Yersinia Pseudotuberculosis Infectious Disease

Infectious Disease MONDO:0007024 Pathograph 15 Show in embeddings browser Yersinia infectious disease Bacterial enteritis

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infectious disease is a zoonotic foodborne infection in which ingestion of psychrotrophic Yersinia pseudotuberculosis from contaminated refrigerated food or animal reservoirs can cause self-limited gastroenteritis, Peyer's-patch invasion with mesenteric lymphadenitis and hepatosplenic dissemination, and, in Far Eastern YPMa-positive strains, Far East scarlet-like fever driven by superantigenic CD4-positive T-cell activation.

Ask OpenScientist

Ask a research question about Yersinia Pseudotuberculosis Infectious Disease. OpenScientist will conduct autonomous deep research using the Disorder Mechanisms Knowledge Base and PubMed literature (typically 10-30 minutes).

Submitting...

Do not include personal health information in your question. Questions and results are cached in your browser's local storage.

1
Definitions
6
Pathophys.
8
Phenotypes
15
Pathograph
1
Medical Actions
2
Models
1
Deep Research
🏷

Classifications

Harrison's Part
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
📘

Definitions

1
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis disease spectrum
Y. pseudotuberculosis disease spans the self-limited gastroenteritis caused by most enteric strains and the severe systemic inflammatory Far East scarlet-like fever caused by Far Eastern superantigen-producing strains.
CASE_DEFINITION
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:26819960 SUPPORT REVIEW SYNTHESIS Other
"Far East scarlet-like fever is caused by Yersinia pseudotubuclosis infection, an organism that typically causes self-limiting gastroenteritis in Europe."
The review defines the ordinary gastroenteritis presentation and the Far East scarlet-like fever variant as the two central human presentations.
⚙

Pathophysiology

6
Refrigerated Foodborne Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Ingestion
Infection begins when cold-tolerant Y. pseudotuberculosis reaches the small intestine after ingestion of contaminated refrigerated food, water, or animal-derived material.
Downstream
Invasin-Mediated M-Cell and Peyer's Patch Entry Organisms in the ileal lumen use invasin to engage beta-1 integrins on follicle-associated epithelium and M cells over Peyer's patches.
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:20088683 SUPPORT REVIEW SYNTHESIS Other
"Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis are important foodborne pathogens that cause infections through contaminated refrigerated food."
The review supports foodborne ingestion as the initiating exposure.
Invasin-Mediated M-Cell and Peyer's Patch Entry
Chromosomal invasin binds host beta-1 integrins to promote early Yersinia translocation across M cells into Peyer's-patch lymphoid tissue.
M cell of gut CL:0000682 Cell Ontology (CL) Relation: this pathophysiological event involves this cell type This pathophysiological event involves M cell of gut (CL:0000682). CL:0000682 is a cell type from the Cell Ontology.
symbiont entry into host cell GO:0046718 Gene Ontology (GO) Relation: this pathophysiological event involves this biological process This pathophysiological event involves symbiont entry into host cell (GO:0046718). GO:0046718 is a biological process from the Gene Ontology.
small intestine Peyer's patch UBERON:0003454 Uberon multi-species anatomy ontology (UBERON) Relation: this pathophysiological event occurs in this anatomical location This pathophysiological event occurs in small intestine Peyer's patch (UBERON:0003454). UBERON:0003454 is an anatomical location from the Uberon multi-species anatomy ontology.
Downstream
Intestinal Replication and Hepatosplenic Dissemination Peyer's-patch entry and intestinal replication generate the organism pool that later seeds mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen, and liver.
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:12755365 SUPPORT REVIEW SYNTHESIS Other
"Invasin protein is a high-affinity ligand for beta1 integrins and especially important in the early phase of intestinal infection for efficient translocation through the M cells located in the follicle-associated epithelium overlying the Peyer's patches."
The review connects beta-1 integrin binding by invasin to M-cell translocation during early intestinal infection.
Intestinal Replication and Hepatosplenic Dissemination
After mucosal entry, Y. pseudotuberculosis establishes an intestinal replicating pool that can disseminate to mesenteric lymph nodes and deeper reticuloendothelial organs.
mesenteric lymph node UBERON:0002509 Uberon multi-species anatomy ontology (UBERON) Relation: this pathophysiological event occurs in this anatomical location This pathophysiological event occurs in mesenteric lymph node (UBERON:0002509). UBERON:0002509 is an anatomical location from the Uberon multi-species anatomy ontology.
Downstream
LcrF Temperature-Gated pYV Type III Secretion Host body temperature relieves YmoA/RNA-thermometer repression and increases LcrF, the activator of the pYV-encoded ysc and yop genes.
Diarrhea Local enteric infection produces self-limited gastroenteritis.
Lymphadenitis Regional lymphoid infection causes mesenteric lymphadenitis and an appendicitis-mimicking presentation.
YPMa Superantigen CD4 T-Cell Activation When the disseminating strain carries the Far Eastern YPMa program, the infection enters a superantigen-driven systemic inflammatory branch.
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:16754724 SUPPORT Model Organism
"Y. pseudotuberculosis translocated to organs such as the liver and spleen shortly after oral inoculation, but was quickly cleared."
The oral mouse infection study demonstrates that intestinal infection can seed hepatosplenic sites.
LcrF Temperature-Gated pYV Type III Secretion
Body-temperature induction of LcrF activates the pYV-encoded ysc type III secretion genes and yop effector program.
protein secretion by the type III secretion system GO:0030254 Gene Ontology (GO) Relation: this pathophysiological event involves this biological process This pathophysiological event involves protein secretion by the type III secretion system (GO:0030254). GO:0030254 is a biological process from the Gene Ontology.
Animal models
Oral Yersinia pseudotuberculosis mouse infection Mus musculus recapitulates Patient isolates carrying a stabilized thermosensor lose Peyer's-patch, liver, and spleen dissemination and lose lethality after oral mouse infection.
Downstream
YopJ-Driven Toll-Like Receptor Signaling Blockade Activated type III secretion delivers Yop effectors, including YopJ, into host innate immune cells.
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:22359501 SUPPORT Model Organism
"two different Y. pseudotuberculosis patient isolates expressing a stabilized thermometer variant were strongly reduced in their ability to disseminate into the Peyer's patches, liver and spleen and have fully lost their lethality"
The mouse infection experiment shows that proper RNA-thermometer derepression of LcrF is required for dissemination and lethality.
YopJ-Driven Toll-Like Receptor Signaling Blockade
The YopJ type III effector blocks innate NF-kappaB, MAPK, and IRF3 signaling downstream of Toll-like receptors by acting at TRAF3, TRAF6, and TAK1.
macrophage CL:0000235 Cell Ontology (CL) Relation: this pathophysiological event involves this cell type This pathophysiological event involves macrophage (CL:0000235). CL:0000235 is a cell type from the Cell Ontology.
effector-mediated suppression of host innate immune response GO:0140403 Gene Ontology (GO) Relation: this pathophysiological event involves this biological process This pathophysiological event involves effector-mediated suppression of host innate immune response (GO:0140403). GO:0140403 is a biological process from the Gene Ontology.
Downstream
Intestinal Replication and Hepatosplenic Dissemination YopJ-mediated TLR blockade is one part of the broader Yop effector program that blunts innate immunity and enables efficient tissue dissemination.
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:17608743 SUPPORT INDIRECT In Vitro
"YopJ inhibited TLR-mediated NF-kappaB and MAP kinase activation, as suggested by previous studies."
Cell-signaling assays support YopJ-mediated blockade of innate NF-kappaB and MAPK signaling. Sweet et al. characterized Y. pestis YopJ in transfected human cell-line signaling assays, so this entry applies the conserved Yersinia effector mechanism indirectly to Y. pseudotuberculosis pYV-mediated innate immune blockade.
YPMa Superantigen CD4 T-Cell Activation
Far Eastern strains can produce YPMa, a superantigen that expands Vbeta3 T cells in human infection and drives CD4-positive Vbeta7/Vbeta8-dependent TNF-alpha/IFN-gamma shock in mice.
CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL:0000624 Cell Ontology (CL) Relation: this pathophysiological event involves this cell type This pathophysiological event involves CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell (CL:0000624). CL:0000624 is a cell type from the Cell Ontology.
T cell activation GO:0042110 Gene Ontology (GO) Relation: this pathophysiological event involves this biological process This pathophysiological event involves T cell activation (GO:0042110). GO:0042110 is a biological process from the Gene Ontology.
Animal models
YPM-induced shock mouse Mus musculus partially recapitulates Blocking CD4, TCR Vbeta7 plus Vbeta8, TNF-alpha, or IFN-gamma suppresses YPM-induced lethal shock.
Downstream
Renal insufficiency Systemic YPM-driven T-cell activation is associated with the systemic inflammatory form that includes transient renal dysfunction.
Show evidence (2 references)
PMID:9109426 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"20 out of 33 patients (61%) had an elevated antibody titer compared with healthy controls (P = 0.0001)."
Anti-YPM IgG in acute patients supports in-vivo YPM exposure during human infection.
PMID:9159409 SUPPORT Model Organism
"These results indicate that YPM-induced shock requires the presence of CD4+ T cells bearing TCR Vbeta7 and Vbeta8, and that endogenous TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma mediate the lethal effects."
Antibody-blocking experiments in mice support CD4-positive T cells and TNF-alpha/IFN-gamma as mediators of YPM shock.
⬡

Pathograph

Use the checkboxes to hide or show graph categories. Hover nodes for evidence and cross-linked metadata.
Pathograph: causal mechanism network for Yersinia Pseudotuberculosis Infectious Disease Interactive directed graph showing how pathophysiology mechanisms, phenotypes, genetic factors and variants, experimental models, environmental triggers, and treatments relate through causal and linked edges.
●

