khoury, Lorenzo Leoncini, Kikkeri N Naresh, German Ott, Reiner Siebert, and Luc Xerri. The fifth edition of the who classification of mature b‐cell neoplasms: open questions for research. The Journal of Pathology, 262:255-270, Jan 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1002/path.6246, doi:10.1002/path.6246. This article has 23 citations.

  12. (zanelli2024adiagnosticapproach pages 9-11): Magda Zanelli, Francesca Sanguedolce, Maurizio Zizzo, Stefano Ricci, Alessandra Bisagni, Andrea Palicelli, Valentina Fragliasso, Benedetta Donati, Giuseppe Broggi, Ioannis Boutas, Nektarios Koufopoulos, Moira Foroni, Francesca Coppa, Andrea Morini, Paola Parente, Valeria Zuccalà, Rosario Caltabiano, Massimiliano Fabozzi, Luca Cimino, Antonino Neri, and Stefano Ascani. A diagnostic approach in large b-cell lymphomas according to the fifth world health organization and international consensus classifications and a practical algorithm in routine practice. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25:13213, Dec 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252313213, doi:10.3390/ijms252313213. This article has 10 citations.

  13. (crombie2021thetreatmentof pages 1-2): Jennifer Crombie and Ann LaCasce. The treatment of burkitt lymphoma in adults. Blood, 137:743-750, Feb 2021. URL: https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.2019004099, doi:10.1182/blood.2019004099. This article has 160 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.

  14. (chamba2023clinicalapplicationof pages 2-3): Clara Chamba, Sam M. Mbulaiteye, Emmanuel Balandya, and Anna Schuh. Clinical application of circulating cell-free lymphoma dna for fast and precise diagnosis of burkitt lymphoma: precision medicine for sub-saharan africa. Cambridge Prisms: Precision Medicine, Jan 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.1017/pcm.2023.1, doi:10.1017/pcm.2023.1. This article has 15 citations.

  15. (harlendea2024ki67asa pages 2-4): Nicyela J Harlendea and Kent Harlendo. Ki-67 as a marker to differentiate burkitt lymphoma and diffuse large b-cell lymphoma: a literature review. Cureus, Oct 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.72190, doi:10.7759/cureus.72190. This article has 11 citations.

  16. (tandon2023translocationtalesunraveling pages 16-17): Amol Tandon, Jissy Akkarapattiakal Kuriappan, and Vaibhav Dubey. Translocation tales: unraveling the myc deregulation in burkitt lymphoma for innovative therapeutic strategies. Lymphatics, 1:97-117, Jul 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/lymphatics1020010, doi:10.3390/lymphatics1020010. This article has 6 citations.

  17. (lakshmi2023endemicburkittlymphoma pages 10-12): Priya Saikumar Lakshmi, Cliff I Oduor, Catherine S Forconi, Viriato M’Bana, Courtney Bly, Rachel M Gerstein, Juliana A Otieno, John M Ong’echa, Christian Münz, Micah A Luftig, Michael A Brehm, Jeffrey A Bailey, and Ann M Moormann. Endemic burkitt lymphoma avatar mouse models for exploring inter-patient tumor variation and testing targeted therapies. Life Science Alliance, 6:e202101355, Mar 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.26508/lsa.202101355, doi:10.26508/lsa.202101355. This article has 11 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.

  18. (chamba2023clinicalapplicationof pages 3-4): Clara Chamba, Sam M. Mbulaiteye, Emmanuel Balandya, and Anna Schuh. Clinical application of circulating cell-free lymphoma dna for fast and precise diagnosis of burkitt lymphoma: precision medicine for sub-saharan africa. Cambridge Prisms: Precision Medicine, Jan 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.1017/pcm.2023.1, doi:10.1017/pcm.2023.1. This article has 15 citations.

  19. (chamba2023clinicalapplicationof pages 4-5): Clara Chamba, Sam M. Mbulaiteye, Emmanuel Balandya, and Anna Schuh. Clinical application of circulating cell-free lymphoma dna for fast and precise diagnosis of burkitt lymphoma: precision medicine for sub-saharan africa. Cambridge Prisms: Precision Medicine, Jan 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.1017/pcm.2023.1, doi:10.1017/pcm.2023.1. This article has 15 citations.