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Arteriosclerotic Retinopathy

1. Disease Information

2026-05-06
Falcon MONDO:0042495 Model: Edison Scientific Literature 29 citations

1. Disease Information

1.1 Disease overview (current understanding)

Arteriosclerotic retinopathy denotes chronic retinal arteriolar remodeling/“hardening” related to arteriosclerosis/atherosclerosis and long-standing vascular risk exposure. In one clinical definition used in CKD/hemodialysis research, arteriosclerotic retinopathy is described as a lesion characterized by “medial layer hypertrophy, hyalinization of the intima, and hyperplasia of the endothelial layer of the vessel wall.” (nokiba2015associationbetweenophthalmological pages 1-3)

In practice, the term overlaps with chronic components of hypertensive retinopathy (arteriolar sclerosis) and with population screening terms such as “fundus arteriosclerosis.” (liu2023sexspecificassociationbetween pages 3-4, sugiura2022examinationoflarge media a2b302a2)

1.2 Key identifiers (ontology/coding)

  • MONDO / OMIM / Orphanet: Not identified in the retrieved primary literature excerpts; this entity is commonly treated as a clinical sign/phenotype complex rather than a monogenic disorder. (No specific MONDO/OMIM/Orphanet identifier found in available texts.)
  • MeSH / ICD-10/ICD-11: Not extractable from the retrieved texts using available tools/evidence; many studies define the phenotype via fundus grading systems rather than billing codes. (liu2023sexspecificassociationbetween pages 3-4, sugiura2022examinationoflarge media a2b302a2)

1.3 Synonyms / alternative names

Commonly used overlapping terms in the retrieved literature: * Fundus arteriosclerosis (liu2023sexspecificassociationbetween pages 3-4) * Retinal arteriosclerosis / atherosclerotic retinopathy (Scheie S grading) (sugiura2022examinationoflarge pages 2-4, sugiura2022examinationoflarge media a2b302a2) * Arteriolar light reflex enhancement / copper-wiring / silver-wiring (as a sign within arteriosclerotic/hypertensive grading) (kaushik2007prevalenceandassociations pages 1-3, sugiura2022examinationoflarge media a2b302a2)

1.4 Evidence sources

The information above is derived from aggregated disease-level resources in cohort studies, systematic reviews, and clinical definitions rather than single case reports. (kaushik2007prevalenceandassociations pages 1-3, liu2023sexspecificassociationbetween pages 3-4, rusu2024retinalstructuraland pages 1-2, geng2023sexspecificassociationof pages 1-2)

2. Etiology

2.1 Primary causal factors (multifactorial)

Arteriosclerotic retinopathy is best understood as a microvascular end-organ manifestation of chronic systemic vascular stressors rather than a single causal gene disorder. Mechanistically, the phenotype reflects chronic arteriolar wall remodeling and sclerosis (see §6). (nokiba2015associationbetweenophthalmological pages 1-3)

2.2 Risk factors (recent human evidence)

Metabolic and vascular risk factors are consistently associated with arteriosclerotic retinal signs:

  • Hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, CKD: In a cohort of untreated middle-aged workers (n=7,730), unadjusted odds ratios for atherosclerotic retinopathy (Scheie S1+S2) were elevated for CKD (OR 2.88), hypertension (OR 3.27), dyslipidemia (OR 1.26), and diabetes (OR 5.98). (sugiura2022examinationoflarge pages 12-13)
  • Serum uric acid trajectory (sex-specific): In a 2010 baseline cohort followed to 2019 (n=4,324), men in higher SUA trajectory groups had higher incidence of retinal arteriosclerosis (moderate-high vs low: HR 1.76; high vs low: HR 1.81), while women did not show the same pattern. (geng2023sexspecificassociationof pages 1-2)

2.3 Protective factors

Clear protective factors are less consistently reported; however, biomarkers sometimes proposed as protective against systemic atherosclerosis can show complex/sex-specific associations in retinal endpoints.

