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Viral Neural Progenitor Cytopathy Module

Module viral_neural_progenitor_cytopathy 1 disorder Pathograph 5
Conserved non-genetic cortical malformation mechanism in which prenatal neurotropic viral infection targets neural stem cells, neural progenitors, or radial glia during corticogenesis. The shared skeleton is fetal-brain viral exposure and progenitor infection followed by antiviral innate immune activation, mitotic or centrosome stress, apoptosis or cytopathy, depletion or premature differentiation of the progenitor pool, impaired neurogenesis, and congenital cortical malformation. Zika virus is the prototype evidence base, but conforming disease entries should substitute the virus-specific receptor, immune-evasion, placental, diagnostic, and systemic branches.
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Pathophysiology Nodes

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5 shared nodes are defined in this module.
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Cell Types

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neural stem cell CL:0000047 neural progenitor cell CL:0011020 radial glial cell CL:0000681 neuron CL:0000540
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Biological Processes

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viral entry into host cell GO:0046718 INCREASED viral genome replication GO:0019079 INCREASED innate immune response GO:0045087 INCREASED defense response to virus GO:0051607 DYSREGULATED toll-like receptor signaling pathway GO:0002224 INCREASED type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway GO:0060337 DYSREGULATED cell cycle GO:0007049 DYSREGULATED mitotic cell cycle GO:0000278 DYSREGULATED mitotic spindle organization GO:0007052 DYSREGULATED apoptotic process GO:0006915 INCREASED cell population proliferation GO:0008283 DECREASED neurogenesis GO:0022008 DECREASED cerebral cortex development GO:0021987 ABNORMAL
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Notes

This is a mechanism module, not a broad TORCH, microcephaly, or congenital Zika syndrome disease entry. Use conforms_to only when the entry has evidence that a prenatal viral infection directly perturbs neural stem/progenitor or radial-glial biology. ZIKV-specific features such as AXL candidate entry receptor status, NS5/TBK1 immune evasion, calcifications, fetal diagnostic findings, ocular/systemic congenital findings, and antiviral response belong in the congenital Zika disease entry unless a later curator demonstrates that the branch is reusable across multiple congenital viral infections. This module intentionally overlaps downstream with neural_progenitor_centrosome_spindle_dysfunction for mitotic/centrosome and progenitor-pool branches; conforming disease entries can cite both modules when the evidence supports both the viral upstream lesion and the conserved progenitor-spindle/progenitor-pool skeleton.
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Discussions and Knowledge Gaps

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Which viral entry receptors or attachment factors determine susceptibility of human radial glia, outer radial glia, neural progenitors, endothelium, and fetal barrier tissues to congenital viral infection?
KNOWLEDGE GAP OPEN gap_viral_entry_receptor_tropism
Attached to: Fetal Brain Viral Exposure and Progenitor Infection
AXL expression highlights a plausible ZIKV susceptibility branch in human radial glia and organoids, but AXL is not established here as a required generic viral-module feature. Disease entries should decide whether their virus uses AXL, another TAM receptor, a distinct attachment factor, or a receptor-independent route, and whether receptor expression alone explains fetal-brain tropism.
Proposed experiments: Isogenic fetal-brain receptor and viral-strain tropism panel
Which congenital viral cortical-malformation mechanisms are faithfully captured by mouse, non-human primate organoid, human organoid, fetal slice, and postmortem human tissue systems, and which are model- or strain-specific?
HUMAN MODEL MISMATCH OPEN gap_viral_mcd_human_model_translatability
Attached to: Fetal Brain Viral Exposure and Progenitor Infection Neural Progenitor Apoptosis and Pool Depletion Impaired Neurogenesis and Congenital Cortical Malformation
The ZIKV evidence base spans hNPC culture, brain organoids, organotypic fetal slices, mouse models, and infected human fetal brain, but each system captures different aspects of gestational timing, placental crossing, immune competence, OSVZ/oRG biology, and strain-specific viral adaptation. Conforming disease entries should not treat one model as complete proof of the human congenital cortical malformation skeleton.
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Used By Disorder Entries

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Congenital Zika Syndrome via Maternal-Fetal Transmission and Neurotropic Viral Entry → Fetal Brain Viral Exposure and Progenitor Infection , Antiviral Innate Immune Activation , Viral Mitotic and Centrosome Cytopathy , Neural Progenitor Apoptosis and Pool Depletion , Impaired Neurogenesis and Congenital Cortical Malformation
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Pathograph

