Soil-transmitted helminthiases are intestinal nematode infections caused by Ascaris, Trichuris, hookworms, and Strongyloides, transmitted through contaminated environments and resulting in chronic morbidity.
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name: Soil-transmitted helminthiases
creation_date: '2026-01-26T15:56:41Z'
updated_date: '2026-04-11T01:06:52Z'
category: Infectious Disease
description: >-
Soil-transmitted helminthiases are intestinal nematode infections caused by
Ascaris, Trichuris, hookworms, and Strongyloides, transmitted through
contaminated environments and resulting in chronic morbidity.
disease_term:
term:
id: MONDO:0004664
label: helminthiasis
preferred_term: Helminthiasis
parents:
- Helminth infection
- Neglected tropical disease
infectious_agent:
- name: Ascaris lumbricoides
infectious_agent_term:
preferred_term: Ascaris lumbricoides
term:
id: NCBITaxon:6252
label: Ascaris lumbricoides
description: Intestinal roundworm causing ascariasis.
evidence:
- reference: PMID:28882382
reference_title: "Soil-transmitted helminth infections."
supports: SUPPORT
snippet: "soil-transmitted helminths Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm (Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus), Trichuris trichiura, and Strongyloides stercoralis"
explanation: The review lists Ascaris lumbricoides among soil-transmitted helminths.
- name: Trichuris trichiura
infectious_agent_term:
preferred_term: Trichuris trichiura
term:
id: NCBITaxon:36087
label: Trichuris trichiura
description: Whipworm causing trichuriasis.
evidence:
- reference: PMID:28882382
reference_title: "Soil-transmitted helminth infections."
supports: SUPPORT
snippet: "soil-transmitted helminths Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm (Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus), Trichuris trichiura, and Strongyloides stercoralis"
explanation: The review lists Trichuris trichiura among soil-transmitted helminths.
- name: Ancylostoma duodenale
infectious_agent_term:
preferred_term: Ancylostoma duodenale
term:
id: NCBITaxon:51022
label: Ancylostoma duodenale
description: Hookworm species infecting humans.
evidence:
- reference: PMID:28882382
reference_title: "Soil-transmitted helminth infections."
supports: SUPPORT
snippet: "soil-transmitted helminths Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm (Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus), Trichuris trichiura, and Strongyloides stercoralis"
explanation: The review lists Ancylostoma duodenale as a hookworm species.
- name: Necator americanus
infectious_agent_term:
preferred_term: Necator americanus
term:
id: NCBITaxon:51031
label: Necator americanus
description: Predominant hookworm species infecting humans.
evidence:
- reference: PMID:28882382
reference_title: "Soil-transmitted helminth infections."
supports: SUPPORT
snippet: "soil-transmitted helminths Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm (Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus), Trichuris trichiura, and Strongyloides stercoralis"
explanation: The review lists Necator americanus as a hookworm species.
- name: Strongyloides stercoralis
infectious_agent_term:
preferred_term: Strongyloides stercoralis
term:
id: NCBITaxon:6248
label: Strongyloides stercoralis
description: Threadworm included among soil-transmitted helminths.
evidence:
- reference: PMID:28882382
reference_title: "Soil-transmitted helminth infections."
supports: SUPPORT
snippet: "soil-transmitted helminths Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm (Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus), Trichuris trichiura, and Strongyloides stercoralis"
explanation: The review lists Strongyloides stercoralis among soil-transmitted helminths.
agent_life_cycle:
description: Adult worms reside in the human intestine for years, sustaining chronic infection.
hosts:
- preferred_term: human
term:
id: NCBITaxon:9606
label: Homo sapiens
role: definitive host
life_cycle_stages:
- name: Adult parasitic worm stage in human intestine
life_cycle_stage_term:
preferred_term: adult parasitic worm stage
term:
id: OPL:0000237
label: adult parasitic worm stage
description: Adult hookworms reside in the small intestine for years.
evidence:
- reference: PMID:27929101
reference_title: "Hookworm infection."
supports: PARTIAL
snippet: "Hookworms are soil-transmitted nematode parasites that can reside for many years in the small intestine of their human hosts"
explanation: Adult hookworms persist in the small intestine of humans.
transmission:
- name: Soil-transmitted helminth infection
description: Transmission occurs via soil contamination and contact with infective stages.
evidence:
- reference: PMID:16679166
reference_title: "Soil-transmitted helminth infections: ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hookworm."
supports: PARTIAL
snippet: "The three main soil-transmitted helminth infections, ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hookworm, are common clinical disorders in man."
explanation: The review identifies these infections as soil-transmitted helminthiases.
pathophysiology:
- name: Blood-feeding hookworms cause iron deficiency anemia
description: Adult hookworms feed on host blood, leading to iron deficiency anemia.
evidence:
- reference: PMID:27929101
reference_title: "Hookworm infection."
supports: SUPPORT
snippet: "Adult worms feed on the blood of a host and can cause iron deficiency anaemia"
explanation: Hookworm blood feeding causes iron deficiency anemia.
phenotypes:
- name: Anemia
category: Hematologic
frequency: OCCASIONAL
phenotype_term:
preferred_term: Anemia
term:
id: HP:0001903
label: Anemia
evidence:
- reference: PMID:27929101
reference_title: "Hookworm infection."
supports: PARTIAL
snippet: "Adult worms feed on the blood of a host and can cause iron deficiency anaemia"
explanation: Iron deficiency anemia is a consequence of hookworm infection.
treatments:
- name: Albendazole or mebendazole therapy
description: Benzimidazole anthelmintics used for treatment and preventive deworming.
treatment_term:
preferred_term: Pharmacotherapy
term:
id: NCIT:C15986
label: Pharmacotherapy
therapeutic_agent:
- preferred_term: albendazole
term:
id: CHEBI:16664
label: albendazole
evidence:
- reference: PMID:16679166
reference_title: "Soil-transmitted helminth infections: ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hookworm."
supports: SUPPORT
snippet: "The benzimidazole anthelmintics, mebendazole and albendazole, are commonly used to remove these infections."
explanation: Albendazole and mebendazole are standard anthelmintic therapies.
