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Pathophysiology Nodes

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5 shared nodes are defined in this module.
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Cell Types

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neuron CL:0000540
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Biological Processes

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synaptic vesicle cycle GO:0099504 ABNORMAL synaptic vesicle priming GO:0016082 DECREASED calcium-dependent activation of synaptic vesicle fusion GO:0099502 DECREASED synaptic vesicle exocytosis GO:0016079 DECREASED synaptic vesicle endocytosis GO:0048488 DECREASED neurotransmitter secretion GO:0007269 DECREASED chemical synaptic transmission GO:0007268 ABNORMAL
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Notes

This is a mechanism module, not a specific disease. Disorder entries should reference individual nodes via conforms_to using "synaptic_vesicle_cycle#<Node Name>"; the key conformance target is "synaptic_vesicle_cycle#Impaired Calcium-Triggered SNARE-Mediated Vesicle Fusion", the central integrating step of the release machine. The generic cell type is neuron (CL:0000540); conforming entries substitute the disease-relevant subtype (e.g. cortical glutamatergic neuron, GABAergic interneuron, spinal motor neuron at the neuromuscular junction). This module is deliberately presynaptic and complementary to โ€” not a duplicate of โ€” the postsynaptic excitatory_synapse_scaffold_disruption module (PSD scaffold genes such as SHANK3 and SYNGAP1), the network-level epilepsy_excitation_inhibition_imbalance module (which models hyper-synchronous firing rather than the presynaptic release lesion), and the glutamate_excitotoxicity module (receptor-overactivation cell death). The clinical convergence (which specific DEE syndrome, presynaptic myasthenia, or movement disorder results) is disorder-specific and stays on the conforming disorder entries. Module evidence reuses PMIDs that are curated and cached in the conforming disorder entries and in the foundational synaptic-vesicle-cycle and SNAREopathy literature; it is illustrative of the abstracted pattern rather than an exhaustive citation set. Worked conformers span the cycle's arms: SYN1-related disorder (vesicle clustering / reserve pool), STXBP1 encephalopathy and UNC13A congenital NDD (docking/priming), SYT1-associated neurodevelopmental disorder / Baker-Gordon syndrome (the calcium-sensor arm) with the three core SNARE-subunit disorders SNAP25 and STX1B (t-SNAREs) and VAMP2 (v-SNARE) and the SNARE-regulator/fusion-clamp disorder CPLX1, and DNM1 encephalopathy (the endocytosis/recycling arm). These are collected as the Synaptic_Vesicle_Cycle_Disorders grouping.
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Used By Disorder Entries

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Pathograph

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Pathograph: causal mechanism network for Synaptic Vesicle Cycle Module Interactive directed graph showing how this shared module's pathophysiology nodes connect.
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Pathophysiology

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Synaptic Vesicle Cycle Protein Deficiency
trigger
The proximal molecular lesion: loss of function or dysregulation of a presynaptic protein that acts at one of the steps of the synaptic vesicle cycle (neurotransmitter loading, vesicle clustering, docking, priming, Ca2+-triggered fusion, or endocytic recycling). Because these proteins operate as a single integrated release machine, a defect in any one component reduces or dysregulates neurotransmitter release. Conforming entries substitute the disease gene and the specific cycle step it disrupts.
neuron CL:0000540
synaptic vesicle cycle GO:0099504 ABNORMAL
Impaired Vesicle Docking and Priming
upstream
Synaptic vesicles are tethered at the presynaptic active zone and rendered fusion-competent (primed) by a dedicated set of proteins โ€” the Sec1/Munc18 protein Munc18-1 (STXBP1), the priming factor Munc13 (UNC13A), and the active-zone scaffold RIM (RIMS1). Munc18-1 chaperones syntaxin-1 and templates SNARE-complex assembly, so its loss abolishes neurotransmitter secretion. Failure of docking/priming depletes the readily releasable vesicle pool and reduces release probability upstream of fusion.
neuron CL:0000540
synaptic vesicle priming GO:0016082 DECREASED
Impaired Calcium-Triggered SNARE-Mediated Vesicle Fusion
central effector
The central integrating step: an action-potential-evoked Ca2+ influx is sensed by the vesicular Ca2+ sensor synaptotagmin-1, which triggers zippering of the neuronal SNARE complex (SNAP-25 with syntaxin-1B on the plasma membrane and synaptobrevin-2/VAMP2 on the vesicle), clamped and synchronized by complexin, to fuse the vesicle with the presynaptic membrane and release neurotransmitter. These components form a single integrated fusion machine, so a mutation in any one impairs evoked release. This is the key conformance target: disorders substitute their specific fusion-machinery gene while sharing this Ca2+-triggered SNARE-fusion lesion.
neuron CL:0000540
calcium-dependent activation of synaptic vesicle fusion GO:0099502 DECREASED synaptic vesicle exocytosis GO:0016079 DECREASED
Impaired Synaptic Vesicle Endocytosis and Recycling
upstream
After exocytosis, vesicle membrane and proteins are retrieved by endocytosis and recycled to regenerate release-ready vesicles, sustaining transmission during repeated firing. Dynamin-1 (DNM1) mediates the fission of endocytosing vesicles and synaptojanin-1 (SYNJ1) the phosphoinositide-dependent uncoating step. Failure of endocytic recycling depletes the recycling vesicle pool and causes activity-dependent synaptic-transmission failure, feeding back on the fusion step by starving it of vesicles.
neuron CL:0000540
synaptic vesicle endocytosis GO:0048488 DECREASED
Neurotransmitter Release Failure and Synaptic Transmission Deficit
effector
The convergent endpoint: reduced or dysregulated Ca2+-evoked neurotransmitter release impairs chemical synaptic transmission across the affected synapse population. Depending on the neurons involved this manifests as a developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (cortical excitatory/inhibitory imbalance), a presynaptic congenital myasthenic syndrome (motor-nerve-terminal transmission failure at the neuromuscular junction), and/or a movement disorder. This is the shared clinical-mechanistic endpoint; the specific syndrome is disorder-specific and stays on the conforming disorder entries.
neuron CL:0000540
neurotransmitter secretion GO:0007269 DECREASED chemical synaptic transmission GO:0007268 ABNORMAL