  • Total bilirubin (TBIL): A large retrospective cohort (n=27,477; 2006–2019) found higher TBIL quartiles were associated with higher risk of incident fundus arteriosclerosis in males (Q4 vs Q1 HR 1.396), with no significant association in females. This directionality suggests TBIL is not protective in this cohort/definition and underscores possible confounding or non-linear biology. (nokiba2015associationbetweenophthalmological pages 1-3)

2.4 Gene–environment interactions

Direct gene–environment interaction evidence specific to arteriosclerotic retinopathy was not captured in the retrieved texts. Some broader retinal microvascular biomarker literature acknowledges genetic influences on retinal traits, but disease-specific G×E results were not retrievable here. (iorga2024noninvasiveretinalvessel pages 5-7)

3. Phenotypes

3.1 Key clinical signs and grading (Scheie)

The most widely operationalized phenotype definition in the retrieved sources is Scheie atherosclerotic retinopathy S0–S4 and hypertensive retinopathy H0–H4, evaluated from fundus examination/photography.

Scheie atherosclerotic retinopathy (S) grading (definitions): * S0: Normal * S1: Broadening of the light reflex from the arteriole with minimal/no AV compression * S2: Light reflex and crossing changes more prominent * S3: “Copper wire” appearance with more prominent AV compression * S4: “Silver” appearance with most severe AV crossing changes (sugiura2022examinationoflarge media a2b302a2)

Scheie hypertensive retinopathy (H) grading (definitions): * H0: Normal * H1: Barely detectable arterial narrowing * H2: Obvious arterial narrowing with focal irregularities plus light reflex changes * H3: H2 plus retinal hemorrhages and/or exudates * H4: H3 plus papilledema (sugiura2022examinationoflarge media a2b302a2)

A figure region containing the above grading definitions was retrieved from the Sugiura et al. paper (visual evidence). (sugiura2022examinationoflarge media a2b302a2)

3.2 Population frequency (examples)

  • Enhanced arteriolar light reflex (a related arteriosclerotic sign): In the Blue Mountains Eye Study (n=3,654; ≥49 years), enhanced retinal arteriolar light reflex was common (31.7% overall; 28.8% mild, 2.9% marked). Mild enhancement was strongly associated with AV nicking (OR 3.12) and with retinopathy (OR 1.96). (kaushik2007prevalenceandassociations pages 1-3)
  • Scheie-defined retinopathy prevalence in untreated middle-aged workers: In Sugiura et al. (n=7,730; ages 35–61), hypertensive retinopathy (H1+H2) prevalence was 2.8%, while atherosclerotic retinopathy (S1+S2) prevalence was 13.6%. (sugiura2022examinationoflarge pages 12-13)

3.3 Symptomatology and QoL impact

Arteriosclerotic retinopathy is often asymptomatic until complications occur (e.g., occlusive disease, macular edema in related conditions). The retrieved evidence focused on imaging signs and systemic associations rather than patient-reported quality-of-life instruments; no EQ-5D/SF-36 metrics were found in the available texts. (liu2023sexspecificassociationbetween pages 3-4, rusu2024retinalstructuraland pages 1-2)

3.4 Suggested HPO terms (phenotype mapping; best-fit suggestions)

(These are ontology suggestions; exact HPO IDs should be verified in HPO.) * Retinal arteriolar narrowing (sign) (supported conceptually by Scheie H grades and retinal arteriolar narrowing) (sugiura2022examinationoflarge media a2b302a2) * Arteriovenous nicking (sign) (kaushik2007prevalenceandassociations pages 1-3, sugiura2022examinationoflarge media a2b302a2) * Increased retinal arteriolar light reflex / copper wiring / silver wiring (sign) (kaushik2007prevalenceandassociations pages 1-3, sugiura2022examinationoflarge media a2b302a2) * Retinal hemorrhage / hard exudates / cotton wool spots / papilledema (primarily severe hypertensive retinopathy features) (sugiura2022examinationoflarge media a2b302a2)