Phenotypes

8
Cardiovascular 1
Lymphadenitis HP:0002840 Human Phenotype Ontology (HP) Relation: this clinical feature is this phenotype This clinical feature is mesenteric lymphadenitis, annotated with Lymphadenitis (HP:0002840). HP:0002840 is a phenotype from the Human Phenotype Ontology.
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:32498317 SUPPORT REVIEW SYNTHESIS Other
"Pseudotuberculosis in humans until the 1950s was found in different countries of the world as a rare sporadic disease that occurred in the form of acute appendicitis and mesenteric lymphadenitis."
The review names mesenteric lymphadenitis as a human manifestation.
Digestive 1
Diarrhea HP:0002014 Human Phenotype Ontology (HP) Relation: this clinical feature is this phenotype This clinical feature is Diarrhea (HP:0002014). HP:0002014 is a phenotype from the Human Phenotype Ontology.
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:26819960 SUPPORT REVIEW SYNTHESIS Other
"In Europe, human Y pseudotuberculosis infection typically occurs sporadically, in the form of a self-limiting gastroenteritis."
The review supports self-limited gastroenteritis as a major clinical presentation.
Genitourinary 1
Renal insufficiency HP:0000083 Human Phenotype Ontology (HP) Relation: this clinical feature is this phenotype This clinical feature is Renal insufficiency (HP:0000083). HP:0000083 is a phenotype from the Human Phenotype Ontology.
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:9109426 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"Patients with systemic symptoms such as lymphadenopathy, transient renal dysfunction, and arthritis had significantly higher titers of anti-YPM than patients with gastrointestinal tract symptoms alone."
The patient serology study places transient renal dysfunction in the systemic YPM-associated branch of Y. pseudotuberculosis disease.
Immune 2
Scarlatinoid rash Skin rash HP:0000988 Human Phenotype Ontology (HP) Relation: this clinical feature is this phenotype This clinical feature is scarlatinoid rash, annotated with Skin rash (HP:0000988). HP:0000988 is a phenotype from the Human Phenotype Ontology.
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:33321204 SUPPORT BACKGROUND Human Clinical
"Yersinia pseudotuberculosis belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae and is responsible for scarlatinoid fever"
The abstract background names scarlatinoid fever as part of the Y. pseudotuberculosis clinical spectrum; the term is bound to the generic HPO skin-rash class because no scarlatiniform-specific HPO term is cached.
Erythema nodosum HP:0012219 Human Phenotype Ontology (HP) Relation: this clinical feature is this phenotype This clinical feature is Erythema nodosum (HP:0012219). HP:0012219 is a phenotype from the Human Phenotype Ontology.
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:33321204 SUPPORT BACKGROUND Human Clinical
"Yersinia pseudotuberculosis belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae and is responsible for scarlatinoid fever, food poisoning, post-infectious complications like erythema nodosum/reactive arthritis as well as pseudoappendicitis in children."
The abstract background names erythema nodosum as a post-infectious complication of Y. pseudotuberculosis.
Metabolism 1
Fever HP:0001945 Human Phenotype Ontology (HP) Relation: this clinical feature is this phenotype This clinical feature is Fever (HP:0001945). HP:0001945 is a phenotype from the Human Phenotype Ontology.
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:8536731 SUPPORT REVIEW SYNTHESIS Human Clinical
"the most common manifestation being mesenteric lymphadenitis accompanied by abdominal pain and fever"
The literature review places fever in the common human mesenteric-lymphadenitis presentation.
Constitutional 1
Abdominal pain HP:0002027 Human Phenotype Ontology (HP) Relation: this clinical feature is this phenotype This clinical feature is Abdominal pain (HP:0002027). HP:0002027 is a phenotype from the Human Phenotype Ontology.
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:8536731 SUPPORT REVIEW SYNTHESIS Human Clinical
"the most common manifestation being mesenteric lymphadenitis accompanied by abdominal pain and fever"
The literature review places abdominal pain in the common human mesenteric-lymphadenitis presentation.
Other 1
Reactive arthritis MONDO:0017376 Mondo Disease Ontology (MONDO) Relation: this clinical feature is this phenotype This clinical feature is reactive arthritis (MONDO:0017376). MONDO:0017376 is a phenotype from the Mondo Disease Ontology.
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:33321204 SUPPORT BACKGROUND Human Clinical
"Yersinia pseudotuberculosis belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae and is responsible for scarlatinoid fever, food poisoning, post-infectious complications like erythema nodosum/reactive arthritis as well as pseudoappendicitis in children."
The abstract background names reactive arthritis as a post-infectious complication of Y. pseudotuberculosis.
💊

Medical Actions

1
Susceptibility-guided antibiotic therapy
Action: antibiotic therapyNCI Thesaurus (NCIT) Relation: this treatment is this clinical intervention This treatment is antibiotic therapy (NCIT:C15620). NCIT:C15620 is a clinical intervention from the NCI Thesaurus. Ontology label: Antibiotic Therapy NCIT:C15620
Platform: Small molecule
Severe or invasive Y. pseudotuberculosis infection can be treated with antibiotics active against the recovered isolate; available surveillance of nonhuman-primate diagnostic isolates found broad susceptibility and supports susceptibility-guided antimicrobial selection.
Mechanism Target:
INHIBITS Intestinal Replication and Hepatosplenic Dissemination — Active antimicrobials suppress viable Y. pseudotuberculosis organisms in culture, providing organism-directed coverage for systemic infection when therapy is indicated.
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:28222842 SUPPORT In Vitro
"None of the 58 Y. pseudotuber-culosis isolates was resistant to any tested antimicrobial."
Susceptibility testing of Y. pseudotuberculosis isolates supports the existence of antimicrobial regimens active against the organism without making a human outcome claim.
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:28222842 SUPPORT In Vitro
"Our findings indicate that zoonotic bacteria from NHP diagnostic samples are broadly susceptible to the antimicrobials used to treat the clinical infections."
The study supports antimicrobial susceptibility as the curated treatment rationale for Y. pseudotuberculosis recovered from diagnostic specimens.
🌍

Environmental Factors

3
Refrigerated contaminated food exposure
Refrigerated food can remain an infectious vehicle because Y. pseudotuberculosis is adapted to low-temperature survival.
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:20088683 SUPPORT REVIEW SYNTHESIS Other
"Their cold tolerance mechanisms are therefore of special interest."
The review connects the organism's low-temperature biology to its food safety relevance.
Mechanism Target:
TRIGGERS Refrigerated Foodborne Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Ingestion — Eating contaminated refrigerated food delivers viable organisms into the ileocecal lumen.
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:20088683 SUPPORT REVIEW SYNTHESIS Other
"Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis are important foodborne pathogens that cause infections through contaminated refrigerated food."
The review supports contaminated refrigerated food as an initiating vehicle for foodborne Y. pseudotuberculosis.
Domestic-animal and food-chain reservoirs
Pathogenic Y. pseudotuberculosis strains can circulate between livestock or food reservoirs and humans.
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:19835774 SUPPORT Other
"inv-positive Y. pseudotuberculosis were isolated in Plateau state of Nigeria from several samples of human and non-human origin."
The survey isolated pathogenic Y. pseudotuberculosis from both human and non-human samples.
Mechanism Target:
PREDISPOSES Refrigerated Foodborne Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Ingestion — Animal and food reservoirs seed contaminated food before human ingestion.
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:19835774 SUPPORT Other
"All human Y. pseudotuberculosis 1/O:1 strains were indistinguishable from pig, sheep or food strains."
The strain-comparison study supports food and animal reservoirs as sources of human Y. pseudotuberculosis strains.
Host iron overload
Iron-overload states, including hereditary hemochromatosis, predispose hosts to septicemic or disseminated Y. pseudotuberculosis infection.
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:8536731 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"A septicemic form of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection has been reported only rarely."
The review establishes septicemic Y. pseudotuberculosis as a rare invasive presentation enriched in hosts with underlying disorders.
Mechanism Target:
PREDISPOSES Intestinal Replication and Hepatosplenic Dissemination — Excess bioavailable iron and impaired macrophage uptake reduce host resistance, allowing Y. pseudotuberculosis to colonize deep tissues more efficiently after enteric inoculation.
Show evidence (2 references)
PMID:8536731 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"It is usually seen in patients with underlying disorders such as diabetes, hepatic cirrhosis or iron overload."
The septicemia literature review identifies iron overload among the underlying disorders associated with invasive Y. pseudotuberculosis.
PMID:27446816 SUPPORT Model Organism
"Hjv (-∕-) and Hfe (C282Y∕C282Y) transgenic mice displayed enhanced colonization of deep tissues by Y. pseudotuberculosis following oral inoculation"
Oral infection of two hemochromatosis mouse models supports iron overload as a predisposing host state for tissue dissemination.
🔬

Diagnosis

1
Direct detection and PsaA-based species-discriminating serology
Acute Y. pseudotuberculosis infection can be diagnosed by direct bacterial detection, while chronic or post-infectious disease requires serology that distinguishes Y. pseudotuberculosis antigens from Y. enterocolitica antigens.
Show evidence (2 references)
PMID:30238343 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"Whereas early infections can be diagnosed by direct detection of bacteria, chronic infections can only be identified by serological tests."
The diagnostic ELISA paper distinguishes direct detection in acute infection from serology in chronic or post-infectious yersiniosis.
PMID:30238343 SUPPORT In Vitro
"discrimination between the two types of infection is based on two recombinant bacterial proteins, MyfA and PsaA (specific for Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis, respectively)"
PsaA is identified as the Y. pseudotuberculosis-specific antigen in a species-discriminating serologic assay.
📈

Progression

2
Localized enteric yersiniosis
In Europe and much of the world, infection is often a sporadic, self-limited gastroenteritis or a terminal-ileal/mesenteric-lymph-node syndrome that can mimic acute appendicitis.
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:26819960 SUPPORT REVIEW SYNTHESIS Other
"In Europe, human Y pseudotuberculosis infection typically occurs sporadically, in the form of a self-limiting gastroenteritis."
The review supports a localized, self-limited enteric presentation.
Far East scarlet-like fever
Far Eastern YPMa-producing lineages can cause outbreaks of a severe systemic inflammatory disease called Far East scarlet-like fever.
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:26819960 SUPPORT REVIEW SYNTHESIS Other
"In Russia and Japan, outbreaks of Y pseudotuberculosis infection cause severe systemic inflammatory symptoms."
The FESLF review describes systemic inflammatory outbreak disease as the Far Eastern branch of Y. pseudotuberculosis infection.
📊

Prevalence

1
Worldwide
Unknown Rare
Human Y. pseudotuberculosis infection is described as a rare sporadic disease globally outside the Far Eastern outbreak setting; no denominator-based worldwide prevalence estimate is curated.
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:32498317 SUPPORT REVIEW SYNTHESIS Other
"Pseudotuberculosis in humans until the 1950s was found in different countries of the world as a rare sporadic disease"
The review supports a qualitative rare-worldwide prevalence assignment while distinguishing ordinary sporadic disease from Far Eastern outbreaks.
🦠

Infectious Agent

1
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
Y. pseudotuberculosis is an enteropathogenic, psychrotrophic Yersinia species whose pYV virulence plasmid encodes the LcrF-regulated Ysc type III secretion system and Yop effector proteins; Far Eastern epidemic strains can additionally produce the YPMa superantigen.
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis NCBITaxon:633 NCBI Taxonomy (NCBITaxon)
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:26819960 SUPPORT REVIEW SYNTHESIS Other
"Geographical heterogeneity exists between virulence factors produced by European and Far Eastern Y pseudotuberculosis strains, implicating superantigen Y pseudotuberculosis-derived mitogen A (YPMa) in the pathogenesis of FESLF."
The review identifies Y. pseudotuberculosis and YPMa-positive Far Eastern strains as the bacterial basis of the genotype-branched disease spectrum.
↔️

Transmission

1
Refrigerated foodborne zoonotic transmission
Human infection is acquired by ingesting fecally contaminated food or water; the organism's cold tolerance permits persistence in refrigerated food.
Show evidence (2 references)
PMID:20088683 SUPPORT REVIEW SYNTHESIS Other
"Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis are important foodborne pathogens that cause infections through contaminated refrigerated food."
The review supports contaminated refrigerated food as an exposure vehicle for Y. pseudotuberculosis.
PMID:19835774 SUPPORT Other
"All human Y. pseudotuberculosis 1/O:1 strains were indistinguishable from pig, sheep or food strains."
Molecular identity between human, livestock, and food isolates supports food-chain zoonotic transmission.
🐁

Animal Models

2
Oral Yersinia pseudotuberculosis mouse infection
Oral infection in mice models the intestinal-to-hepatosplenic dissemination axis and demonstrates that proper RNA-thermometer regulation of LcrF is required for lethal disseminated disease.
Species
Mus musculus
Publication
PMID:22359501
Pathograph links
LcrF Temperature-Gated pYV Type III Secretion recapitulates fidelity: moderate observes: organism Patient isolates carrying a stabilized thermosensor lose Peyer's-patch, liver, and spleen dissemination and lose lethality after oral mouse infection.
Limitations: The model reads out murine dissemination and lethality rather than the full human Far East scarlet-like fever clinical spectrum.
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:22359501 SUPPORT Model Organism
"two different Y. pseudotuberculosis patient isolates expressing a stabilized thermometer variant were strongly reduced in their ability to disseminate into the Peyer's patches, liver and spleen and have fully lost their lethality"
Oral mouse infection directly tests the in-vivo requirement for the LcrF RNA thermosensor.
YPM-induced shock mouse
Mice sensitized with D-galactosamine and injected with YPM are used to map the CD4-positive T-cell and cytokine requirements for YPM-mediated lethal shock.
Species
Mus musculus
Publication
PMID:9159409
Pathograph links
YPMa Superantigen CD4 T-Cell Activation partially recapitulates fidelity: moderate observes: organism Blocking CD4, TCR Vbeta7 plus Vbeta8, TNF-alpha, or IFN-gamma suppresses YPM-induced lethal shock.
Limitations: Purified YPM injection tests the superantigen-to-shock branch rather than natural oral infection by a YPMa-positive strain.
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:9159409 SUPPORT Model Organism
"The injection of YPM into mice pre-sensitized with D-galactosamine induced lethal shock."
The paper establishes the YPM injection model of superantigen-driven shock in mice.
{ }