references:
- reference: DOI:10.1007/s00436-023-08088-8
title: 'Anthelmintic resistance in soil-transmitted helminths: One-Health considerations'
found_in:
- Soil_Transmitted_Helminthiases-deep-research-falcon.md
findings:
- statement: 'Anthelmintic resistance in soil-transmitted helminths: One-Health considerations'
supporting_text: The One-Health approach recognizes the intricate connection between human, animal, and environmental health, and that cooperative effort from various professionals provides comprehensive awareness and potential solutions for issues relating to the health of people, animals, and the environment.
evidence:
- reference: DOI:10.1007/s00436-023-08088-8
reference_title: 'Anthelmintic resistance in soil-transmitted helminths: One-Health considerations'
supports: SUPPORT
evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
snippet: The One-Health approach recognizes the intricate connection between human, animal, and environmental health, and that cooperative effort from various professionals provides comprehensive awareness and potential solutions for issues relating to the health of people, animals, and the environment.
explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Soil Transmitted Helminthiases.
- reference: DOI:10.1007/s44197-024-00231-7
title: 'Efficacy of Albendazole and Mebendazole Against Soil Transmitted Infections among Pre-School and School Age Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis'
found_in:
- Soil_Transmitted_Helminthiases-deep-research-falcon.md
findings:
- statement: Soil-transmitted helminthic (STH) infections are the leading cause of stunting among children.
supporting_text: Soil-transmitted helminthic (STH) infections are the leading cause of stunting among children.
evidence:
- reference: DOI:10.1007/s44197-024-00231-7
reference_title: 'Efficacy of Albendazole and Mebendazole Against Soil Transmitted Infections among Pre-School and School Age Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis'
supports: SUPPORT
evidence_source: OTHER
snippet: Soil-transmitted helminthic (STH) infections are the leading cause of stunting among children.
explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Soil Transmitted Helminthiases.
- reference: DOI:10.1016/j.ijpddr.2024.100570
title: Deep-amplicon sequencing of the complete beta-tubulin gene in Trichuris trichiura before and after albendazole treatment
found_in:
- Soil_Transmitted_Helminthiases-deep-research-falcon.md
findings:
- statement: Deep-amplicon sequencing of the complete beta-tubulin gene in Trichuris trichiura before and after albendazole treatment
supporting_text: Deep-amplicon sequencing of the complete beta-tubulin gene in Trichuris trichiura before and after albendazole treatment
- reference: DOI:10.1016/j.lanwpc.2023.100974
title: 'Risk mapping and socio-ecological drivers of soil-transmitted helminth infections in the Philippines: a spatial modelling study'
found_in:
- Soil_Transmitted_Helminthiases-deep-research-falcon.md
findings:
- statement: 'Risk mapping and socio-ecological drivers of soil-transmitted helminth infections in the Philippines: a spatial modelling study'
supporting_text: 'Risk mapping and socio-ecological drivers of soil-transmitted helminth infections in the Philippines: a spatial modelling study'
- reference: DOI:10.1038/s41467-024-45027-2
title: Predicting the risk and speed of drug resistance emerging in soil-transmitted helminths during preventive chemotherapy
found_in:
- Soil_Transmitted_Helminthiases-deep-research-falcon.md
findings:
- statement: Control of soil-transmitted helminths relies heavily on regular large-scale deworming of high-risk groups (e.g., children) with benzimidazole derivatives.
supporting_text: Control of soil-transmitted helminths relies heavily on regular large-scale deworming of high-risk groups (e.g., children) with benzimidazole derivatives.
evidence:
- reference: DOI:10.1038/s41467-024-45027-2
reference_title: Predicting the risk and speed of drug resistance emerging in soil-transmitted helminths during preventive chemotherapy
supports: SUPPORT
evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
snippet: Control of soil-transmitted helminths relies heavily on regular large-scale deworming of high-risk groups (e.g., children) with benzimidazole derivatives.
explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Soil Transmitted Helminthiases.
- reference: DOI:10.1038/s41598-023-37402-8
title: Soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH) endemicity and performance of preventive chemotherapy intervention programme in Nigeria (in year 2021)
found_in:
- Soil_Transmitted_Helminthiases-deep-research-falcon.md
findings:
- statement: Preventive chemotherapy (PC) is an important tool to address transmission and reduce morbidities associated with soil-transmitted helminths (STHs).
supporting_text: Preventive chemotherapy (PC) is an important tool to address transmission and reduce morbidities associated with soil-transmitted helminths (STHs).
evidence:
- reference: DOI:10.1038/s41598-023-37402-8
reference_title: Soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH) endemicity and performance of preventive chemotherapy intervention programme in Nigeria (in year 2021)
supports: SUPPORT
evidence_source: OTHER
snippet: Preventive chemotherapy (PC) is an important tool to address transmission and reduce morbidities associated with soil-transmitted helminths (STHs).
explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Soil Transmitted Helminthiases.
- reference: DOI:10.1038/s41598-024-73164-7
title: Modeling transmission mechanism to infer treatment efficacy of different drugs and combination therapy against Trichuris trichiura
found_in:
- Soil_Transmitted_Helminthiases-deep-research-falcon.md
findings:
- statement: Modeling transmission mechanism to infer treatment efficacy of different drugs and combination therapy against Trichuris trichiura
supporting_text: Modeling transmission mechanism to infer treatment efficacy of different drugs and combination therapy against Trichuris trichiura
- reference: DOI:10.1101/2024.06.04.597280
title: The assessment of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the ß-tubulin genes in human soil-transmitted helminths exposed to different pressure with benzimidazole drugs
found_in:
- Soil_Transmitted_Helminthiases-deep-research-falcon.md
findings:
- statement: The assessment of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the ß-tubulin genes in human soil-transmitted helminths exposed to different pressure with benzimidazole drugs
supporting_text: We aimed to gain insights into the role of known single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in codons 167, 198 and 200 of the ß-tubulin gene as markers for possible benzimidazole resistance in human soil-transmitted helminths (STHs; Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura , Necator americanus and Ancylostsoma duodenale ).
evidence:
- reference: DOI:10.1101/2024.06.04.597280
reference_title: The assessment of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the ß-tubulin genes in human soil-transmitted helminths exposed to different pressure with benzimidazole drugs
supports: SUPPORT
evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
snippet: We aimed to gain insights into the role of known single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in codons 167, 198 and 200 of the ß-tubulin gene as markers for possible benzimidazole resistance in human soil-transmitted helminths (STHs; Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura , Necator americanus and Ancylostsoma duodenale ).
explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Soil Transmitted Helminthiases.