4. Genetic/Molecular Information

4.1 Causal genes and pathogenic variants

No causal genes or pathogenic variants were identified in the retrieved sources for arteriosclerotic retinopathy as a discrete genetic disorder. The current evidence base in this tool run supports arteriosclerotic retinopathy as a complex trait/end-organ phenotype rather than a Mendelian condition. (iorga2024noninvasiveretinalvessel pages 5-7)

4.2 Modifier genes / epigenetics / chromosomal abnormalities

Not identified in the retrieved evidence. (iorga2024noninvasiveretinalvessel pages 5-7)

5. Environmental Information

5.1 Lifestyle and environmental factors

5.2 Infectious agents

No infectious etiology is supported in retrieved texts. (nokiba2015associationbetweenophthalmological pages 1-3)

6. Mechanism / Pathophysiology

6.1 Causal chain (conceptual)

Chronic systemic vascular risk exposure (hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, CKD-related mineral/inflammatory milieu) → endothelial dysfunction and vascular remodeling → retinal arteriolar wall thickening/sclerosis (medial hypertrophy, intimal hyalinization, endothelial hyperplasia) → ophthalmoscopic signs (increased light reflex “copper/silver wiring”, AV crossing changes, arteriolar narrowing) → associations with systemic arterial stiffness and atherosclerotic burden. (nokiba2015associationbetweenophthalmological pages 1-3, nokiba2015associationbetweenophthalmological pages 3-4, sugiura2022examinationoflarge media a2b302a2)

6.2 Histopathology-linked description

A clinical pathologic description in CKD/hemodialysis literature emphasizes that arteriosclerotic retinopathy reflects vascular wall remodeling with “medial layer hypertrophy, hyalinization of the intima, and hyperplasia of the endothelial layer.” (nokiba2015associationbetweenophthalmological pages 1-3)

6.3 Microvascular–macrovascular coupling (human data)

Evidence supports that retinal arteriosclerotic findings track systemic vascular disease: * In hemodialysis patients (n=44), Scheie S grade correlated with arterial stiffness (PWV) and past CVD (reported p=0.001 and p=0.045). (nokiba2015associationbetweenophthalmological pages 1-3) * In untreated middle-aged adults (n=7,730), measures of large-artery atherosclerosis/stiffness—carotid IMT and CAVI—were independently associated with Scheie-defined retinopathy; carotid IMT per 0.1 mm showed ORs around ~1.18 for retinopathy in multivariable models. (sugiura2022examinationoflarge pages 7-9, sugiura2022examinationoflarge pages 6-7) * In a large cross-sectional health-exam sample (n=20,836), fundus arteriosclerosis was associated with carotid atherosclerosis (adjusted OR 1.17). (liu2023sexspecificassociationbetween pages 3-4)

6.4 Molecular pathways / immune involvement (evidence level)

The retrieved texts emphasize general vascular mechanisms (endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, inflammation) in the context of systemic vascular disease and retinal microvasculature but do not provide disease-specific retinal transcriptomic/proteomic signatures for arteriosclerotic retinopathy. (nokiba2015associationbetweenophthalmological pages 1-3, bisen2025retinalimagingas pages 5-8)

6.5 Suggested ontology terms

GO (biological process) suggestions (verify IDs): * Blood vessel remodeling; extracellular matrix organization; regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation; response to oxidative stress; inflammatory response (conceptually consistent with sclerosis/remodeling and inflammation noted as risk factors). (nokiba2015associationbetweenophthalmological pages 1-3)

CL (cell type) suggestions (verify IDs): * Vascular endothelial cell; vascular smooth muscle cell/pericyte (arteriolar wall remodeling). (nokiba2015associationbetweenophthalmological pages 1-3)

7. Anatomical Structures Affected

7.1 Organ/tissue/cell targets

  • Primary organ/tissue: Retina (retinal arterioles; AV crossings). (sugiura2022examinationoflarge media a2b302a2)
  • Vascular structures: Retinal arterioles and arteriovenous crossings. (sugiura2022examinationoflarge media a2b302a2)

UBERON suggestions (verify IDs): retina; retinal blood vessel; retinal arteriole.