Source YAML

click to show 
name: Yersinia Pseudotuberculosis Infectious Disease
creation_date: '2026-09-27T22:04:24Z'
category: Infectious Disease
description: >-
  Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infectious disease is a zoonotic foodborne
  infection in which ingestion of psychrotrophic Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
  from contaminated refrigerated food or animal reservoirs can cause
  self-limited gastroenteritis, Peyer's-patch invasion with mesenteric
  lymphadenitis and hepatosplenic dissemination, and, in Far Eastern
  YPMa-positive strains, Far East scarlet-like fever driven by superantigenic
  CD4-positive T-cell activation.
disease_term:
  preferred_term: Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infectious disease
  term:
    id: MONDO:0007024
    label: Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infectious disease
parents:
- Yersinia infectious disease
- Bacterial enteritis
synonyms:
- Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection
- pseudotuberculosis
- Far East scarlet-like fever
- FESLF
prevalence:
- population: Worldwide
  measure_type: UNKNOWN
  prevalence_class: RARE
  notes: >-
    Human Y. pseudotuberculosis infection is described as a rare sporadic
    disease globally outside the Far Eastern outbreak setting; no
    denominator-based worldwide prevalence estimate is curated.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:32498317
    reference_title: Far Eastern Scarlet-Like Fever is a Special Clinical and Epidemic Manifestation of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Infection in Russia.
    supports: SUPPORT
    quote_role: REVIEW_SYNTHESIS
    evidence_source: OTHER
    snippet: >-
      Pseudotuberculosis in humans until the 1950s was found in different
      countries of the world as a rare sporadic disease
    explanation: >-
      The review supports a qualitative rare-worldwide prevalence assignment
      while distinguishing ordinary sporadic disease from Far Eastern outbreaks.
definitions:
- name: Yersinia pseudotuberculosis disease spectrum
  definition_type: CASE_DEFINITION
  description: >-
    Y. pseudotuberculosis disease spans the self-limited gastroenteritis caused
    by most enteric strains and the severe systemic inflammatory Far East
    scarlet-like fever caused by Far Eastern superantigen-producing strains.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:26819960
    reference_title: "Far East Scarlet-Like Fever: A Review of the Epidemiology, Symptomatology, and Role of Superantigenic Toxin: Yersinia pseudotuberculosis-Derived Mitogen A."
    supports: SUPPORT
    quote_role: REVIEW_SYNTHESIS
    evidence_source: OTHER
    snippet: >-
      Far East scarlet-like fever is caused by Yersinia pseudotubuclosis
      infection, an organism that typically causes self-limiting gastroenteritis
      in Europe.
    explanation: >-
      The review defines the ordinary gastroenteritis presentation and the Far
      East scarlet-like fever variant as the two central human presentations.
infectious_agent:
- name: Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
  infectious_agent_term:
    preferred_term: Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
    term:
      id: NCBITaxon:633
      label: Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
  description: >-
    Y. pseudotuberculosis is an enteropathogenic, psychrotrophic Yersinia
    species whose pYV virulence plasmid encodes the LcrF-regulated Ysc type III
    secretion system and Yop effector proteins; Far Eastern epidemic strains can
    additionally produce the YPMa superantigen.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:26819960
    reference_title: "Far East Scarlet-Like Fever: A Review of the Epidemiology, Symptomatology, and Role of Superantigenic Toxin: Yersinia pseudotuberculosis-Derived Mitogen A."
    supports: SUPPORT
    quote_role: REVIEW_SYNTHESIS
    evidence_source: OTHER
    snippet: >-
      Geographical heterogeneity exists between virulence factors produced by
      European and Far Eastern Y pseudotuberculosis strains, implicating
      superantigen Y pseudotuberculosis-derived mitogen A (YPMa) in the
      pathogenesis of FESLF.
    explanation: >-
      The review identifies Y. pseudotuberculosis and YPMa-positive Far Eastern
      strains as the bacterial basis of the genotype-branched disease spectrum.
transmission:
- name: Refrigerated foodborne zoonotic transmission
  description: >-
    Human infection is acquired by ingesting fecally contaminated food or water;
    the organism's cold tolerance permits persistence in refrigerated food.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:20088683
    reference_title: Adaptation of enteropathogenic Yersinia to low growth temperature.
    supports: SUPPORT
    quote_role: REVIEW_SYNTHESIS
    evidence_source: OTHER
    snippet: >-
      Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis are important
      foodborne pathogens that cause infections through contaminated
      refrigerated food.
    explanation: >-
      The review supports contaminated refrigerated food as an exposure vehicle
      for Y. pseudotuberculosis.
  - reference: PMID:19835774
    reference_title: "Pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica 2/O:9 and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis 1/O:1 strains isolated from human and non-human sources in the Plateau State of Nigeria."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: OTHER
    snippet: >-
      All human Y. pseudotuberculosis 1/O:1 strains were indistinguishable from
      pig, sheep or food strains.
    explanation: >-
      Molecular identity between human, livestock, and food isolates supports
      food-chain zoonotic transmission.
progression:
- phase: Localized enteric yersiniosis
  notes: >-
    In Europe and much of the world, infection is often a sporadic,
    self-limited gastroenteritis or a terminal-ileal/mesenteric-lymph-node
    syndrome that can mimic acute appendicitis.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:26819960
    reference_title: "Far East Scarlet-Like Fever: A Review of the Epidemiology, Symptomatology, and Role of Superantigenic Toxin: Yersinia pseudotuberculosis-Derived Mitogen A."
    supports: SUPPORT
    quote_role: REVIEW_SYNTHESIS
    evidence_source: OTHER
    snippet: >-
      In Europe, human Y pseudotuberculosis infection typically occurs
      sporadically, in the form of a self-limiting gastroenteritis.
    explanation: >-
      The review supports a localized, self-limited enteric presentation.
- phase: Far East scarlet-like fever
  notes: >-
    Far Eastern YPMa-producing lineages can cause outbreaks of a severe systemic
    inflammatory disease called Far East scarlet-like fever.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:26819960
    reference_title: "Far East Scarlet-Like Fever: A Review of the Epidemiology, Symptomatology, and Role of Superantigenic Toxin: Yersinia pseudotuberculosis-Derived Mitogen A."
    supports: SUPPORT
    quote_role: REVIEW_SYNTHESIS
    evidence_source: OTHER
    snippet: >-
      In Russia and Japan, outbreaks of Y pseudotuberculosis infection cause
      severe systemic inflammatory symptoms.
    explanation: >-
      The FESLF review describes systemic inflammatory outbreak disease as the
      Far Eastern branch of Y. pseudotuberculosis infection.
environmental:
- name: Refrigerated contaminated food exposure
  description: >-
    Refrigerated food can remain an infectious vehicle because Y.
    pseudotuberculosis is adapted to low-temperature survival.
  influences_mechanisms:
  - target: Refrigerated Foodborne Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Ingestion
    environmental_effect: TRIGGERS
    causal_link_type: DIRECT
    description: >-
      Eating contaminated refrigerated food delivers viable organisms into the
      ileocecal lumen.
    evidence:
    - reference: PMID:20088683
      reference_title: Adaptation of enteropathogenic Yersinia to low growth temperature.
      supports: SUPPORT
      quote_role: REVIEW_SYNTHESIS
      evidence_source: OTHER
      snippet: >-
        Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis are important
        foodborne pathogens that cause infections through contaminated
        refrigerated food.
      explanation: >-
        The review supports contaminated refrigerated food as an initiating
        vehicle for foodborne Y. pseudotuberculosis.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:20088683
    reference_title: Adaptation of enteropathogenic Yersinia to low growth temperature.
    supports: SUPPORT
    quote_role: REVIEW_SYNTHESIS
    evidence_source: OTHER
    snippet: >-
      Their cold tolerance mechanisms are therefore of special interest.
    explanation: >-
      The review connects the organism's low-temperature biology to its food
      safety relevance.
- name: Domestic-animal and food-chain reservoirs
  description: >-
    Pathogenic Y. pseudotuberculosis strains can circulate between livestock or
    food reservoirs and humans.
  influences_mechanisms:
  - target: Refrigerated Foodborne Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Ingestion
    environmental_effect: PREDISPOSES
    causal_link_type: INDIRECT_KNOWN_INTERMEDIATES
    description: >-
      Animal and food reservoirs seed contaminated food before human ingestion.
    evidence:
    - reference: PMID:19835774
      reference_title: "Pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica 2/O:9 and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis 1/O:1 strains isolated from human and non-human sources in the Plateau State of Nigeria."
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: OTHER
      snippet: >-
        All human Y. pseudotuberculosis 1/O:1 strains were indistinguishable
        from pig, sheep or food strains.
      explanation: >-
        The strain-comparison study supports food and animal reservoirs as
        sources of human Y. pseudotuberculosis strains.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:19835774
    reference_title: "Pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica 2/O:9 and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis 1/O:1 strains isolated from human and non-human sources in the Plateau State of Nigeria."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: OTHER
    snippet: >-
      inv-positive Y. pseudotuberculosis were isolated in Plateau state of
      Nigeria from several samples of human and non-human origin.
    explanation: >-
      The survey isolated pathogenic Y. pseudotuberculosis from both human and
      non-human samples.
- name: Host iron overload
  description: >-
    Iron-overload states, including hereditary hemochromatosis, predispose hosts
    to septicemic or disseminated Y. pseudotuberculosis infection.
  influences_mechanisms:
  - target: Intestinal Replication and Hepatosplenic Dissemination
    environmental_effect: PREDISPOSES
    causal_link_type: INDIRECT_KNOWN_INTERMEDIATES
    description: >-
      Excess bioavailable iron and impaired macrophage uptake reduce host
      resistance, allowing Y. pseudotuberculosis to colonize deep tissues more
      efficiently after enteric inoculation.
    evidence:
    - reference: PMID:8536731
      reference_title: Report of four cases of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis septicemia and a literature review.
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
      snippet: >-
        It is usually seen in patients with underlying disorders such as
        diabetes, hepatic cirrhosis or iron overload.
      explanation: >-
        The septicemia literature review identifies iron overload among the
        underlying disorders associated with invasive Y. pseudotuberculosis.
    - reference: PMID:27446816
      reference_title: Hereditary Hemochromatosis Predisposes Mice to Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Infection Even in the Absence of the Type III Secretion System.
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: MODEL_ORGANISM
      snippet: >-
        Hjv (-∕-) and Hfe (C282Y∕C282Y) transgenic mice displayed enhanced
        colonization of deep tissues by Y. pseudotuberculosis following oral
        inoculation
      explanation: >-
        Oral infection of two hemochromatosis mouse models supports iron
        overload as a predisposing host state for tissue dissemination.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:8536731
    reference_title: Report of four cases of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis septicemia and a literature review.
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: >-
      A septicemic form of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection has been
      reported only rarely.
    explanation: >-
      The review establishes septicemic Y. pseudotuberculosis as a rare invasive
      presentation enriched in hosts with underlying disorders.
pathophysiology:
- name: Refrigerated Foodborne Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Ingestion
  description: >-
    Infection begins when cold-tolerant Y. pseudotuberculosis reaches the small
    intestine after ingestion of contaminated refrigerated food, water, or
    animal-derived material.
  downstream:
  - target: Invasin-Mediated M-Cell and Peyer's Patch Entry
    description: >-
      Organisms in the ileal lumen use invasin to engage beta-1 integrins on
      follicle-associated epithelium and M cells over Peyer's patches.
    evidence:
    - reference: PMID:12755365
      reference_title: "Interaction of Yersinia enterocolitica with epithelial cells: invasin beyond invasion."
      supports: SUPPORT
      quote_role: REVIEW_SYNTHESIS
      evidence_source: OTHER
      snippet: >-
        The chromosomally encoded inv gene product is an outer membrane protein
        that is functionally expressed in the enteropathogenic Yersinia species
        Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis.
      explanation: >-
        The review establishes invasin as a chromosomal outer-membrane adhesin