- reference: DOI:10.1186/s13071-024-06422-2
title: 'Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections in the Wolaita zone in Southern Ethiopia: mid-stage evaluation of the Geshiyaro project and progress towards the interruption of transmission'
found_in:
- Soil_Transmitted_Helminthiases-deep-research-falcon.md
findings:
- statement: This paper documents changes in the prevalence and intensity of soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections in the Geshiyaro project in the Wolaita zone of Southern Ethiopia.
supporting_text: This paper documents changes in the prevalence and intensity of soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections in the Geshiyaro project in the Wolaita zone of Southern Ethiopia.
evidence:
- reference: DOI:10.1186/s13071-024-06422-2
reference_title: 'Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections in the Wolaita zone in Southern Ethiopia: mid-stage evaluation of the Geshiyaro project and progress towards the interruption of transmission'
supports: SUPPORT
evidence_source: OTHER
snippet: This paper documents changes in the prevalence and intensity of soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections in the Geshiyaro project in the Wolaita zone of Southern Ethiopia.
explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Soil Transmitted Helminthiases.
- reference: DOI:10.1186/s40249-024-01185-5
title: 'Effectiveness of ivermectin mass drug administration in the control of soil-transmitted helminth infections in endemic populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis'
found_in:
- Soil_Transmitted_Helminthiases-deep-research-falcon.md
findings:
- statement: 'Effectiveness of ivermectin mass drug administration in the control of soil-transmitted helminth infections in endemic populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis'
supporting_text: Current soil-transmitted helminth (STH) control guidelines endorse the use of albendazole or mebendazole for school-based targeted preventive chemotherapy (PC), yet their reduced efficacy against Strongyloides stercoralis and Trichuris trichiura presents significant limitations.
evidence:
- reference: DOI:10.1186/s40249-024-01185-5
reference_title: 'Effectiveness of ivermectin mass drug administration in the control of soil-transmitted helminth infections in endemic populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis'
supports: SUPPORT
evidence_source: OTHER
snippet: Current soil-transmitted helminth (STH) control guidelines endorse the use of albendazole or mebendazole for school-based targeted preventive chemotherapy (PC), yet their reduced efficacy against Strongyloides stercoralis and Trichuris trichiura presents significant limitations.
explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Soil Transmitted Helminthiases.
- reference: DOI:10.1186/s40249-024-01238-9
title: Global burden of soil-transmitted helminth infections, 1990–2021
found_in:
- Soil_Transmitted_Helminthiases-deep-research-falcon.md
findings:
- statement: Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections can cause a significant disease burden.
supporting_text: Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections can cause a significant disease burden.
evidence:
- reference: DOI:10.1186/s40249-024-01238-9
reference_title: Global burden of soil-transmitted helminth infections, 1990–2021
supports: SUPPORT
evidence_source: OTHER
snippet: Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections can cause a significant disease burden.
explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Soil Transmitted Helminthiases.
- reference: DOI:10.1371/journal.pgph.0003717
title: 'The impact of community based interventions for the prevention and control of soil-transmitted helminths: A systematic review and meta-analysis'
found_in:
- Soil_Transmitted_Helminthiases-deep-research-falcon.md
findings:
- statement: Soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) are among the most common human infections worldwide and a major cause of morbidity.
supporting_text: Soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) are among the most common human infections worldwide and a major cause of morbidity.
evidence:
- reference: DOI:10.1371/journal.pgph.0003717
reference_title: 'The impact of community based interventions for the prevention and control of soil-transmitted helminths: A systematic review and meta-analysis'
supports: SUPPORT
evidence_source: OTHER
snippet: Soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) are among the most common human infections worldwide and a major cause of morbidity.
explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Soil Transmitted Helminthiases.
- reference: DOI:10.1371/journal.pntd.0009422
title: The role of diagnostic technologies to measure progress toward WHO 2030 targets for soil-transmitted helminth control programs
found_in:
- Soil_Transmitted_Helminthiases-deep-research-falcon.md
findings:
- statement: The role of diagnostic technologies to measure progress toward WHO 2030 targets for soil-transmitted helminth control programs
supporting_text: The role of diagnostic technologies to measure progress toward WHO 2030 targets for soil-transmitted helminth control programs
- reference: DOI:10.1371/journal.pntd.0011496
title: 'Soil-transmitted helminths: A critical review of the impact of co-infections and implications for control and elimination'
found_in:
- Soil_Transmitted_Helminthiases-deep-research-falcon.md
findings:
- statement: Researchers have raised the possibility that soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections might modify the host’s immune response against other systemic infections.
supporting_text: Researchers have raised the possibility that soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections might modify the host’s immune response against other systemic infections.
evidence:
- reference: DOI:10.1371/journal.pntd.0011496
reference_title: 'Soil-transmitted helminths: A critical review of the impact of co-infections and implications for control and elimination'
supports: SUPPORT
evidence_source: OTHER
snippet: Researchers have raised the possibility that soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections might modify the host’s immune response against other systemic infections.
explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Soil Transmitted Helminthiases.
- reference: DOI:10.1371/journal.pntd.0012049
title: 'Serological diagnosis of soil-transmitted helminth (Ascaris, Trichuris and hookworm) infections: A scoping review'
found_in:
- Soil_Transmitted_Helminthiases-deep-research-falcon.md
findings:
- statement: The World Health Organization emphasizes the importance of integrated monitoring and evaluation in neglected tropical disease (NTD) control programs.
supporting_text: The World Health Organization emphasizes the importance of integrated monitoring and evaluation in neglected tropical disease (NTD) control programs.
evidence:
- reference: DOI:10.1371/journal.pntd.0012049
reference_title: 'Serological diagnosis of soil-transmitted helminth (Ascaris, Trichuris and hookworm) infections: A scoping review'
supports: SUPPORT
evidence_source: OTHER
snippet: The World Health Organization emphasizes the importance of integrated monitoring and evaluation in neglected tropical disease (NTD) control programs.
explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Soil Transmitted Helminthiases.