7.2 Laterality

Generally bilateral in systemic disease, but laterality was not specified in retrieved texts.

8. Temporal Development

8.1 Onset and course

Arteriosclerotic retinal changes are typically chronic/insidious and accumulate with age and vascular risk exposure. In middle-aged workers (mean ~45 years), Scheie S1+S2 prevalence was already ~13.6%, supporting early/midlife detectability. (sugiura2022examinationoflarge pages 12-13, sugiura2022examinationoflarge pages 1-2)

8.2 Staging

Scheie S0–S4 provides a practical staging framework from normal through copper/silver wiring and severe AV crossing changes. (sugiura2022examinationoflarge media a2b302a2)

9. Inheritance and Population

9.1 Epidemiology (available statistics)

Population-based frequencies depend heavily on definitions: * Enhanced arteriolar light reflex prevalence: 31.7% in a ≥49-year cohort. (kaushik2007prevalenceandassociations pages 1-3) * Scheie-defined atherosclerotic retinopathy (S1+S2): 13.6% in untreated workers aged 35–61. (sugiura2022examinationoflarge pages 12-13)

Incidence data from a longitudinal study: * Retinal arteriosclerosis events over ~9.5 years: 295 men and 97 women among 4,324 adults initially free of retinal arteriosclerosis. (geng2023sexspecificassociationof pages 1-2)

9.2 Demographics and sex effects

Sex-specific associations have been reported for biochemical predictors (e.g., SUA trajectories and TBIL associations stronger in men). (geng2023sexspecificassociationof pages 1-2, nokiba2015associationbetweenophthalmological pages 1-3)

10. Diagnostics

10.1 Clinical and imaging tests (current practice)

Fundus examination / fundus photography is the core diagnostic modality for Scheie and KWB grading. * Sugiura et al. used non-mydriatic fundus photographs graded by ophthalmologists according to Scheie H and S grades. (sugiura2022examinationoflarge pages 2-4, sugiura2022examinationoflarge media a2b302a2) * Liu et al. used standardized nonmydriatic fundus photography with two trained ophthalmologists grading KWB-based fundus arteriosclerosis. (liu2023sexspecificassociationbetween pages 3-4)

OCT and OCTA (modern developments; 2024 evidence): * A 2024 systematic review/meta-analysis of CAD studies supports that OCT/OCTA capture retinal structural and microvascular signatures in systemic CAD, including reduced RNFL thickness and reduced vessel density with expanded FAZ in CAD. (rusu2024retinalstructuraland pages 1-2) * A 2024 review describes limitations and strengths of OCTA vs fundus-photo vessel measurement and summarizes normative CRAE/CRVE/AVR metrics. (iorga2024noninvasiveretinalvessel pages 5-7)

10.2 Biomarkers

Biochemical predictors investigated in recent cohorts include serum uric acid trajectories (incident retinal arteriosclerosis in men) and total bilirubin quartiles (risk in males). (geng2023sexspecificassociationof pages 1-2, nokiba2015associationbetweenophthalmological pages 1-3)

10.3 Differential diagnosis

Not systematically addressed in retrieved texts, but clinically overlaps with: * Hypertensive retinopathy (acute and chronic stages) * Diabetic retinopathy (microaneurysms/hemorrhages/exudates) * Retinal vein/artery occlusions (acute ischemic presentations)

The current evidence set emphasizes that arteriosclerotic signs (light reflex and crossing changes) are often embedded within hypertensive retinopathy staging systems. (sugiura2022examinationoflarge media a2b302a2)

11. Outcome / Prognosis

11.1 Systemic vascular prognosis (associative)

Arteriosclerotic retinal signs and retinal microvascular biomarkers are repeatedly associated with systemic vascular disease burden: * Fundus arteriosclerosis associated with carotid atherosclerosis (adjusted OR 1.17). (liu2023sexspecificassociationbetween pages 3-4) * Scheie grades correlated with arterial stiffness and CVD history in hemodialysis patients. (nokiba2015associationbetweenophthalmological pages 1-3)

11.2 Ocular prognosis

The retrieved texts did not provide direct longitudinal estimates of vision loss attributable specifically to arteriosclerotic retinopathy without occlusive events. However, retinal microvascular compromise is positioned as part of a continuum toward ischemic retinal complications and systemic vascular events. (bisen2025retinalimagingas pages 5-8, rusu2024retinalstructuraland pages 1-2)

12. Treatment

12.1 Disease-specific therapy

No disease-specific ocular therapy for isolated arteriosclerotic retinopathy is established in the retrieved literature; management typically targets systemic risk factor modification and surveillance.