        expressed by Y. pseudotuberculosis.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:20088683
    reference_title: Adaptation of enteropathogenic Yersinia to low growth temperature.
    supports: SUPPORT
    quote_role: REVIEW_SYNTHESIS
    evidence_source: OTHER
    snippet: >-
      Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis are important
      foodborne pathogens that cause infections through contaminated
      refrigerated food.
    explanation: >-
      The review supports foodborne ingestion as the initiating exposure.
- name: Invasin-Mediated M-Cell and Peyer's Patch Entry
  description: >-
    Chromosomal invasin binds host beta-1 integrins to promote early
    Yersinia translocation across M cells into Peyer's-patch lymphoid tissue.
  cell_types:
  - preferred_term: M cell of gut
    term:
      id: CL:0000682
      label: M cell of gut
  locations:
  - preferred_term: small intestine Peyer's patch
    term:
      id: UBERON:0003454
      label: small intestine Peyer's patch
  biological_processes:
  - preferred_term: symbiont entry into host cell
    term:
      id: GO:0046718
      label: symbiont entry into host cell
  downstream:
  - target: Intestinal Replication and Hepatosplenic Dissemination
    description: >-
      Peyer's-patch entry and intestinal replication generate the organism pool
      that later seeds mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen, and liver.
    evidence:
    - reference: PMID:16754724
      reference_title: Yersinia pseudotuberculosis disseminates directly from a replicating bacterial pool in the intestine.
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: MODEL_ORGANISM
      snippet: >-
        Replication of bacteria in the intestine before translocation appeared
        critical for dissemination
      explanation: >-
        Oral mouse infection shows that intestinal replication is upstream of
        later organ dissemination.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:12755365
    reference_title: "Interaction of Yersinia enterocolitica with epithelial cells: invasin beyond invasion."
    supports: SUPPORT
    quote_role: REVIEW_SYNTHESIS
    evidence_source: OTHER
    snippet: >-
      Invasin protein is a high-affinity ligand for beta1 integrins and
      especially important in the early phase of intestinal infection for
      efficient translocation through the M cells located in the
      follicle-associated epithelium overlying the Peyer's patches.
    explanation: >-
      The review connects beta-1 integrin binding by invasin to M-cell
      translocation during early intestinal infection.
- name: Intestinal Replication and Hepatosplenic Dissemination
  description: >-
    After mucosal entry, Y. pseudotuberculosis establishes an intestinal
    replicating pool that can disseminate to mesenteric lymph nodes and deeper
    reticuloendothelial organs.
  locations:
  - preferred_term: mesenteric lymph node
    term:
      id: UBERON:0002509
      label: mesenteric lymph node
  downstream:
  - target: LcrF Temperature-Gated pYV Type III Secretion
    description: >-
      Host body temperature relieves YmoA/RNA-thermometer repression and
      increases LcrF, the activator of the pYV-encoded ysc and yop genes.
    evidence:
    - reference: PMID:22359501
      reference_title: Concerted actions of a thermo-labile regulator and a unique intergenic RNA thermosensor control Yersinia virulence.
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: MODEL_ORGANISM
      snippet: >-
        a protein- and RNA-dependent hierarchy of thermosensors induce LcrF
        synthesis at body temperature.
      explanation: >-
        The RNA-thermometer study identifies body temperature as the input that
        induces the LcrF virulence regulator.
  - target: Diarrhea
    description: >-
      Local enteric infection produces self-limited gastroenteritis.
    evidence:
    - reference: PMID:26819960
      reference_title: "Far East Scarlet-Like Fever: A Review of the Epidemiology, Symptomatology, and Role of Superantigenic Toxin: Yersinia pseudotuberculosis-Derived Mitogen A."
      supports: SUPPORT
      quote_role: REVIEW_SYNTHESIS
      evidence_source: OTHER
      snippet: >-
        In Europe, human Y pseudotuberculosis infection typically occurs
        sporadically, in the form of a self-limiting gastroenteritis.
      explanation: >-
        The review supports a diarrheal gastroenteritis phenotype in localized
        Y. pseudotuberculosis infection.
  - target: Lymphadenitis
    description: >-
      Regional lymphoid infection causes mesenteric lymphadenitis and an
      appendicitis-mimicking presentation.
    evidence:
    - reference: PMID:32498317
      reference_title: Far Eastern Scarlet-Like Fever is a Special Clinical and Epidemic Manifestation of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Infection in Russia.
      supports: SUPPORT
      quote_role: REVIEW_SYNTHESIS
      evidence_source: OTHER
      snippet: >-
        Pseudotuberculosis in humans until the 1950s was found in different
        countries of the world as a rare sporadic disease that occurred in the
        form of acute appendicitis and mesenteric lymphadenitis.
      explanation: >-
        The review explicitly describes mesenteric lymphadenitis in human
        pseudotuberculosis.
  - target: YPMa Superantigen CD4 T-Cell Activation
    description: >-
      When the disseminating strain carries the Far Eastern YPMa program, the
      infection enters a superantigen-driven systemic inflammatory branch.
    evidence:
    - reference: PMID:26819960
      reference_title: "Far East Scarlet-Like Fever: A Review of the Epidemiology, Symptomatology, and Role of Superantigenic Toxin: Yersinia pseudotuberculosis-Derived Mitogen A."
      supports: SUPPORT
      quote_role: REVIEW_SYNTHESIS
      evidence_source: OTHER
      snippet: >-
        Studies suggest the ability of Far Eastern strains to produce
        superantigen toxin Y pseudotuberculosis-derived mitogen A is integral to
        FESLF pathogenesis.
      explanation: >-
        The review links Far Eastern YPMa production to the systemic FESLF
        branch of Y. pseudotuberculosis disease.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:16754724
    reference_title: Yersinia pseudotuberculosis disseminates directly from a replicating bacterial pool in the intestine.
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: MODEL_ORGANISM
    snippet: >-
      Y. pseudotuberculosis translocated to organs such as the liver and spleen
      shortly after oral inoculation, but was quickly cleared.
    explanation: >-
      The oral mouse infection study demonstrates that intestinal infection can
      seed hepatosplenic sites.
- name: LcrF Temperature-Gated pYV Type III Secretion
  description: >-
    Body-temperature induction of LcrF activates the pYV-encoded ysc type III
    secretion genes and yop effector program.
  biological_processes:
  - preferred_term: protein secretion by the type III secretion system
    term:
      id: GO:0030254
      label: protein secretion by the type III secretion system
  downstream:
  - target: YopJ-Driven Toll-Like Receptor Signaling Blockade
    description: >-
      Activated type III secretion delivers Yop effectors, including YopJ, into
      host innate immune cells.
    evidence:
    - reference: PMID:22359501
      reference_title: Concerted actions of a thermo-labile regulator and a unique intergenic RNA thermosensor control Yersinia virulence.
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: MODEL_ORGANISM
      snippet: >-
        Expression of all Yersinia pathogenicity factors encoded on the
        virulence plasmid, including the yop effector and the ysc type III
        secretion genes, is controlled by the transcriptional activator LcrF in
        response to temperature.
      explanation: >-
        LcrF sits upstream of both the Ysc secretion apparatus and the Yop
        effector genes.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:22359501
    reference_title: Concerted actions of a thermo-labile regulator and a unique intergenic RNA thermosensor control Yersinia virulence.
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: MODEL_ORGANISM
    snippet: >-
      two different Y. pseudotuberculosis patient isolates expressing a
      stabilized thermometer variant were strongly reduced in their ability to
      disseminate into the Peyer's patches, liver and spleen and have fully lost
      their lethality
    explanation: >-
      The mouse infection experiment shows that proper RNA-thermometer
      derepression of LcrF is required for dissemination and lethality.
- name: YopJ-Driven Toll-Like Receptor Signaling Blockade
  description: >-
    The YopJ type III effector blocks innate NF-kappaB, MAPK, and IRF3 signaling
    downstream of Toll-like receptors by acting at TRAF3, TRAF6, and TAK1.
  cell_types:
  - preferred_term: macrophage
    term:
      id: CL:0000235
      label: macrophage
  biological_processes:
  - preferred_term: effector-mediated suppression of host innate immune response
    term:
      id: GO:0140403
      label: effector-mediated suppression of host innate immune response
  downstream:
  - target: Intestinal Replication and Hepatosplenic Dissemination
    description: >-
      YopJ-mediated TLR blockade is one part of the broader Yop effector
      program that blunts innate immunity and enables efficient tissue
      dissemination.
    evidence:
    - reference: PMID:17608743
      reference_title: "YopJ targets TRAF proteins to inhibit TLR-mediated NF-kappaB, MAPK and IRF3 signal transduction."
      supports: SUPPORT
      directness: INDIRECT
      evidence_source: IN_VITRO
      snippet: >-
        YopJ inhibited TLR-mediated NF-kappaB and MAP kinase activation, as
        suggested by previous studies.
      explanation: >-
        Cell-signaling assays support the curated TLR-blockade step; the
        dissemination consequence is inferred through the LcrF/Yop virulence
        program.
    - reference: PMID:27446816
      reference_title: Hereditary Hemochromatosis Predisposes Mice to Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Infection Even in the Absence of the Type III Secretion System.
      supports: SUPPORT
      quote_role: BACKGROUND
      evidence_source: MODEL_ORGANISM
      snippet: >-
        These Yops act to inhibit phagocytosis and to dampen inflammatory
        properties of innate immune cells
      explanation: >-
        The model-organism paper summarizes the Yop effector suite's
        anti-phagocytic and anti-inflammatory functions, which bridge innate
        blockade to dissemination.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:17608743
    reference_title: "YopJ targets TRAF proteins to inhibit TLR-mediated NF-kappaB, MAPK and IRF3 signal transduction."
    supports: SUPPORT
    directness: INDIRECT
    evidence_source: IN_VITRO
    snippet: >-
      YopJ inhibited TLR-mediated NF-kappaB and MAP kinase activation, as
      suggested by previous studies.
    explanation: >-
      Cell-signaling assays support YopJ-mediated blockade of innate NF-kappaB
      and MAPK signaling. Sweet et al. characterized Y. pestis YopJ in
      transfected human cell-line signaling assays, so this entry applies the
      conserved Yersinia effector mechanism indirectly to Y. pseudotuberculosis
      pYV-mediated innate immune blockade.
- name: YPMa Superantigen CD4 T-Cell Activation
  description: >-
    Far Eastern strains can produce YPMa, a superantigen that expands Vbeta3
    T cells in human infection and drives CD4-positive Vbeta7/Vbeta8-dependent
    TNF-alpha/IFN-gamma shock in mice.
  cell_types:
  - preferred_term: CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell
    term:
      id: CL:0000624
      label: CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell
  biological_processes:
  - preferred_term: T cell activation
    term:
      id: GO:0042110
      label: T cell activation
  downstream:
  - target: Renal insufficiency
    description: >-
      Systemic YPM-driven T-cell activation is associated with the systemic
      inflammatory form that includes transient renal dysfunction.
    evidence:
    - reference: PMID:9109426
      reference_title: Clinical role for a superantigen in Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection.
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
      snippet: >-
        Patients with systemic symptoms such as lymphadenopathy, transient renal
        dysfunction, and arthritis had significantly higher titers of anti-YPM
        than patients with gastrointestinal tract symptoms alone.
      explanation: >-
        The patient serology study associates systemic manifestations, including
        transient renal dysfunction, with stronger anti-YPM responses.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:9109426
    reference_title: Clinical role for a superantigen in Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection.
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: >-
      20 out of 33 patients (61%) had an elevated antibody titer compared with
      healthy controls (P = 0.0001).
    explanation: >-
      Anti-YPM IgG in acute patients supports in-vivo YPM exposure during human
      infection.
  - reference: PMID:9159409
    reference_title: Identification of murine T cells reactive with the bacterial superantigen Yersinia pseudotuberculosis-derived mitogen (YPM) and factors involved in YPM-induced toxicity in mice.
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: MODEL_ORGANISM
    snippet: >-
      These results indicate that YPM-induced shock requires the presence of
      CD4+ T cells bearing TCR Vbeta7 and Vbeta8, and that endogenous TNF-alpha
      and IFN-gamma mediate the lethal effects.
    explanation: >-
      Antibody-blocking experiments in mice support CD4-positive T cells and
      TNF-alpha/IFN-gamma as mediators of YPM shock.
phenotypes:
- name: Diarrhea
  description: >-
    Localized Y. pseudotuberculosis infection can present as self-limited
    gastroenteritis.