- reference: DOI:10.1371/journal.pntd.0012416
title: 'Soil surveillance for monitoring soil-transmitted helminths: Method development and field testing in three countries'
found_in:
- Soil_Transmitted_Helminthiases-deep-research-falcon.md
findings:
- statement: One-fifth of the global population is infected with soil-transmitted helminths (STH).
supporting_text: One-fifth of the global population is infected with soil-transmitted helminths (STH).
evidence:
- reference: DOI:10.1371/journal.pntd.0012416
reference_title: 'Soil surveillance for monitoring soil-transmitted helminths: Method development and field testing in three countries'
supports: SUPPORT
evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
snippet: One-fifth of the global population is infected with soil-transmitted helminths (STH).
explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Soil Transmitted Helminthiases.
- reference: DOI:10.1371/journal.pntd.0012521
title: 'Need for a paradigm shift in soil-transmitted helminthiasis control: Targeting the right people, in the right place, and with the right drug(s)'
found_in:
- Soil_Transmitted_Helminthiases-deep-research-falcon.md
findings:
- statement: 'Need for a paradigm shift in soil-transmitted helminthiasis control: Targeting the right people, in the right place, and with the right drug(s)'
supporting_text: 'Need for a paradigm shift in soil-transmitted helminthiasis control: Targeting the right people, in the right place, and with the right drug(s)'
- reference: DOI:10.1371/journal.ppat.1012119
title: 'The adaptive immune response to Trichuris in wild versus laboratory mice: An established model system in context'
found_in:
- Soil_Transmitted_Helminthiases-deep-research-falcon.md
findings:
- statement: Laboratory model organisms have provided a window into how the immune system functions.
supporting_text: Laboratory model organisms have provided a window into how the immune system functions.
evidence:
- reference: DOI:10.1371/journal.ppat.1012119
reference_title: 'The adaptive immune response to Trichuris in wild versus laboratory mice: An established model system in context'
supports: SUPPORT
evidence_source: MODEL_ORGANISM
snippet: Laboratory model organisms have provided a window into how the immune system functions.
explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Soil Transmitted Helminthiases.
- reference: DOI:10.3389/fitd.2023.1282725
title: Present drugs and future perspectives in treating soil-transmitted helminthiasis
found_in:
- Soil_Transmitted_Helminthiases-deep-research-falcon.md
findings:
- statement: Present drugs and future perspectives in treating soil-transmitted helminthiasis
supporting_text: Soil-transmitted helminthiases caused by Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and hookworm (Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus) are responsible for the infection of approximately 1.5 billion people worldwide, mostly in tropical and subtropical regions.
evidence:
- reference: DOI:10.3389/fitd.2023.1282725
reference_title: Present drugs and future perspectives in treating soil-transmitted helminthiasis
supports: SUPPORT
evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
snippet: Soil-transmitted helminthiases caused by Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and hookworm (Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus) are responsible for the infection of approximately 1.5 billion people worldwide, mostly in tropical and subtropical regions.
explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Soil Transmitted Helminthiases.
- reference: DOI:10.3389/fitd.2023.1303873
title: 'Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the β-tubulin gene family of Ascaris lumbricoides and their potential role in benzimidazole resistance: a systematic review'
found_in:
- Soil_Transmitted_Helminthiases-deep-research-falcon.md
findings:
- statement: The most common soil-transmitted helminthic infection is caused by Ascaris lumbricoides (A. lumbricoides).
supporting_text: The most common soil-transmitted helminthic infection is caused by Ascaris lumbricoides (A. lumbricoides).
evidence:
- reference: DOI:10.3389/fitd.2023.1303873
reference_title: 'Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the β-tubulin gene family of Ascaris lumbricoides and their potential role in benzimidazole resistance: a systematic review'
supports: SUPPORT
evidence_source: OTHER
snippet: The most common soil-transmitted helminthic infection is caused by Ascaris lumbricoides (A. lumbricoides).
explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Soil Transmitted Helminthiases.
- reference: DOI:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1283054
title: 'Prevalence and correlates of soil-transmitted helminths in schoolchildren aged 5 to 18 years in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis'
found_in:
- Soil_Transmitted_Helminthiases-deep-research-falcon.md
findings:
- statement: According to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 report, up to 1.5 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) are lost due to soil-transmitted helminths (STHs), and 5.9 million people are at risk of acquiring STHs.
supporting_text: According to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 report, up to 1.5 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) are lost due to soil-transmitted helminths (STHs), and 5.9 million people are at risk of acquiring STHs.
evidence:
- reference: DOI:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1283054
reference_title: 'Prevalence and correlates of soil-transmitted helminths in schoolchildren aged 5 to 18 years in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis'
supports: SUPPORT
evidence_source: OTHER
snippet: According to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 report, up to 1.5 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) are lost due to soil-transmitted helminths (STHs), and 5.9 million people are at risk of acquiring STHs.
explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Soil Transmitted Helminthiases.
- reference: DOI:10.3390/ijms252212015
title: A Small Intestinal Helminth Infection Alters Colonic Mucus and Shapes the Colonic Mucus Microbiome
found_in:
- Soil_Transmitted_Helminthiases-deep-research-falcon.md
findings:
- statement: Infecting humans with controlled doses of small intestinal helminths, such as human hookworm, is proposed as a therapy for the colonic inflammatory disease ulcerative colitis.
supporting_text: Infecting humans with controlled doses of small intestinal helminths, such as human hookworm, is proposed as a therapy for the colonic inflammatory disease ulcerative colitis.
evidence:
- reference: DOI:10.3390/ijms252212015
reference_title: A Small Intestinal Helminth Infection Alters Colonic Mucus and Shapes the Colonic Mucus Microbiome
supports: SUPPORT
evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
snippet: Infecting humans with controlled doses of small intestinal helminths, such as human hookworm, is proposed as a therapy for the colonic inflammatory disease ulcerative colitis.
explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Soil Transmitted Helminthiases.