Use the checkboxes to hide or show graph categories. Hover nodes for evidence-backed metadata.
Pathograph: causal mechanism network for Viral Neural Progenitor Cytopathy Module Interactive directed graph showing how this shared module's pathophysiology nodes connect.
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Pathophysiology

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Fetal Brain Viral Exposure and Progenitor Infection
trigger
A prenatal neurotropic virus crosses maternal-fetal or fetal-brain barriers and infects neural stem cells, neural progenitors, radial glia, or related fetal neuroepithelial cells. ZIKV data support this node through human iPSC-derived neural progenitor infection, human cortical progenitor and organoid infection, and fetal tissue/radial-glial susceptibility evidence. Virus-specific receptor and placental entry details belong in conforming disease entries.
neural stem cell CL:0000047 neural progenitor cell CL:0011020 radial glial cell CL:0000681
viral entry into host cell GO:0046718 INCREASED viral genome replication GO:0019079 INCREASED
Used by disorders
Congenital Zika Syndrome as Maternal-Fetal Transmission and Neurotropic Viral Entry
Downstream
  • Antiviral Innate Immune Activation Infection exposes viral RNA or replication intermediates that activate pattern-recognition and interferon-related pathways in neural progenitor systems.
  • Viral Mitotic and Centrosome Cytopathy Viral infection can directly perturb mitosis, centrosomes, and radial glial cell-cycle machinery.
Antiviral Innate Immune Activation
amplifier
Viral infection activates innate immune pathways in neural progenitor systems. In the ZIKV prototype, cerebral organoid studies support a TLR3- linked branch in which antiviral signaling intersects with neurogenesis, axon guidance, and apoptosis pathways. This node should be specialized in disease entries for the relevant pattern-recognition receptor, interferon pathway, viral immune-evasion factor, or host restriction mechanism.
neural progenitor cell CL:0011020 radial glial cell CL:0000681
innate immune response GO:0045087 INCREASED defense response to virus GO:0051607 DYSREGULATED toll-like receptor signaling pathway GO:0002224 INCREASED type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway GO:0060337 DYSREGULATED
Used by disorders
Congenital Zika Syndrome
Downstream
  • Neural Progenitor Apoptosis and Pool Depletion Innate immune signaling and viral stress can promote apoptosis, premature differentiation, or survival loss in the progenitor pool.
Viral Mitotic and Centrosome Cytopathy
central effector
Viral infection perturbs cell-cycle progression, mitosis, centrosome integrity, spindle geometry, or centrosome-associated antiviral signaling in infected neural stem/progenitor cells and radial glia. This node is the point of convergence with the neural progenitor centrosome/spindle dysfunction module.
neural progenitor cell CL:0011020 radial glial cell CL:0000681
cell cycle GO:0007049 DYSREGULATED mitotic cell cycle GO:0000278 DYSREGULATED mitotic spindle organization GO:0007052 DYSREGULATED
Used by disorders
Congenital Zika Syndrome
Downstream
  • Neural Progenitor Apoptosis and Pool Depletion Cell-cycle, mitotic, and centrosome disruption promotes apoptosis, premature differentiation, or loss of the neural progenitor pool.
Neural Progenitor Apoptosis and Pool Depletion
effector
Viral replication, innate immune activation, and mitotic stress converge on increased apoptosis, cell death, premature differentiation, or reduced viability of neural progenitors and radial glia. The resulting depletion or distortion of the progenitor pool reduces cortical neuron output and disrupts the ventricular-zone scaffold.
neural stem cell CL:0000047 neural progenitor cell CL:0011020 radial glial cell CL:0000681
apoptotic process GO:0006915 INCREASED cell population proliferation GO:0008283 DECREASED neurogenesis GO:0022008 DECREASED
Used by disorders
Congenital Zika Syndrome
Downstream
  • Impaired Neurogenesis and Congenital Cortical Malformation Progenitor loss and premature differentiation reduce cortical neuron output and disrupt early cortical architecture.
Impaired Neurogenesis and Congenital Cortical Malformation
outcome
Reduced progenitor survival, premature progenitor differentiation, disrupted ventricular-zone organization, and impaired neurogenesis produce congenital cortical malformations. ZIKV prototype outcomes include cortical thinning, microcephaly, simplified gyration or agyria-like malformation, and disrupted cortical layers; virus-specific imaging findings and extracortical/systemic congenital features belong in conforming disease entries.
neuron CL:0000540
neurogenesis GO:0022008 DECREASED cerebral cortex development GO:0021987 ABNORMAL
Used by disorders
Congenital Zika Syndrome