  phenotype_term:
    preferred_term: Diarrhea
    term:
      id: HP:0002014
      label: Diarrhea
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:26819960
    reference_title: "Far East Scarlet-Like Fever: A Review of the Epidemiology, Symptomatology, and Role of Superantigenic Toxin: Yersinia pseudotuberculosis-Derived Mitogen A."
    supports: SUPPORT
    quote_role: REVIEW_SYNTHESIS
    evidence_source: OTHER
    snippet: >-
      In Europe, human Y pseudotuberculosis infection typically occurs
      sporadically, in the form of a self-limiting gastroenteritis.
    explanation: >-
      The review supports self-limited gastroenteritis as a major clinical
      presentation.
- name: Lymphadenitis
  description: >-
    Mesenteric lymphadenitis is an appendicitis-mimicking presentation of
    human pseudotuberculosis.
  phenotype_term:
    preferred_term: mesenteric lymphadenitis
    term:
      id: HP:0002840
      label: Lymphadenitis
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:32498317
    reference_title: Far Eastern Scarlet-Like Fever is a Special Clinical and Epidemic Manifestation of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Infection in Russia.
    supports: SUPPORT
    quote_role: REVIEW_SYNTHESIS
    evidence_source: OTHER
    snippet: >-
      Pseudotuberculosis in humans until the 1950s was found in different
      countries of the world as a rare sporadic disease that occurred in the
      form of acute appendicitis and mesenteric lymphadenitis.
    explanation: >-
      The review names mesenteric lymphadenitis as a human manifestation.
- name: Fever
  description: >-
    Fever commonly accompanies the mesenteric-lymphadenitis presentation of
    human Y. pseudotuberculosis infection.
  phenotype_term:
    preferred_term: Fever
    term:
      id: HP:0001945
      label: Fever
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:8536731
    reference_title: Report of four cases of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis septicemia and a literature review.
    supports: SUPPORT
    quote_role: REVIEW_SYNTHESIS
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: >-
      the most common manifestation being mesenteric lymphadenitis accompanied
      by abdominal pain and fever
    explanation: >-
      The literature review places fever in the common human
      mesenteric-lymphadenitis presentation.
- name: Abdominal pain
  description: >-
    Mesenteric lymphadenitis and terminal ileitis from Y. pseudotuberculosis
    produce abdominal pain that can mimic appendicitis.
  phenotype_term:
    preferred_term: Abdominal pain
    term:
      id: HP:0002027
      label: Abdominal pain
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:8536731
    reference_title: Report of four cases of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis septicemia and a literature review.
    supports: SUPPORT
    quote_role: REVIEW_SYNTHESIS
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: >-
      the most common manifestation being mesenteric lymphadenitis accompanied
      by abdominal pain and fever
    explanation: >-
      The literature review places abdominal pain in the common human
      mesenteric-lymphadenitis presentation.
- name: Scarlatinoid rash
  description: >-
    Far East scarlet-like fever includes a scarlatinoid eruption caused by
    epidemic, YPMa-positive Y. pseudotuberculosis strains.
  phenotype_term:
    preferred_term: scarlatinoid rash
    term:
      id: HP:0000988
      label: Skin rash
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:33321204
    reference_title: "Pan-genomics, drug candidate mining and ADMET profiling of natural product inhibitors screened against Yersinia pseudotuberculosis."
    supports: SUPPORT
    quote_role: BACKGROUND
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: >-
      Yersinia pseudotuberculosis belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae and
      is responsible for scarlatinoid fever
    explanation: >-
      The abstract background names scarlatinoid fever as part of the Y.
      pseudotuberculosis clinical spectrum; the term is bound to the generic
      HPO skin-rash class because no scarlatiniform-specific HPO term is cached.
- name: Reactive arthritis
  description: >-
    Reactive arthritis can occur as a post-infectious immune sequela of
    yersiniosis.
  phenotype_term:
    preferred_term: reactive arthritis
    term:
      id: MONDO:0017376
      label: reactive arthritis
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:33321204
    reference_title: "Pan-genomics, drug candidate mining and ADMET profiling of natural product inhibitors screened against Yersinia pseudotuberculosis."
    supports: SUPPORT
    quote_role: BACKGROUND
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: >-
      Yersinia pseudotuberculosis belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae and
      is responsible for scarlatinoid fever, food poisoning, post-infectious
      complications like erythema nodosum/reactive arthritis as well as
      pseudoappendicitis in children.
    explanation: >-
      The abstract background names reactive arthritis as a post-infectious
      complication of Y. pseudotuberculosis.
- name: Erythema nodosum
  description: >-
    Erythema nodosum can occur as a post-infectious inflammatory complication of
    Y. pseudotuberculosis infection.
  phenotype_term:
    preferred_term: Erythema nodosum
    term:
      id: HP:0012219
      label: Erythema nodosum
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:33321204
    reference_title: "Pan-genomics, drug candidate mining and ADMET profiling of natural product inhibitors screened against Yersinia pseudotuberculosis."
    supports: SUPPORT
    quote_role: BACKGROUND
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: >-
      Yersinia pseudotuberculosis belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae and
      is responsible for scarlatinoid fever, food poisoning, post-infectious
      complications like erythema nodosum/reactive arthritis as well as
      pseudoappendicitis in children.
    explanation: >-
      The abstract background names erythema nodosum as a post-infectious
      complication of Y. pseudotuberculosis.
- name: Renal insufficiency
  description: >-
    Transient renal dysfunction can accompany systemic, superantigen-associated
    Y. pseudotuberculosis infection.
  phenotype_term:
    preferred_term: Renal insufficiency
    term:
      id: HP:0000083
      label: Renal insufficiency
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:9109426
    reference_title: Clinical role for a superantigen in Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection.
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: >-
      Patients with systemic symptoms such as lymphadenopathy, transient renal
      dysfunction, and arthritis had significantly higher titers of anti-YPM
      than patients with gastrointestinal tract symptoms alone.
    explanation: >-
      The patient serology study places transient renal dysfunction in the
      systemic YPM-associated branch of Y. pseudotuberculosis disease.
diagnosis:
- name: Direct detection and PsaA-based species-discriminating serology
  description: >-
    Acute Y. pseudotuberculosis infection can be diagnosed by direct bacterial
    detection, while chronic or post-infectious disease requires serology that
    distinguishes Y. pseudotuberculosis antigens from Y. enterocolitica
    antigens.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:30238343
    reference_title: Novel diagnostic ELISA test for discrimination between infections with Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis.
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: >-
      Whereas early infections can be diagnosed by direct detection of bacteria,
      chronic infections can only be identified by serological tests.
    explanation: >-
      The diagnostic ELISA paper distinguishes direct detection in acute
      infection from serology in chronic or post-infectious yersiniosis.
  - reference: PMID:30238343
    reference_title: Novel diagnostic ELISA test for discrimination between infections with Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis.
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: IN_VITRO
    snippet: >-
      discrimination between the two types of infection is based on two
      recombinant bacterial proteins, MyfA and PsaA (specific for Y.
      enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis, respectively)
    explanation: >-
      PsaA is identified as the Y. pseudotuberculosis-specific antigen in a
      species-discriminating serologic assay.
treatments:
- name: Susceptibility-guided antibiotic therapy
  description: >-
    Severe or invasive Y. pseudotuberculosis infection can be treated with
    antibiotics active against the recovered isolate; available surveillance of
    nonhuman-primate diagnostic isolates found broad susceptibility and supports
    susceptibility-guided antimicrobial selection.
  treatment_term:
    preferred_term: antibiotic therapy
    term:
      id: NCIT:C15620
      label: Antibiotic Therapy
  therapeutic_modality: SMALL_MOLECULE
  target_mechanisms:
  - target: Intestinal Replication and Hepatosplenic Dissemination
    treatment_effect: INHIBITS
    description: >-
      Active antimicrobials suppress viable Y. pseudotuberculosis organisms in
      culture, providing organism-directed coverage for systemic infection when
      therapy is indicated.
    evidence:
    - reference: PMID:28222842
      reference_title: Antimicrobial Use for and Resistance of Zoonotic Bacteria Recovered from Nonhuman Primates.
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: IN_VITRO
      snippet: >-
        None of the 58 Y. pseudotuber-culosis isolates was resistant to any
        tested antimicrobial.
      explanation: >-
        Susceptibility testing of Y. pseudotuberculosis isolates supports the
        existence of antimicrobial regimens active against the organism without
        making a human outcome claim.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:28222842
    reference_title: Antimicrobial Use for and Resistance of Zoonotic Bacteria Recovered from Nonhuman Primates.
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: IN_VITRO
    snippet: >-
      Our findings indicate that zoonotic bacteria from NHP diagnostic samples
      are broadly susceptible to the antimicrobials used to treat the clinical
      infections.
    explanation: >-
      The study supports antimicrobial susceptibility as the curated treatment
      rationale for Y. pseudotuberculosis recovered from diagnostic specimens.
animal_models:
- name: Oral Yersinia pseudotuberculosis mouse infection
  species: Mus musculus
  publication: PMID:22359501
  description: >-
    Oral infection in mice models the intestinal-to-hepatosplenic dissemination
    axis and demonstrates that proper RNA-thermometer regulation of LcrF is
    required for lethal disseminated disease.
  modeled_mechanisms:
  - target: LcrF Temperature-Gated pYV Type III Secretion
    relationship: RECAPITULATES
    fidelity: MODERATE
    model_scale: ORGANISM
    description: >-
      Patient isolates carrying a stabilized thermosensor lose Peyer's-patch,
      liver, and spleen dissemination and lose lethality after oral mouse
      infection.
    limitations: >-
      The model reads out murine dissemination and lethality rather than the
      full human Far East scarlet-like fever clinical spectrum.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:22359501
    reference_title: Concerted actions of a thermo-labile regulator and a unique intergenic RNA thermosensor control Yersinia virulence.
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: MODEL_ORGANISM
    snippet: >-
      two different Y. pseudotuberculosis patient isolates expressing a
      stabilized thermometer variant were strongly reduced in their ability to
      disseminate into the Peyer's patches, liver and spleen and have fully lost
      their lethality
    explanation: >-
      Oral mouse infection directly tests the in-vivo requirement for the LcrF
      RNA thermosensor.
- name: YPM-induced shock mouse
  species: Mus musculus
  publication: PMID:9159409
  description: >-
    Mice sensitized with D-galactosamine and injected with YPM are used to map
    the CD4-positive T-cell and cytokine requirements for YPM-mediated lethal
    shock.
  modeled_mechanisms:
  - target: YPMa Superantigen CD4 T-Cell Activation
    relationship: PARTIALLY_RECAPITULATES
    fidelity: MODERATE
    model_scale: ORGANISM
    description: >-
      Blocking CD4, TCR Vbeta7 plus Vbeta8, TNF-alpha, or IFN-gamma suppresses
      YPM-induced lethal shock.
    limitations: >-
      Purified YPM injection tests the superantigen-to-shock branch rather than
      natural oral infection by a YPMa-positive strain.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:9159409
    reference_title: Identification of murine T cells reactive with the bacterial superantigen Yersinia pseudotuberculosis-derived mitogen (YPM) and factors involved in YPM-induced toxicity in mice.
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: MODEL_ORGANISM
    snippet: >-
      The injection of YPM into mice pre-sensitized with D-galactosamine induced
      lethal shock.
    explanation: >-
      The paper establishes the YPM injection model of superantigen-driven shock
      in mice.
classifications:
  harrisons_chapter:
  - classification_value: INFECTIOUS_DISEASES
    evidence:
    - reference: PMID:30238343
      reference_title: Novel diagnostic ELISA test for discrimination between infections with Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis.
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
      snippet: >-
        Yersiniosis is a foodborne infection caused by Yersinia enterocolitica
        or Yersinia pseudotuberculosis.
      explanation: >-
        Y. pseudotuberculosis yersiniosis is an acquired foodborne bacterial
        infection, placing it in Harrison's Infectious Diseases Part.
📚