- reference: DOI:10.3390/pathogens13080627
title: Prevalence, Infection Intensity, and Risk Factors for Soil-transmitted Helminth Infections among School Children in Northwestern Tanzania
found_in:
- Soil_Transmitted_Helminthiases-deep-research-falcon.md
findings:
- statement: Soil-transmitted helminthiases (STH) are among the neglected tropical diseases and infect more than 24% of the world population.
supporting_text: Soil-transmitted helminthiases (STH) are among the neglected tropical diseases and infect more than 24% of the world population.
evidence:
- reference: DOI:10.3390/pathogens13080627
reference_title: Prevalence, Infection Intensity, and Risk Factors for Soil-transmitted Helminth Infections among School Children in Northwestern Tanzania
supports: SUPPORT
evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
snippet: Soil-transmitted helminthiases (STH) are among the neglected tropical diseases and infect more than 24% of the world population.
explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Soil Transmitted Helminthiases.
- reference: DOI:10.3390/pathogens13110967
title: Prevalence and Sociodemographic Risk Factors of Soil-Transmitted Helminths in Rural Communities Living in Endemic Foci of Onchocerciasis in Southern Gabon
found_in:
- Soil_Transmitted_Helminthiases-deep-research-falcon.md
findings:
- statement: This prospective survey determined the prevalence and intensity of infections due to geohelminths and the associated risk factors in five onchocerciasis-endemic communities in Gabon between January and February 2020.
supporting_text: This prospective survey determined the prevalence and intensity of infections due to geohelminths and the associated risk factors in five onchocerciasis-endemic communities in Gabon between January and February 2020.
evidence:
- reference: DOI:10.3390/pathogens13110967
reference_title: Prevalence and Sociodemographic Risk Factors of Soil-Transmitted Helminths in Rural Communities Living in Endemic Foci of Onchocerciasis in Southern Gabon
supports: SUPPORT
evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
snippet: This prospective survey determined the prevalence and intensity of infections due to geohelminths and the associated risk factors in five onchocerciasis-endemic communities in Gabon between January and February 2020.
explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Soil Transmitted Helminthiases.
- reference: DOI:10.4269/ajtmh.23-0497
title: Efficacy of Single-Dose Albendazole and Albendazole Plus Ivermectin for Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infection in Children in the Peruvian Amazon
found_in:
- Soil_Transmitted_Helminthiases-deep-research-falcon.md
findings:
- statement: In countries where soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections are endemic, deworming programs are recommended to reduce morbidity; however, increasing levels of resistance to benzimidazoles are of concern.
supporting_text: In countries where soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections are endemic, deworming programs are recommended to reduce morbidity; however, increasing levels of resistance to benzimidazoles are of concern.
evidence:
- reference: DOI:10.4269/ajtmh.23-0497
reference_title: Efficacy of Single-Dose Albendazole and Albendazole Plus Ivermectin for Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infection in Children in the Peruvian Amazon
supports: SUPPORT
evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
snippet: In countries where soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections are endemic, deworming programs are recommended to reduce morbidity; however, increasing levels of resistance to benzimidazoles are of concern.
explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Soil Transmitted Helminthiases.
Soil-transmitted helminthiases are intestinal nematode infections transmitted via eggs/larvae contaminating soil in settings with inadequate sanitation. In current global-control framing, the most important human STH species are Ascaris lumbricoides (roundworm; ascariasis), Trichuris trichiura (whipworm; trichuriasis), and hookworms (Necator americanus, Ancylostoma duodenale). (chen2024globalburdenof pages 1-2, keiser2023presentdrugsand pages 2-3)
Suggested ontology placeholders (to be validated externally):
- MONDO: “soil-transmitted helminthiasis” (placeholder; verify)
- MeSH: “Helminthiasis” / “Ascaris lumbricoides” / “Trichuris trichiura” / “Hookworm Infections” (placeholders; verify)
Individual/household behaviors (WASH): - In schoolchildren in northwestern Tanzania (2021), not washing hands with water and soap was associated with higher odds of STH infection (aOR 1.4, 95% CI 1.0–2.1), while washing hands after using the toilet was protective (aOR 0.6, 95% CI 0.4–0.9). (justine2024prevalenceinfectionintensity pages 7-9)
Sociodemographic: - In the same Tanzania study, mother’s occupation as a farmer was associated with increased odds of infection (aOR 1.2; the paper reports significance and provides a CI). (justine2024prevalenceinfectionintensity pages 1-2, justine2024prevalenceinfectionintensity pages 7-9) - In rural Gabon (2020 survey), overall STH prevalence was high (64.8%), with higher prevalence in adults (75.9%) than elders (39.3%) and sex differences for hookworm. (mouandza2024prevalenceandsociodemographic pages 1-2)
Macro-environment / climate / ecology (spatial modeling): - Philippines (national survey; Bayesian geostatistics): male sex increased odds across species (e.g., hookworm OR 2.142, 97.5% CrI 1.537–2.998) and higher temperature increased odds for A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura (ORs ~1.15). Vegetation index and higher soil pH were negatively associated with A. lumbricoides risk. (tsheten2024riskmappingand pages 1-2)
Human host genetic susceptibility and explicit GxE interactions were not identified in the retrieved 2023–2024 corpus. Mechanistically, immunologic context (prior exposures, age, co-infections) changes infection outcomes and could be viewed as a “host-context × exposure” interaction, but not in a classical genetic sense. (mair2024theadaptiveimmune pages 1-2, mair2024theadaptiveimmune pages 2-3)
From a GBD-focused clinical summary: - Ascaris: larval migration can cause pulmonary symptoms (“larva migrants’ pneumonia and allergic symptoms”); adult worms can cause gastrointestinal dysfunction and mechanical bowel obstruction. (chen2024globalburdenof pages 1-2) - Hookworm: skin penetration can cause dermatitis; infection can cause respiratory symptoms and anemia. (chen2024globalburdenof pages 1-2) - Trichuris: mechanical damage to intestinal wall tissue, leading to malnutrition/emaciation/fatigue and iron deficiency anemia. (chen2024globalburdenof pages 1-2)
From a 2023 co-infection–focused review: - Moderate-to-high intensity infections can produce gastrointestinal symptoms including vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, weight loss; chronic infections are associated with micronutrient deficiency/iron deficiency, stunting, cognitive growth retardation, and school absenteeism/poor performance. (lebu2023soiltransmittedhelminthsa pages 1-2)
STH infections are most prevalent and burdensome in children and adolescents; globally, the highest age-standardized prevalence and DALY rates occur in ages 5–9 years. (chen2024globalburdenof pages 1-2)
(Ontology suggestions; require validation against HPO releases)
- Abdominal pain (HP:0002027)
- Diarrhea (HP:0002014)
- Vomiting (HP:0002013)
- Iron deficiency anemia (HP:0001891)
- Weight loss (HP:0001824)
- Malnutrition (HP:0004395)
- Failure to thrive / Growth delay (HP:0001508)
- Stunted growth / Short stature (HP:0004322 or related)
- Eosinophilia (HP:0001880) (common in helminth infection; not directly quantified in retrieved evidence)
STH burden is concentrated in resource-poor settings and is linked to reduced quality of life through anemia and nutritional/growth impacts; the burden is reflected in DALYs and in disability sources such as nutritional deficiency and growth retardation. (agrawal2024prevalenceandcorrelates pages 9-10)
STH are infectious diseases; there are no single-gene Mendelian “causal genes” in humans. Host genetic susceptibility was not extractable from the retrieved corpus.