12.2 Risk factor management (real-world implementation)

Given strong associations with hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and CKD, real-world management aligns with cardiovascular risk reduction. Supporting evidence includes the strong unadjusted associations of these conditions with Scheie-defined retinopathy in population screening. (sugiura2022examinationoflarge pages 12-13)

12.3 MAXO term suggestions (verify IDs)

  • Antihypertensive therapy; lipid-lowering therapy; diabetes management; smoking cessation counseling; screening fundus photography; optical coherence tomography angiography.

13. Prevention

13.1 Primary prevention

  • Control of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and CKD-related risk likely reduces development/progression of retinal arteriosclerotic changes; population data show these factors are strongly associated with prevalent Scheie-defined lesions. (sugiura2022examinationoflarge pages 12-13)

13.2 Secondary prevention / screening

Screening and risk stratification using fundus photography and retinal analytics is an active area: * A 2023 deep-learning meta-analysis supports that retinal-image-based models can predict multiple CVD risk-related outcomes and future CVD events with AUROC ~0.68–0.81 in some studies, but emphasizes need for validation for real-world adoption. (nokiba2015associationbetweenophthalmological pages 1-3) * A 2024 review argues retinal microvascular biomarkers (e.g., CRAE/CRVE/AVR; dynamic retinal vessel analysis; AI systems) could aid screening and treatment monitoring for CVD. (iorga2024noninvasiveretinalvessel pages 5-7)

14. Other Species / Natural Disease

No naturally occurring veterinary analogs were identified in the retrieved evidence set for “arteriosclerotic retinopathy” as a named entity.

15. Model Organisms

No specific model organism papers for retinal arteriosclerosis were retrieved in the available evidence. Mechanistic modeling is likely to rely on hypertension/atherosclerosis animal models with retinal vascular endpoints, but this could not be substantiated with the current evidence set.

Recent developments (2023–2024 highlight)

1) Large observational datasets are increasingly treating fundus arteriosclerosis as a quantitative marker linked to systemic atherosclerosis (e.g., carotid ultrasound associations; sex-specific effects). (liu2023sexspecificassociationbetween pages 3-4, geng2023sexspecificassociationof pages 1-2) 2) OCT/OCTA biomarkers are being consolidated in systematic reviews as potential non-invasive correlates of coronary artery disease (reduced vessel density; larger FAZ; thinner RNFL/choroid). (rusu2024retinalstructuraland pages 1-2) 3) AI/deep learning and “retinal analytics” for cardiovascular risk prediction has matured into systematic evidence syntheses, with performance competitive with but not clearly superior to standard risk scores in current studies. (nokiba2015associationbetweenophthalmological pages 1-3)

Key quantitative evidence table (2023–2024 prioritized)

The following table consolidates the most relevant quantitative studies and syntheses captured in this run.