References & Deep Research

Deep Research

1

Deep research results are used as seeds for research; they do not undergo the same validation as the main records and may contain errors. How we use deep research.

Evaluations and curation notes (1)

Create: Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infectious disease · 2026-09-27T23:07:05Z · View source

Created the Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infectious disease entry from OpenScientist deep research and review follow-up. Curated foodborne and animal-reservoir transmission, psychrotrophic exposure biology, iron-overload susceptibility, the M-cell/LcrF/Yop/YPMa pathophysiology chain, key human phenotypes, diagnostic serology, susceptibility-guided antibiotic therapy, and mouse models. Verified exact snippets and ontology terms with local validation.

OpenScientist ▸
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Infectious Disease — Comprehensive Disease-Characteristics Report
openscientist-autonomous 28 citations 2026-09-27T15:24:40.394133

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Infectious Disease — Comprehensive Disease-Characteristics Report

MONDO ID: MONDO:0007024 | Category: Infectious Disease | Causative agent: Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (NCBI:txid633)

Evidence base: Aggregated disease-level literature (PubMed reviews, primary microbiology/immunology studies, human clinical case series, model-organism experiments). No individual patient/EHR data or omics files were provided; all statements are literature-derived and cited by PMID.

Summary

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infectious disease is an acute, zoonotic, foodborne enteric infection caused by the cold-tolerant (psychrotrophic) Gram-negative coccobacillus Y. pseudotuberculosis. The pathogen is acquired fecal-orally from contaminated water, produce, or meat, and it uniquely proliferates under refrigeration, which shapes both its epidemiology and its prevention. The disease shows a striking geographic dichotomy: in Europe and most of the world it manifests as a self-limiting gastroenteritis or, in children, as fever with mesenteric lymphadenitis and terminal ileitis that mimics acute appendicitis ("pseudoappendicitis"). In Russia and Japan, by contrast, epidemic strains cause a severe systemic inflammatory disease historically called Far East scarlet-like fever (FESLF), characterized by scarlatiniform rash, arthralgia, and toxic-shock-like features.

The pathophysiology is bacterial-effector driven, not host-genetic. The organism enters through M cells over the Peyer's patches using the chromosomal adhesin invasin (a high-affinity β1-integrin ligand), replicates in the intestine, and then disseminates to mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, and spleen. A temperature-regulated type III secretion system (T3SS) encoded on the pYV virulence plasmid — switched on at 37 °C by the master regulator LcrF — injects Yop effector proteins that paralyze phagocytes and disable innate immune signaling (NF-κB, MAPK, IRF3). The severe FESLF phenotype is additionally determined by strain plasmid/superantigen content: the pVM82 plasmid and the superantigen YPMa (Y. pseudotuberculosis-derived mitogen A), which overstimulates CD4⁺ Vβ3/Vβ7/Vβ8 T cells to release a TNF-α/IFN-γ cytokine storm.

The disease is generally self-limiting with an excellent prognosis, and the organism is broadly antibiotic-susceptible (fluoroquinolones, third-generation cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines). Severe systemic and septicemic disease is concentrated in hosts with iron overload, desferrioxamine therapy, or immunosuppression. Post-infectious immune sequelae — reactive arthritis and erythema nodosum — occur in a minority. Notably, Y. pseudotuberculosis is the recent enteric evolutionary ancestor of Y. pestis (plague). Prevention rests on food and water hygiene; no human vaccine exists. This report synthesizes 12 confirmed findings from 46 reviewed papers across all 15 requested disease-characteristic domains.

1. Disease Information

Overview. Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infectious disease (yersiniosis due to Y. pseudotuberculosis) is an acute enteric zoonosis. Clinically it presents along a spectrum from self-limiting gastroenteritis to pseudoappendicitis (mesenteric adenitis/terminal ileitis) to, in the Far East, a severe systemic scarlet-fever-like illness. It is caused by a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, motile (at ≤30 °C), psychrotrophic member of the family Yersiniaceae.

Key identifiers: - MONDO: MONDO:0007024 - MeSH: Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Infections - ICD-10: A28.2 (Extraintestinal yersiniosis) / A04.8 (other bacterial intestinal infections) - Pathogen taxonomy: NCBI:txid633 (Yersinia pseudotuberculosis) - OMIM/Orphanet: not a Mendelian disorder; no OMIM entry (infectious, not genetic). Orphanet lists Far East scarlet-like fever as a rare condition.

Synonyms / alternative names: Far East scarlet-like fever (FESLF); Izumi fever (historical Japanese name); pseudotuberculosis; Pasteurella pseudotuberculosis infection (historical bacterial name); scarlatinoid fever.

Information source type. The evidence base is aggregated disease-level literature (case series, outbreak investigations, microbiology and animal-model studies, and serosurveys) rather than individual EHR-derived cohorts. Much quantitative sequelae data are extrapolated from the closely related Y. enterocolitica.

The two-faced clinical identity is the anchoring finding (F001):

"Far East scarlet-like fever is caused by Yersinia pseudotubuclosis infection, an organism that typically causes self-limiting gastroenteritis in Europe." — Amphlett 2016, PMID: 26819960

"Geographical heterogeneity exists between virulence factors produced by European and Far Eastern Y pseudotuberculosis strains, implicating superantigen Y pseudotuberculosis-derived mitogen A (YPMa) in the pathogenesis of FESLF." — PMID: 26819960

2. Etiology

Primary cause. The disease is infectious, caused entirely by Y. pseudotuberculosis. There is no genetic (Mendelian) etiology in the human host. Disease severity is governed by pathogen genotype (plasmid and superantigen content) interacting with host iron status and immune competence.

Environmental / exposure risk factors: - Foodborne/waterborne transmission via contaminated refrigerated food, raw vegetables (lettuce, carrots), untreated water, and meat (F012). - Animal contact — broad wildlife and domestic-animal reservoirs (F008). - Age — children are disproportionately affected by the pseudoappendicitis form. - Cold storage — the organism's psychrotrophic growth increases the infectious dose reachable in refrigerated foods.

Host risk factors for severe/systemic disease (F010): - Iron overload (e.g., β-thalassemia, hemochromatosis). - Desferrioxamine (DFO) iron-chelation therapy — DFO acts as a xenosiderophore delivering iron to the bacterium. - Immunosuppression and splenectomy.

"Patients undergoing DFO therapy are at risk for Y. enterocolitica infection which may be localized to mesenteric nodes and tonsils or occur as a generalized form such as septicemia." — Wanachiwanawin 2000, PMID: 11132234

Genetic protective / risk factors: None established in humans. Susceptibility is essentially universal; outcome modulation is by iron availability and immune status rather than host germline variants.

Gene–environment interaction. The key "interaction" is host iron availability × bacterial iron acquisition: excess free iron (from overload or DFO chelation therapy) supports rapid bacterial growth and systemic dissemination, converting a normally contained enteric infection into septicemia.

3. Phenotypes

Phenotype Type Characteristics Frequency Suggested HPO
Fever Symptom Acute onset; prominent in FESLF Very common HP:0001945
Abdominal pain (RLQ) / pseudoappendicitis Sign/symptom Mesenteric adenitis, terminal ileitis; children 5–14 y Common in children HP:0002027, HP:0002605
Diarrhea / gastroenteritis Symptom Self-limiting (Europe) Common HP:0002014
Mesenteric lymphadenitis Clinical sign Mimics appendicitis Common (children) HP:0004299
Scarlatiniform rash Physical manifestation FESLF hallmark Far Eastern strains HP:0000988
Arthralgia / reactive arthritis Sign; post-infectious Weeks after infection ~12% (Yersinia sequela est.) HP:0002829, HP:0001369
Erythema nodosum Physical; post-infectious Panniculitis, self-limiting ~3% (Yersinia sequela est.) HP:0012219
Transient renal dysfunction Lab/clinical Systemic FESLF; correlates with anti-YPM Systemic cases HP:0000083
Toxic-shock-like features Clinical Superantigen-driven Severe FESLF HP:0032169

Phenotype spectrum evidence (F006):

"responsible for scarlatinoid fever, food poisoning, post-infectious complications like erythema nodosum/reactive arthritis as well as pseudoappendicitis in children" — Basharat 2021, PMID: 33321204

Reactive-arthritis frequency (extrapolated from Y. enterocolitica population study, F006):

"Self-reported symptoms consistent with ReA were reported by 12% of yersiniosis patients compared to 5% in a reference group not exposed to yersiniosis." — Rosner 2013, PMID: 23701958

Onset/severity/progression: acute onset; self-limiting in most; systemic FESLF is more severe and correlates with higher anti-YPM titers. Quality of life: acute illness is generally short-lived; the main QoL burden falls on the minority with reactive arthritis (weeks–months of joint pain).

4. Genetic/Molecular Information

This is an infectious disease; there are no human causal genes, pathogenic germline variants, chromosomal abnormalities, or Mendelian inheritance. The "genetics" of the disease are the genetics of the pathogen.

Key bacterial virulence loci: - pYV / pCD1 virulence plasmid (~70 kb): encodes the Ysc T3SS and Yop effectors (YopH, YopE, YopT, YopJ/YopP, YopM, YopO/YpkA) plus the master regulator LcrF (VirF). - Chromosomal inv gene:* invasin, the β1-integrin adhesin for M-cell entry. - ail, yadA (plasmid): adhesion/serum resistance. - YPMa gene (ypmA*): superantigen; hallmark of Far Eastern strains. - pVM82 plasmid (~82 MDa): present only in FESLF-causing strains (F011).

Strain plasmid genotype determines clinical severity (F011):

"effects of pathogenicity of an understudied pVM82 plasmid present only in Y pseudotuberculosis sttains causing clinical-epidemic manifestation of the infections as Far East scarlet-like fever (FESLF)" — Somova 2016, PMID: 30695393

"Variability of damage of innate immunity cells and target-organs caused by various plasmid types of Y pseudotuberculosis by virulence could determine polymorphism of clinical-morphological manifestations of this infection." — PMID: 30695393

Serotypes: ≥21 O-serotypes exist; Y. pestis evolved from serotype O:1b (F005).

5. Environmental Information

Infectious agent (NCBI Taxon): Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, NCBI:txid633.

Environmental/transmission factors: - Cold tolerance (psychrotrophy): enables growth in refrigerated foods (F012).

"Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis are important foodborne pathogens that cause infections through contaminated refrigerated food." — Palonen 2010, PMID: 20088683

  • Food vehicles: raw vegetables, lettuce, carrots, untreated water, meat.
  • Animal reservoirs: pigs, sheep, wild birds, rodents, deer, and many others; food/livestock strains are molecularly indistinguishable from human isolates (F008).

"All human Y. pseudotuberculosis 1/O:1 strains were indistinguishable from pig, sheep or food strains." — Okwori 2009, PMID: 19835774

Lifestyle factors: consumption of raw/undercooked produce and unpasteurized/untreated water; exposure to farm and wild animals.