Current marker candidates: canonical benzimidazole-resistance–associated SNPs in parasite β-tubulin at codons 167, 198, 200 (e.g., F167Y, E198A, F200Y) are widely used in veterinary nematodes and are monitored in human STH. (coffeng2024predictingtherisk pages 1-2, ramkhelawan2024singlenucleotidepolymorphisms pages 1-2)
Recent evidence (2024) suggests uncertainty in humans: - A multi-country assay evaluation and application (bioRxiv, Jun 2024) concluded it “could not provide compelling evidence” that known β-tubulin SNPs serve as reliable markers of benzimidazole resistance in human STH; associations with drug pressure and individual response were inconsistent. (levecke2024theassessmentof pages 1-6) - Deep-amplicon sequencing in T. trichiura (Dec 2024) reported no evidence linking either of two β-tubulin genes to benzimidazole resistance and suggested resistance markers likely exist outside β-tubulin. (gandasegui2024deepampliconsequencingof pages 1-2)
Key environmental drivers include sanitation infrastructure, hygiene behaviors, local climate suitability (temperature/rainfall), and soil conditions (e.g., soil pH) that affect egg/larvae survival and transmission intensity. Quantitative associations from spatial models in the Philippines and WASH behaviors in Tanzania support these links. (tsheten2024riskmappingand pages 1-2, justine2024prevalenceinfectionintensity pages 7-9)
STH infections can skew toward type 2 immunity (TH2: IL-4, IL-5, IL-13) with potential suppression of TH1 responses, affecting susceptibility and outcomes of co-infections (malaria, HIV, TB) in context-dependent ways. (lebu2023soiltransmittedhelminthsa pages 2-3)
Trichuris muris (mouse whipworm; model for human T. trichiura): - In laboratory mice, Th1 vs Th2 polarization is a major determinant of infection outcome; wild mice show the same general framework but quantitatively different cytokine responses and age-dependent effects, highlighting translational limitations. (mair2024theadaptiveimmune pages 1-2, mair2024theadaptiveimmune pages 2-3)
Heligmosomoides polygyrus (mouse small-intestinal helminth; immunology/mucus model): - Infection induces an IL-13–dependent colonic mucus response with goblet cell hyperplasia and increased mucin sialylation, alongside upregulation of goblet-cell products (RELM-β, trefoil factors), and shifts in mucus-associated microbiome (e.g., Ruminococcus gnavus expansion). (mules2024asmallintestinal pages 1-2)
(Ontology suggestions; require validation)
- GO:0006954 inflammatory response
- GO:0042110 T cell activation
- GO:0042092 type 2 immune response
- GO:0030574 collagen catabolic process / tissue remodeling (for chronic mucosal effects; not directly evidenced)
- GO:0007586 digestion / GO:0007584 response to nutrient levels (for malnutrition link; conceptual)
(Ontology suggestions; require validation)
- Goblet cell (CL:0000160) (mules2024asmallintestinal pages 1-2)
- CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell (CL:0000624) (mair2024theadaptiveimmune pages 1-2)
- Regulatory T cell (CL:0000815) (conceptually relevant; not directly evidenced in quoted snippets)
Chen et al. (Infectious Diseases of Poverty; Oct 2024; DOI https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-024-01238-9) reported for 2021: - 642.72 million cases and 1.38 million DALYs globally. (chen2024globalburdenof pages 1-2) - Global age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR) 8429.89 per 100,000 (95% UI 7697.23–9362.18). (chen2024globalburdenof pages 1-2) - Highest burden in children 5–9 years: ASPR 16,263 per 100,000 (95% UI 14,877.06–18,003.49) and DALY rate 40.69 per 100,000 (95% UI 25.98–60.91). (chen2024globalburdenof pages 1-2)
From Chen et al.’s extracted table/figure (1990 vs 2021): - Global ASPR decreased from 27,728.35/100,000 (1990) to 8,429.89/100,000 (2021) and DALY rate from 103.83/100,000 (1990) to 18.84/100,000 (2021). (chen2024globalburdenof media e4718bac, chen2024globalburdenof media 2a6eff33)
STH prevalence and DALYs are strongly negatively correlated with socio-demographic index (SDI) at regional level (e.g., prevalence r ≈ −0.8807; DALYs r ≈ −0.9069). (chen2024globalburdenof pages 1-2, chen2024globalburdenof pages 7-8)
WHO’s 2030 roadmap retains Kato–Katz as the reference method to detect and quantify infection intensity for STH programs, with emphasis on moderate-to-heavy intensity (M&HI) infections. (stuyver2021theroleof pages 1-2)
Performance (examples from 2021 diagnostic viewpoint): - Kato–Katz sensitivity for any intensity infection (approximate estimates): Ascaris 71.9%, Trichuris 88.1%, hookworm 72.6%; for low-intensity infection: Ascaris 55.6%, Trichuris 79.6%, hookworm 69.4%. (stuyver2021theroleof pages 3-5)
qPCR can achieve higher accuracy, particularly for low-intensity infections and post-MDA surveillance; approximate sensitivities cited include Ascaris 90.0%, Trichuris 94.7%, hookworm 91.9% (and improved low-intensity performance). Implementation barriers include cost, extraction workload, time-to-result, and standardization needs. (stuyver2021theroleof pages 3-5)
A 2024 PLOS NTD study developed a 20 g soil DNA extraction + qPCR method for STH monitoring (Kenya/Benin/India), reporting: - Analytical detection limits: A. lumbricoides 0.25 eggs/g soil, hookworm 0.1 eggs/g, T. trichiura 0.5 eggs/g. (manuel2024soilsurveillancefor pages 8-10) - Soil qPCR prevalence across sites: 31% A. lumbricoides, 3% T. trichiura, 13% any hookworm; and household soil detection was strongly associated with household infection by the same species. (manuel2024soilsurveillancefor pages 1-2)