Table (click to expand)
Study (first author, year) Design/Population (N, setting) Retinal phenotype definition (Scheie/KWB, vessel measures) Main findings with effect sizes (OR/HR/WMD etc.) Publication date PMID URL
Geng 2023 Population-based longitudinal study; N=4,324 adults aged 18–60 without retinal arteriosclerosis at baseline; exposure window 2006–2010, follow-up 2011–2019; Chinese health-examination cohort Incident retinal arteriosclerosis; study evaluated sex-specific serum uric acid (SUA) trajectory groups (low, moderate, moderate-high, high) as predictors of later retinal arteriosclerosis During median 9.54-year follow-up, 97 women and 295 men developed retinal arteriosclerosis. In men, moderate-high SUA trajectory vs low: HR 1.76 (95% CI 1.17–2.65); high trajectory vs low: HR 1.81 (95% CI 1.04–3.17). No significant increase in women for moderate-high trajectory: HR 0.77 (95% CI 0.39–1.52) (geng2023sexspecificassociationof pages 1-2) 2023-02-28 https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1116486
Liu 2023 Retrospective cross-sectional study; N=20,836 Chinese health-examination participants (13,050 male; 7,786 female) Fundus arteriosclerosis graded from standardized nonmydriatic fundus photographs using Keith–Wagener–Barker (KWB) grades 1–4; any grade 1–4 counted as fundus arteriosclerosis; carotid atherosclerosis assessed by Doppler ultrasound Carotid atherosclerosis incidence was higher in those with fundus arteriosclerosis (52.94% vs 47.06%). Adjusted association between fundus arteriosclerosis and carotid atherosclerosis: OR 1.17 (95% CI 1.02–1.34; p=0.0262); association significant in males but not females (liu2023sexspecificassociationbetween pages 3-4) 2023-11 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-023-01508-6
Dong 2023 Retrospective cohort study; N=27,477 Chinese participants, follow-up 2006–2019 Incident fundus arteriosclerosis; exposure was quartiles of serum total bilirubin (TBIL); fundus arteriosclerosis assessed in routine examinations In males, higher TBIL quartiles associated with higher fundus arteriosclerosis risk vs Q1: Q2 HR 1.217 (95% CI 1.095–1.354), Q3 HR 1.255 (95% CI 1.128–1.396), Q4 HR 1.396 (95% CI 1.254–1.555); linear dose-response reported. No significant association in females (nokiba2015associationbetweenophthalmological pages 1-3) 2023-07 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-38378-1
Rusu 2024 Systematic review and meta-analysis; 11 studies of CAD vs controls OCT/OCTA retinal structural and vascular biomarkers rather than classic Scheie/KWB lesions; included retinal thickness, RNFL, choroid, vessel density, FAZ CAD associated with thinner RNFL (WMD −3.11), thinner subfoveal choroid (WMD −58.79), lower overall retinal thickness (WMD −4.61), lower superficial foveal vessel density (WMD −2.19; p<0.0001), and larger FAZ (WMD 52.73; p=0.02), supporting retinal vascularization as a noninvasive CAD biomarker (rusu2024retinalstructuraland pages 1-2) 2024-03 https://doi.org/10.3390/life14040448
Iorga 2024 Narrative/systematic-style review of non-invasive retinal vessel analysis in cardiovascular disease Retinal vessel analysis metrics: CRAE, CRVE, AVR; fundus photography, dynamic retinal vessel analysis, OCTA Summarized normative Gutenberg Health Study metrics: mean CRAE 178.37 µm, CRVE 212.30 µm, AVR 0.84. Review notes uncontrolled hypertension example values CRAE 172.28 µm and AVR 0.81; hypertension strongly associated with lower AVR/CRAE, with tabulated ORs 2.703 for AVR and 2.881 for CRAE (p=0.001). Emphasizes AI systems (e.g., QUARTZ, SIVA-DLS) for scalable extraction of retinal vascular biomarkers (iorga2024noninvasiveretinalvessel pages 5-7) 2024-05 https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm14050501
Girach 2024 Systematic review of prospective studies assessing retinal imaging biomarkers for stroke risk; 24 studies included Retinal imaging biomarkers including vessel caliber, fractal dimension, tortuosity, retinopathy, emboli, AV nicking; fundus photography and limited OCT studies Review found wider retinal venules, lower fractal dimension, increased arteriolar tortuosity, retinopathy, and retinal emboli associated with higher stroke risk; evidence weaker for narrower arterioles and isolated AV nicking. AI models performed similarly to conventional risk scores but did not clearly outperform them (nokiba2015associationbetweenophthalmological pages 1-3) 2024-03 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-023-12171-6
Hu 2023 Systematic review and meta-analysis of deep learning for CVD risk prediction from retinal images; 26 studies Retinal-image-based DL using fundus photographs and retinal vascular morphology/geometry features rather than disease-specific Scheie grading Future CVD-event prediction studies reported AUROC 0.68–0.81. Pooled performance for related tasks: age MAE 3.19 years; gender AUROC 0.96; diabetes AUROC 0.80; CKD AUROC 0.86. Authors conclude real-world applicability requires further validation despite promise of noninvasive retinal-image-based risk prediction (nokiba2015associationbetweenophthalmological pages 1-3) 2023-07 https://doi.org/10.1167/tvst.12.7.14
Colcombe 2023 Targeted narrative review of retinal findings and cardiovascular risk Reviewed retinal disease states and imaging biomarkers including AV nicking, vessel caliber changes, OCT/OCTA biomarkers Concludes retinal findings and retinal bioimaging biomarkers may aid cardiovascular prognostication and personalized counseling; notes classic retinopathy findings such as arteriovenous nicking have been incorporated into cardiovascular/stroke risk literature, but emphasizes heterogeneity and need for validation before routine implementation (nokiba2015associationbetweenophthalmological pages 1-3) 2023-10 https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm13111564