6. Mechanism / Pathophysiology

Ordered causal chain (initiating event → clinical manifestation)

1.  Ingestion of contaminated refrigerated food/water
→ delivers viable Y. pseudotuberculosis to the small intestine
2.  Chromosomal invasin binds host β1-integrins on M cells (Peyer's patches)
→ results in translocation across the follicle-associated epithelium
3.  Invasin–β1-integrin engagement activates Rac1, MAP kinases, NF-κB
→ drives local chemokine production and bacterial uptake
4.  Bacteria replicate in the intestinal lumen/lamina propria
→ establishes a replicating pool (required for later dissemination)
5.  Host body temperature (37 °C) is sensed by an RNA thermometer + YmoA
→ de-represses the master regulator LcrF
6.  LcrF activates the pYV-encoded Ysc T3SS and yop genes
→ injects Yop effectors into phagocytes on contact
7a. YopH/YopE/YopT/YopO disrupt phagocyte cytoskeleton/Rho GTPases
→ results in resistance to phagocytosis (antiphagocytic defense)
7b. YopJ acetylates/deubiquitinates TAK1 and reduces K63-ubiquitination
    of TRAF3/TRAF6
→ blocks NF-κB, MAPK, and IRF3 signaling
→ suppresses innate cytokine and interferon responses
8.  Surviving extracellular bacteria disseminate to mesenteric lymph
    nodes, liver, spleen
→ mesenteric lymphadenitis / pseudoappendicitis / abscessation

┌──────────────── BRANCH: strain genotype ────────────────┐
│ European strains          │ Far Eastern strains          │
│ (YPMa-/pVM82-)             │ (YPMa+, pVM82+)              │
│  → localized, self-limiting│  → superantigen released     │
│    gastroenteritis /       │                              │
│    pseudoappendicitis      │                              │
└────────────────────────────┴──────────────────────────────┘
9.  (Far East) YPMa superantigen cross-links MHC-II to TCR Vβ3/Vβ7/Vβ8
→ massive polyclonal CD4+ T-cell activation
10. Activated T cells release TNF-α and IFN-γ
→ systemic inflammation, rash, renal dysfunction, toxic shock (FESLF)
11. (Post-infectious, in a minority) molecular mimicry / immune complexes
→ reactive arthritis and erythema nodosum weeks after infection

Detail by category

Molecular pathways. Host invasin signaling engages Rac1 → MAPK → NF-κB. Bacterial YopJ targets the NF-κB, MAPK, and IRF3 pathways (F009):

"YopJ inhibited TLR-mediated NF-kappaB and MAP kinase activation, as suggested by previous studies. In addition, induction of the TLR-mediated interferon response was blocked by YopJ, indicating that YopJ also inhibits IRF3 signalling." — Sweet 2007, PMID: 17608743

Cellular processes. Inflammation (GO:0006954), inhibition of phagocytosis (GO:0006909), suppression of innate immune signaling, superantigen-driven T-cell proliferation (GO:0042110).

Protein dysfunction (bacterial effectors as toxins): YopH (tyrosine phosphatase), YopE/YopT (Rho GAP/protease), YopJ (acetyltransferase/deubiquitinase), YopO/YpkA (kinase), YopM (leukocyte-modulating). LcrF is the thermo-activated transcriptional master switch.

Temperature control is the master mechanism (F003):

"two different Y. pseudotuberculosis patient isolates expressing a stabilized thermometer variant were strongly reduced in their ability to disseminate into the Peyer's patches, liver and spleen and have fully lost their lethality" — Böhme 2012, PMID: 22359501

"Ysc-T3SS-mediated Yop secretion leads to global reprogramming of the Yersinia transcriptome with a massive shift of the expression from chromosomal to virulence plasmid-encoded genes" — Meyer 2024, PMID: 39159284

Intestinal entry mechanism (F004):

"Invasin protein is a high-affinity ligand for beta1 integrins and especially important in the early phase of intestinal infection for efficient translocation through the M cells located in the follicle-associated epithelium overlying the Peyer's patches." — Grassl 2003, PMID: 12755365

"Replication of bacteria in the intestine before translocation appeared critical for dissemination" — Barnes 2006, PMID: 16754724

Superantigen mechanism (F002):

"Patients with systemic symptoms such as lymphadenopathy, transient renal dysfunction, and arthritis had significantly higher titers of anti-YPM than patients with gastrointestinal tract symptoms alone." — Abe 1997, PMID: 9109426

"This shock was blocked by the injection of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to CD4, TCR Vbeta7 plus Vbeta8, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)" — Miyoshi-Akiyama 1997, PMID: 9159409

Quantitatively (F002): 20/33 (61%) of acutely infected patients had elevated anti-YPM IgG vs controls (P=0.0001); Vβ3⁺ T cells were significantly increased in the acute phase (P=0.009).

Immune involvement: the disease is a contest between bacterial innate-immune evasion (Yop-mediated) and, in FESLF, pathological adaptive over-activation (superantigen-mediated). Cell types (CL): M cells, macrophages/neutrophils (CL:0000235, CL:0000775), CD4⁺ T cells (CL:0000624), dendritic cells (CL:0000451). GO biological processes: GO:0006909 (phagocytosis), GO:0042110 (T-cell activation), GO:0006954 (inflammatory response), GO:0043123 (positive regulation of NF-κB), GO:0009266 (response to temperature stimulus).

7. Anatomical Structures Affected

Organ level (primary): - Terminal ileum and cecum (UBERON:0002116; UBERON:0001153) - Mesenteric lymph nodes (UBERON:0002509) - Peyer's patches / gut-associated lymphoid tissue (UBERON:0003454)

Secondary organ involvement (dissemination/complications): - Liver (UBERON:0002107) and spleen (UBERON:0002106) — hepatosplenic abscessation - Skin (UBERON:0002097) — rash, erythema nodosum - Joints (UBERON:0000467 articular system) — reactive arthritis - Kidney (UBERON:0002113) — transient renal dysfunction in FESLF - Rarely muscle (myositis) and heart (myocarditis)

Body systems: digestive, lymphatic/immune, integumentary, musculoskeletal, and (in systemic disease) renal.

Tissue/cell level: intestinal follicle-associated epithelium (M cells), lymphoid tissue, professional phagocytes (macrophages, neutrophils), CD4⁺ T lymphocytes.

Subcellular (GO Cellular Component): host plasma membrane (GO:0005886, invasin–integrin contact and T3SS translocon), cytosol (GO:0005829, Yop effector site of action), and the bacterial T3SS injectisome.

Localization/lateralization: RLQ abdominal involvement (ileocecal) is characteristic; disease is systemic rather than lateralized.

8. Temporal Development

  • Onset: acute to subacute after a short incubation (typically days). Predominantly affects children and young adults for the pseudoappendicitis form.
  • Course: most cases are self-limiting over 1–3 weeks. FESLF is a more severe acute systemic illness.
  • Stages: (1) intestinal colonization/replication → (2) lymphatic dissemination (mesenteric adenitis) → (3) possible systemic spread (hepatosplenic; FESLF) → (4) post-infectious immune sequelae (reactive arthritis, erythema nodosum) weeks later.
  • Progression rate: generally self-limited; severe/septicemic progression is concentrated in iron-overloaded/immunosuppressed hosts.
  • Remission: spontaneous in most; antibiotic-responsive in systemic disease.
  • Critical period: the 37 °C temperature shift on host entry is the decisive window that activates the T3SS virulence program (F003).

9. Inheritance and Population

Inheritance: Not applicable — infectious, non-heritable. No inheritance pattern, penetrance, expressivity, anticipation, founder effects, or carrier frequency.

Epidemiology: - Sporadic worldwide; epidemic FESLF clusters in the Russian Far East and Japan (F011).

"Pseudotuberculosis in humans until the 1950s was found in different countries of the world as a rare sporadic disease that occurred in the form of acute appendicitis and mesenteric lymphadenitis." — Somova 2020, PMID: 32498317

  • Geographic distribution: European strains cause mild disease; Far Eastern strains (YPMa⁺, pVM82⁺) cause severe systemic disease — a genotype-driven geographic virulence gradient (F001).
  • Age distribution: skewed toward children/young adults for pseudoappendicitis.
  • Sex ratio: no strong, well-established skew for the enteric form.
  • Serotype geography: ≥21 O-serotypes; distinct serotype/plasmid profiles by region.

10. Diagnostics

Two-tier diagnostic strategy (F007):

Acute disease — direct detection: - Stool culture (cold enrichment exploits psychrotrophy), tissue/mesenteric node culture. - PCR for species/virulence genes (inv, ypmA, O-antigen gene clusters). - Imaging (CT/ultrasound): mesenteric lymphadenopathy, terminal ileitis — helps distinguish from surgical appendicitis.

Post-infectious / chronic disease — serology:

"Whereas early infections can be diagnosed by direct detection of bacteria, chronic infections can only be identified by serological tests." — Wielkoszynski 2018, PMID: 30238343

Species-discriminating serology uses recombinant antigens (F007):

"discrimination between the two types of infection is based on two recombinant bacterial proteins, MyfA and PsaA (specific for Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis, respectively)" — PMID: 30238343

O-genotyping by multiplex PCR of O-antigen gene clusters replaces classical serotyping and distinguishes Y. pseudotuberculosis from Y. pestis (Bogdanovich 2003, PMID: 14605146).

Differential diagnosis: acute appendicitis, Y. enterocolitica infection, Crohn's terminal ileitis, Kawasaki disease (notably — several case reports link Y. pseudotuberculosis to KD-like presentations, e.g., PMID: 9202805), streptococcal scarlet fever, and other causes of reactive arthritis/erythema nodosum.

Omics diagnostics: not routine; PCR-based genotyping is the molecular standard.

11. Outcome / Prognosis

  • Overall prognosis: excellent. Most infections are self-limiting with full recovery.
  • Mortality: low in immunocompetent hosts; significant risk of fatal septicemia in iron-overloaded, DFO-treated, splenectomized, or immunosuppressed patients (F010).
  • Morbidity: driven by post-infectious reactive arthritis (~12% of yersiniosis, weeks–months of disability) and erythema nodosum (~3%) (F006); rare myositis/myocarditis.
  • Recovery: high; antibiotics accelerate resolution of systemic disease.
  • Prognostic factors: host iron status, immune competence, and infecting-strain genotype (YPMa/pVM82 → severe FESLF). High anti-YPM titers correlate with systemic rather than purely GI disease (a prognostic serologic marker) (F002).

12. Treatment

Pharmacotherapy. The organism is broadly antibiotic-susceptible (F005):

"None of the 58 Y. pseudotuber-culosis isolates was resistant to any tested antimicrobial." — Kim 2017, PMID: 28222842

Drug class Examples Suggested NCIT Notes
Fluoroquinolones ciprofloxacin NCIT:C540 First-line for systemic disease
3rd-gen cephalosporins ceftriaxone, cefotaxime NCIT:C1737 Used in systemic/severe cases (incl. KD-associated case)
Aminoglycosides gentamicin, enrofloxacin (vet) NCIT:C61796 Effective; note T3SS-associated tolerance in vitro
Tetracyclines doxycycline, oxytetracycline NCIT:C692 Effective; oxytetracycline used in livestock outbreaks
TMP-SMX trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole NCIT:C287 Alternative (note sulfonamide resistance in some animal strains)
  • Mild self-limiting gastroenteritis typically needs only supportive care (rehydration).
  • Systemic/FESLF/septicemia and high-risk hosts warrant antibiotics.
  • Caveat — antibiotic tolerance: T3SS-induced growth arrest can reduce susceptibility to gentamicin and doxycycline in subpopulations within host tissues (PMID: 40623067; PMID: 32753491).

Supportive care: hydration; NSAIDs for reactive arthritis/erythema nodosum. Surgical: occasionally unnecessary appendectomy is performed before diagnosis is clarified. No gene, cell, or RNA-based therapies are relevant.

13. Prevention

No licensed human vaccine exists. Prevention is centered on interrupting foodborne transmission (F012):

  • Primary prevention (food/water hygiene): wash raw produce; treat/boil water; safe meat handling; recognize that refrigeration does not stop this psychrotroph, so cold storage is not protective.
  • Secondary prevention: early culture-based diagnosis to avoid unnecessary appendectomy and to guide antibiotics in high-risk hosts.
  • Tertiary prevention: prompt antibiotics and iron-management vigilance in β-thalassemia/hemochromatosis/DFO patients to prevent septicemia (F010).
  • Public health / veterinary: reservoir control in livestock and food-processing hygiene; molecular surveillance links animal/food strains to human cases (F008, PMID: 19835774).