A 2024 scoping review found substantial research activity but limited operational readiness: - No commercial serological tests identified for Trichuris or hookworms; for Ascaris, at least seven ELISAs are on the market. (roose2024serologicaldiagnosisof pages 1-2) - Reported sensitivities and specificities in the literature vary widely (both 0–100%), reflecting heterogeneity in antigens, isotypes, and reference standards; lack of a true gold standard complicates validation. (roose2024serologicaldiagnosisof pages 11-12)
Suggested diagnostic ontology mappings (placeholders): - LOINC/SNOMED: stool ova & parasite exam; fecal egg count (Kato–Katz); qPCR for species DNA (validate via LOINC/SNOMED catalogs).
Population-level prognosis is dominated by morbidity (anemia, malnutrition, growth/cognitive impacts) rather than high mortality; overall global burden is captured as DALYs and is declining over time, but remains substantial in low-SDI settings and in children. (chen2024globalburdenof pages 1-2, lebu2023soiltransmittedhelminthsa pages 1-2)
Preventive chemotherapy (mass or targeted deworming) with benzimidazoles is the mainstay of control in endemic countries. (keiser2023presentdrugsand pages 2-3)
Key agents (CHEBI suggestions): - Albendazole; mebendazole; ivermectin; moxidectin; oxantel pamoate; pyrantel pamoate; emodepside.
A consistent 2023–2024 finding is that single-dose benzimidazoles are highly effective for Ascaris but suboptimal for Trichuris. - Peru (AJTMH, Jul 2024, https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.23-0497): albendazole had Ascaris CR 99.6% and ERR 99.8%, but Trichuris CR was low (e.g., 27.1% in the study context). (curico2024efficacyofsingledose pages 6-7) - Therapeutics review (Frontiers, Nov 2023, https://doi.org/10.3389/fitd.2023.1282725): single-dose albendazole and mebendazole had low Trichuris cure/ERR, while remaining high for Ascaris; mebendazole was weaker against hookworm than albendazole in cited estimates. (keiser2023presentdrugsand pages 2-3)
A One-Health framing is increasingly emphasized because of the environmental reservoir and the extensive experience of anthelmintic resistance in livestock nematodes. Reviews note zoonotic/canine soil-transmitted nematodes (e.g., Ancylostoma ceylanicum, Toxocara spp.) can cause human disease manifestations, though these are not the core WHO STH triad. (ng’etich2024anthelminticresistancein pages 1-2)
Laboratory mice are immunologically “naïve” relative to naturally exposed hosts; wild mouse data show quantitatively different cytokine responses and infection-history complexity, cautioning against direct extrapolation of magnitude and kinetics of immune correlates from lab models to human endemic settings. (mair2024theadaptiveimmune pages 1-2, mair2024theadaptiveimmune pages 11-12)
| Topic | Key data | Source (with DOI/URL and year) | Evidence type |
|---|---|---|---|
| Global burden: cases/DALYs (2021) | Estimated 642.72 million cases and 1.38 million DALYs globally in 2021; burden highest in tropical/subtropical regions and inversely correlated with SDI. (chen2024globalburdenof pages 1-2) | Chen et al., Infectious Diseases of Poverty (2024), doi:10.1186/s40249-024-01238-9, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-024-01238-9 | GBD 2021 modeling study |
| Global burden: ASPR and DALY rate (1990 vs 2021) | Global ASPR declined from 27,728.35/100,000 (1990) to 8,429.89/100,000 (2021); global age-standardized DALY rate declined from 103.83/100,000 (1990) to 18.84/100,000 (2021). (chen2024globalburdenof media e4718bac, chen2024globalburdenof media 2a6eff33) | Chen et al., Infectious Diseases of Poverty (2024), doi:10.1186/s40249-024-01238-9, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-024-01238-9 | GBD 2021 modeling study / figure-table extraction |
| Key age group (5–9 years) | Children 5–9 years had the highest burden: ASPR 16,263/100,000 (95% UI 14,877.06–18,003.49) and ASR of DALYs 40.69/100,000 (95% UI 25.98–60.91). (chen2024globalburdenof pages 1-2, chen2024globalburdenof pages 5-7) | Chen et al., Infectious Diseases of Poverty (2024), doi:10.1186/s40249-024-01238-9, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-024-01238-9 | GBD 2021 modeling study |
| Diagnostics: Kato-Katz performance | Kato-Katz remains WHO reference for 2030 targets; sensitivity is lower for low-intensity infection. Approximate sensitivities for any intensity: Ascaris 71.9%, Trichuris 88.1%, hookworm 72.6%; for low intensity: Ascaris 55.6%, Trichuris 79.6%, hookworm 69.4%. For moderate/heavy infections, Kato-Katz “meets” required performance. (stuyver2021theroleof pages 3-5, stuyver2021theroleof pages 1-2, stuyver2021theroleof pages 2-3) | Stuyver & Levecke, PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases (2021), doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0009422, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009422 | Diagnostic viewpoint/review |
| Diagnostics: qPCR performance | qPCR achieves higher data accuracy for low-intensity and post-MDA settings; approximate sensitivities: Ascaris 90.0%, Trichuris 94.7%, hookworm 91.9%; low-intensity Ascaris ~86.2%. qPCR adoption limited by cost, extraction burden, and standardization gaps. (stuyver2021theroleof pages 3-5, grolimund2024modelingtransmissionmechanism pages 8-9) | Stuyver & Levecke, PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases (2021), doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0009422, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009422 | Diagnostic viewpoint/review |