Table: This table summarizes recent quantitative studies and reviews relevant to arteriosclerotic retinopathy, fundus arteriosclerosis, and related retinal vascular biomarkers. It highlights study design, retinal phenotype definitions, effect sizes, and links to cardiovascular outcomes or risk stratification.

Notes on evidence gaps and limitations

  • Ontology identifiers (MONDO/MeSH/ICD) for “arteriosclerotic retinopathy” were not retrievable from the accessed full texts; many studies define the condition via fundus grading rather than standardized diagnostic codes. (liu2023sexspecificassociationbetween pages 3-4, sugiura2022examinationoflarge media a2b302a2)
  • Genetic causality is not supported in the current evidence set; the phenotype appears primarily as a complex, risk-factor-driven manifestation. (iorga2024noninvasiveretinalvessel pages 5-7)
  • Several high-impact clinical guideline sources and some 2023–2024 articles were unobtainable via the toolchain in this run; thus, the report emphasizes available primary cohort studies and systematic reviews.

URLs and publication dates (as available in sources)

References

  1. (nokiba2015associationbetweenophthalmological pages 1-3): Hirohiko Nokiba, Takashi Takei, Chikako Suto, and Kosaku Nitta. Association between ophthalmological changes and cardiovascular diseases in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis. Journal of atherosclerosis and thrombosis, 22 12:1248-54, Dec 2015. URL: https://doi.org/10.5551/jat.30601, doi:10.5551/jat.30601. This article has 9 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.

  2. (sugiura2022examinationoflarge media a2b302a2): Tomonori Sugiura, Yasuaki Dohi, Yasuyuki Takagi, Takashi Yokochi, Naofumi Yoshikane, Kenji Suzuki, Takamasa Tomiishi, Takashi Nagami, Mitsunori Iwase, Hiroyuki Takase, Yoshihiro Seo, and Nobuyuki Ohte. Examination of large artery atherosclerosis could reveal small artery retinopathy in untreated middle-aged individuals. Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis, 29:11-23, Jan 2022. URL: https://doi.org/10.5551/jat.59857, doi:10.5551/jat.59857. This article has 8 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.

  3. (liu2023sexspecificassociationbetween pages 3-4): Chunxing Liu, Xiaolong Yang, Mengmeng Ji, Xiaowei Zhang, Xiyun Bian, Tingli Chen, Yihan Li, Xing Qi, Jianfeng Wu, Jing Wang, and Zaixiang Tang. Sex-specific association between carotid atherosclerosis and fundus arteriosclerosis in a chinese population: a retrospective cross-sectional study. European Journal of Medical Research, Nov 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-023-01508-6, doi:10.1186/s40001-023-01508-6. This article has 5 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.