14. Other Species / Natural Disease

Zoonotic pathogen with broad reservoirs (F008):

"Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Yersinia enterocolitica are ubiquitous pathogens with wildlife and domestic animal reservoirs." — Walker 2018, PMID: 30360909

  • Natural disease in animals: systemic Y. pseudotuberculosis O:1 causing multi-organ abscessation and osteomyelitis in a ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta); outbreaks in zoological/research primate colonies (enteritis, mesenteric lymphadenitis, organ abscessation) (Walker 2018, PMID: 30360909).
  • Livestock: serotype III causes "winter scours" diarrhea outbreaks in weaned Merino sheep, seasonally in winter (Stanger 2018, PMID: 29691860).
  • Wildlife surveillance: beech marten and Alpine ibex identified as reservoirs, carrying mobilizable virulence plasmids (Carella 2022, PMID: 35892105).
  • Species affected (NCBI Taxonomy): pigs (txid9823), sheep (txid9940), primates including Lemur catta (txid9447), deer, rodents, birds, humans (txid9606).

Comparative / evolutionary biology (F005): Y. pseudotuberculosis is the recent enteric ancestor of Y. pestis:

"Conventional microbiology, bacterial population genetics, and genome sequence data, all suggest that Y pestis is a recently evolved clone of the enteric pathogen Yersinia pseudotuberculosis." — Prentice & Rahalison 2007, PMID: 17416264

Zoonotic transmission: fecal–oral via contaminated food/water; strain identity between human, pig, sheep, and food isolates confirms cross-species/food-chain transmission (F008).

15. Model Organisms

  • Mouse (oral infection model) — the principal model. Recapitulates M-cell/Peyer's-patch entry, intestinal replication, and hepatosplenic dissemination; used to prove the temperature/T3SS and superantigen mechanisms.
  • Böhme 2012 (PMID: 22359501): oral mouse infection demonstrated that a locked thermometer variant loses dissemination and lethality.
  • Barnes 2006 (PMID: 16754724): oral mouse model showed intestinal replication precedes dissemination.
  • Miyoshi-Akiyama 1997 (PMID: 9159409): murine YPM model established MHC-II-dependent Vβ7/Vβ8 expansion and TNF-α/IFN-γ-mediated lethal shock.
  • Galleria mellonella (invertebrate infection model) — used for virulence/regulation studies (e.g., Fis regulator, PMID: 41880349).
  • Cell-culture / in vitro — epithelial cell invasion assays (invasin–β1-integrin), phagocyte intoxication assays (YopE/YopB-D), RNAi screens for host T3SS cofactors (e.g., CCR5, PMID: 25691588).
  • Phenotype recapitulation: the mouse oral model reproduces the enteric-to-systemic axis very well; it does not fully reproduce human FESLF because human-specific superantigen (YPMa) effects and the pVM82-linked epidemic phenotype are strain- and host-context dependent.

Mechanistic Model / Interpretation

The disease is best understood as a two-stage, genotype-branched infection:

       Y. pseudotuberculosis (ingested, cold-tolerant)
                        |
          invasin -> β1-integrin -> M cells
                        |
        intestinal replication (Peyer's patches)
                        |
       37°C -> RNA thermometer/YmoA -> LcrF -> Ysc T3SS -> Yop effectors
      (YopH/E/T/O paralyze phagocytes; YopJ silences NF-κB/MAPK/IRF3)
                        |
    dissemination -> mesenteric nodes, liver, spleen
                        |
+-------------------------------+-------------------------------+
   European genotype                                        Far Eastern genotype
   (YPMa-, pVM82-)                                          (YPMa+, pVM82+)
|                                                            |
  self-limiting gastroenteritis /                     YPMa superantigen ->
  pseudoappendicitis                                  Vβ3/7/8 CD4+ T-cell storm ->
|                                             TNF-α/IFN-γ -> FESLF
+---------------- post-infectious immune sequelae -----------+
     (reactive arthritis ~12%, erythema nodosum ~3%)

  Host modifier: iron overload / DFO / immunosuppression -> septicemia

Upstream vs downstream: temperature sensing → LcrF → T3SS is the upstream master switch; Yop-mediated immune paralysis and (in FESLF) superantigen T-cell activation are downstream effectors; post-infectious arthritis/erythema nodosum are terminal immune sequelae. The pathogen genotype (plasmid/superantigen content) is the single strongest determinant of whether the outcome is mild or severe.

Evidence Base

PMID Paper (abbreviated) Supports Contribution
26819960 Far East scarlet-like fever review (Amphlett 2016) F001 Two clinical faces; YPMa in FESLF
9109426 Clinical role of superantigen (Abe 1997) F002 Anti-YPM correlates with systemic disease
9159409 Murine YPM toxicity (Miyoshi-Akiyama 1997) F002 Vβ/CD4, TNF-α/IFN-γ shock mechanism
22359501 RNA thermometer/LcrF (Böhme 2012) F003 Temperature-gated virulence; in vivo proof
39159284 RNase reprogramming (Meyer 2024) F003 T3SS-driven transcriptomic shift
12755365 Invasin/β1-integrin (Grassl 2003) F004 M-cell entry mechanism
16754724 Intestinal dissemination (Barnes 2006) F004 Replication precedes dissemination
17416264 Plague (Prentice 2007) F005 Ancestor of Y. pestis
14605146 O-genotyping PCR (Bogdanovich 2003) F005 ≥21 serotypes; O:1b origin of Y. pestis
28222842 AMR in primates (Kim 2017) F005 Broad antibiotic susceptibility
33321204 Pan-genomics/drug mining (Basharat 2021) F006 Phenotype spectrum enumeration
23701958 Yersinia sequelae (Rosner 2013) F006 ReA ~12%, EN ~3% frequencies
30238343 Diagnostic ELISA (Wielkoszynski 2018) F007 Culture vs serology; PsaA marker
30360909 Lemur osteomyelitis (Walker 2018) F008 Zoonotic reservoir; animal disease
19835774 Nigeria human/animal strains (Okwori 2009) F008 Food/animal-to-human strain identity
29691860 Winter scours in sheep (Stanger 2018) F008 Livestock natural disease
17608743 YopJ/TRAF (Sweet 2007) F009 NF-κB/MAPK/IRF3 inhibition
11132234 Infections in E-β thalassemia (Wanachiwanawin 2000) F010 Iron/DFO risk factor
30695393 Plasmid-associated virulence (Somova 2016) F011 pVM82 + YPMa → FESLF
32498317 FESLF as special manifestation (Somova 2020) F011 Epidemiologic geographic pattern
20088683 Cold adaptation (Palonen 2010) F012 Psychrotrophic foodborne transmission

Limitations and Knowledge Gaps

  1. Quantitative human epidemiology is sparse. Precise incidence/prevalence (per 100,000) for Y. pseudotuberculosis specifically are not well established; many sequelae frequencies (reactive arthritis ~12%, erythema nodosum ~3%) are extrapolated from Y. enterocolitica population studies rather than measured for Y. pseudotuberculosis directly.
  2. FESLF molecular detail is understudied. The pVM82 plasmid's gene content and the precise mechanistic link between pVM82 and the FESLF phenotype remain incompletely defined; YPMa's role is strongly implicated but the causal chain to renal dysfunction is partly inferred.
  3. No human host-genetic risk data. Because this is infectious, no GWAS/germline susceptibility data exist; iron availability is the dominant, well-supported host modifier.
  4. Kawasaki-disease association is unresolved. Several case reports link Y. pseudotuberculosis to KD-like illness, but causation vs. coincidence/molecular mimicry is not established.
  5. Antibiotic tolerance in tissue (T3SS-induced growth arrest reducing aminoglycoside/tetracycline killing) is demonstrated in mouse models but its clinical treatment-failure significance in humans is unquantified.
  6. No original data analysis was performed in this investigation; findings are literature-derived syntheses, so confidence rests on the quality of the cited primary studies.

Proposed Follow-up Experiments / Actions

  1. Quantify Y. pseudotuberculosis-specific sequelae in a prospective human cohort (rather than extrapolating from Y. enterocolitica), stratified by infecting serotype and YPMa/pVM82 status.
  2. Complete pVM82 functional genomics: sequence and mutate pVM82 loci to define which genes are necessary/sufficient for FESLF-associated renal and vascular pathology.
  3. Structure-guided anti-superantigen therapeutics: build on the YPM point-mutant work (PMID: 10087177) to develop TCR-Vβ-blocking or attenuated-toxoid immunotherapeutics for severe FESLF.
  4. Clinical tolerance study: test whether T3SS-induced antibiotic tolerance drives relapse in systemic human disease and whether combination regimens or T3SS inhibitors improve clearance.
  5. Iron-management guideline evaluation: assess whether temporary DFO cessation and prompt empirical antibiotics reduce septicemia mortality in iron-overloaded patients presenting with fever.
  6. Integrated One-Health surveillance: expand PFGE/WGS matching of food, livestock, wildlife, and human isolates to map transmission chains and identify high-risk food vehicles for targeted prevention.

Artifacts

Reference Validation

Checked with linkml-reference-validator 0.3.0rc3.

Outcome Count
References checked 28
Resolved 28
Unresolved (possible confabulation) 0
Unverifiable 0
References weighed for topical relevance 28
On topic 10
Off topic 0

All extracted references resolved successfully.

Term Validation

Checked with linkml-term-validator 0.4.5, through the ols: adapter.

Outcome Count
Terms checked 37
Resolved 37
Unresolved (possible confabulation) 0
Obsolete 0
Unverifiable 0
Terms whose name was checked 22
Terms named correctly 7
Terms named as a different term 12
Terms whose name is worth a second look 3

Terms the report names something else

These identifiers resolve, so nothing about them looks wrong, and the ontology calls them something unrelated to what the report calls them. That usually means the identifier is not the one the sentence needs:

  • HP:0001945 (1 mention) - the report calls it "Very common"; HP calls it Fever
  • HP:0002014 (1 mention) - the report calls it "Common"; HP calls it Diarrhea
  • HP:0004299 (1 mention) - the report calls it "Common (children)"; HP calls it Hernia of the abdominal wall
  • HP:0000988 (1 mention) - the report calls it "Far Eastern strains"; HP calls it Skin rash
  • HP:0012219 (1 mention) - the report calls it "~3% (Yersinia sequela est.)"; HP calls it Erythema nodosum
  • HP:0000083 (1 mention) - the report calls it "Systemic cases"; HP calls it Renal insufficiency
  • UBERON:0003454 (1 mention) - the report calls it "Peyer's patches / gut-associated lymphoid tissue"; UBERON calls it small intestine Peyer's patch
  • NCIT:C540 (1 mention) - the report calls it "ciprofloxacin"; NCIT calls it Heparan Sulfate
  • NCIT:C1737 (1 mention) - the report calls it "ceftriaxone, cefotaxime"; NCIT calls it Organic Solvents
  • NCIT:C61796 (1 mention) - the report calls it "gentamicin, enrofloxacin (vet)"; NCIT calls it Ivermectin
  • NCIT:C692 (1 mention) - the report calls it "doxycycline, oxytetracycline"; NCIT calls it Nimodipine
  • NCIT:C287 (1 mention) - the report calls it "trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole"; NCIT calls it Aspirin

Terms whose name is worth a second look

The report's name for these is recognisably related to the term's own name without being one of them. A loose paraphrase reads the same way as a citation of the wrong sibling term - and so does a related synonym, which the ontology records precisely because it names something adjacent rather than the same thing - so these are listed rather than judged:

  • HP:0032169 (1 mention) - the report calls it "Severe FESLF"; HP calls it Severe infection
  • GO:0043123 (1 mention) - the report calls it "positive regulation of NF-κB"; GO calls it positive regulation of canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction, and lists "positive regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade" among its other names
  • UBERON:0002097 (1 mention) - the report calls it "Skin"; UBERON calls it skin of body, and lists "skin" among its other names