APOL1

Apolipoprotein L1 is a membrane-active component of human serum trypanosome lytic factors. It circulates on lipoprotein particles and acts after uptake by susceptible trypanosomes, disrupting parasite membrane ion homeostasis. Mature human APOL1 forms cation-selective channels after acidic membrane association and subsequent neutralization. Its carboxy-terminal region is recognized by the trypanosome serum resistance-associated protein, which counteracts host killing. Loss of circulating APOL1 can compromise innate protection against normally non-human-infective trypanosomes. APOL1 is expressed in multiple tissues, including pancreas, lung, prostate, liver, placenta and spleen. Its coding risk haplotypes G1 and G2 are associated with increased susceptibility to focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and other forms of nondiabetic kidney disease. The relationship between cell-intrinsic renal injury and its circulating host-defense activity remains an active mechanistic question.

Disorders

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