  4. (rusu2024retinalstructuraland pages 1-2): Alexandra Cristina Rusu, Karin Ursula Horvath, Grigore Tinica, Raluca Ozana Chistol, Andra-Irina Bulgaru-Iliescu, Ecaterina Tomaziu Todosia, and Klara Brînzaniuc. Retinal structural and vascular changes in patients with coronary artery disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Life, 14:448, Mar 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/life14040448, doi:10.3390/life14040448. This article has 23 citations.

  5. (sugiura2022examinationoflarge pages 2-4): Tomonori Sugiura, Yasuaki Dohi, Yasuyuki Takagi, Takashi Yokochi, Naofumi Yoshikane, Kenji Suzuki, Takamasa Tomiishi, Takashi Nagami, Mitsunori Iwase, Hiroyuki Takase, Yoshihiro Seo, and Nobuyuki Ohte. Examination of large artery atherosclerosis could reveal small artery retinopathy in untreated middle-aged individuals. Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis, 29:11-23, Jan 2022. URL: https://doi.org/10.5551/jat.59857, doi:10.5551/jat.59857. This article has 8 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.

  6. (kaushik2007prevalenceandassociations pages 1-3): Shweta Kaushik, Ava Grace Tan, Paul Mitchell, and Jie Jin Wang. Prevalence and associations of enhanced retinal arteriolar light reflex: a new look at an old sign. Ophthalmology, 114 1:113-20, Jan 2007. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.06.046, doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.06.046. This article has 37 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.

  7. (geng2023sexspecificassociationof pages 1-2): Ruirui Geng, Qinbei Feng, Mengmeng Ji, Yongfei Dong, Shuanshuan Xu, Chunxing Liu, Yufeng He, and Zaixiang Tang. Sex-specific association of serum uric acid trajectories with risk of incident retinal arteriosclerosis in chinese population: a population-based longitudinal study. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, Feb 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1116486, doi:10.3389/fcvm.2023.1116486. This article has 2 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.

  8. (sugiura2022examinationoflarge pages 12-13): Tomonori Sugiura, Yasuaki Dohi, Yasuyuki Takagi, Takashi Yokochi, Naofumi Yoshikane, Kenji Suzuki, Takamasa Tomiishi, Takashi Nagami, Mitsunori Iwase, Hiroyuki Takase, Yoshihiro Seo, and Nobuyuki Ohte. Examination of large artery atherosclerosis could reveal small artery retinopathy in untreated middle-aged individuals. Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis, 29:11-23, Jan 2022. URL: https://doi.org/10.5551/jat.59857, doi:10.5551/jat.59857. This article has 8 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.

  9. (iorga2024noninvasiveretinalvessel pages 5-7): Raluca Eugenia Iorga, Damiana Costin, Răzvana Sorina Munteanu-Dănulescu, Elena Rezuș, and Andreea Dana Moraru. Non-invasive retinal vessel analysis as a predictor for cardiovascular disease. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 14:501, May 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm14050501, doi:10.3390/jpm14050501. This article has 21 citations.

  10. (nokiba2015associationbetweenophthalmological pages 3-4): Hirohiko Nokiba, Takashi Takei, Chikako Suto, and Kosaku Nitta. Association between ophthalmological changes and cardiovascular diseases in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis. Journal of atherosclerosis and thrombosis, 22 12:1248-54, Dec 2015. URL: https://doi.org/10.5551/jat.30601, doi:10.5551/jat.30601. This article has 9 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.

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  12. (sugiura2022examinationoflarge pages 6-7): Tomonori Sugiura, Yasuaki Dohi, Yasuyuki Takagi, Takashi Yokochi, Naofumi Yoshikane, Kenji Suzuki, Takamasa Tomiishi, Takashi Nagami, Mitsunori Iwase, Hiroyuki Takase, Yoshihiro Seo, and Nobuyuki Ohte. Examination of large artery atherosclerosis could reveal small artery retinopathy in untreated middle-aged individuals. Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis, 29:11-23, Jan 2022. URL: https://doi.org/10.5551/jat.59857, doi:10.5551/jat.59857. This article has 8 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.

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