| Environmental diagnostics: soil qPCR LOD | Soil qPCR detection limits in 20 g soil: A. lumbricoides 0.25 EPG, hookworm 0.1 EPG, T. trichiura 0.5 EPG; qPCR and ddPCR showed good agreement (78–85%, species-dependent). (manuel2024soilsurveillancefor pages 15-16, manuel2024soilsurveillancefor pages 8-10) | Manuel et al., PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases (2024), doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0012416, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0012416 | Method-development/field validation study |
| Environmental diagnostics: soil prevalence | Across 478 soil and 669 stool samples from 322 households, soil qPCR prevalence was 31% A. lumbricoides, 3% T. trichiura, 13% any hookworm; STH detection in household soil was strongly associated with household infection by the same species. (manuel2024soilsurveillancefor pages 8-10, manuel2024soilsurveillancefor pages 1-2) | Manuel et al., PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases (2024), doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0012416, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0012416 | Field surveillance study |
| Treatment efficacy: single-dose albendazole for Trichuris | Single-dose albendazole is consistently weak for T. trichiura. Pooled review estimates: ERR 74.27% (95% CI 72.95–75.69%); model-based estimates in one 2024 synthesis were far lower (CR 1%, ERR 2–20%, depending on model framing). In Peru, current-study CR 27.1% and ERR 29.8% for Trichuris. (bekele2024efficacyofalbendazole pages 10-14, grolimund2024modelingtransmissionmechanism pages 4-5, curico2024efficacyofsingledose pages 6-7, curico2024efficacyofsingledose pages 5-6) | Bekele et al., J Epidemiol Glob Health (2024), doi:10.1007/s44197-024-00231-7, https://doi.org/10.1007/s44197-024-00231-7; Grolimund et al., Scientific Reports (2024), doi:10.1038/s41598-024-73164-7, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-73164-7; Curico et al., Am J Trop Med Hyg (2024), doi:10.4269/ajtmh.23-0497, https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.23-0497 | Systematic review/meta-analysis; Bayesian reanalysis; prospective cohort |
| Treatment efficacy: combinations for Trichuris | Combination therapy improves Trichuris outcomes. Albendazole + ivermectin: pooled prevalence reduction in MDA studies 89.40% (95% CI 73.66–95.73); Peru persistent-infection cohort CR 75.2%. Albendazole + oxantel pamoate: modeled CR ~63%, ERR 90–97%. Albendazole + pyrantel + oxantel had highest modeled efficacy: CR 79%, ERR 91%. (curico2024efficacyofsingledose pages 6-7, grolimund2024modelingtransmissionmechanism pages 5-6, le2024effectivenessofivermectin pages 1-2) | Curico et al., Am J Trop Med Hyg (2024), doi:10.4269/ajtmh.23-0497, https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.23-0497; Grolimund et al., Scientific Reports (2024), doi:10.1038/s41598-024-73164-7, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-73164-7; Le et al., Infectious Diseases of Poverty (2024), doi:10.1186/s40249-024-01185-5, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-024-01185-5 | Cohort study; Bayesian reanalysis; systematic review/meta-analysis |
| Resistance markers: canonical loci | Putative benzimidazole resistance markers are β-tubulin codons 167, 198, and 200 (e.g., F167Y, E198A/K/V, F200Y), established in veterinary helminths and monitored in human STH. (coffeng2024predictingtherisk pages 1-2, ramkhelawan2024singlenucleotidepolymorphisms pages 1-2, levecke2024theassessmentof pages 6-9) | Coffeng et al., Nature Communications (2024), doi:10.1038/s41467-024-45027-2, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-45027-2; Ramkhelawan et al., Frontiers in Tropical Diseases (2024), doi:10.3389/fitd.2023.1303873, https://doi.org/10.3389/fitd.2023.1303873 | Modeling study; systematic review |
| Resistance marker status in human STH | Evidence in human STH remains inconclusive. A 2024 pyrosequencing study found mutant codon-200 SNPs in about half of analyzed Trichuris samples, but no consistent association with drug pressure, treatment response, or sampling time, and concluded there was no compelling evidence that known β-tubulin SNPs currently explain resistance in human STH. Deep sequencing of T. trichiura likewise found no evidence linking either of two β-tubulin genes to benzimidazole resistance. (levecke2024theassessmentof pages 1-6, gandasegui2024deepampliconsequencingof pages 1-2) | Levecke et al., bioRxiv (2024), doi:10.1101/2024.06.04.597280, https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.06.04.597280; Gandasegui et al., Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist (2024), doi:10.1016/j.ijpddr.2024.100570, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpddr.2024.100570 | Preprint molecular surveillance study; deep-amplicon sequencing study |
| Implementation: Nigeria coverage gap | WHO/ESPEN program benchmark for effective preventive chemotherapy is ≥75% coverage. In Nigeria (2021), PC reached schoolchildren in 177/774 implementation units (22.9%); effective coverage was achieved in 149/774 units (19.3%), far below target. Coverage by endemicity: 7.8% low, 22.2% moderate, 49.2% high. (oyeyemi2023soiltransmittedhelminthiasis(sth) pages 1-2, oyeyemi2023soiltransmittedhelminthiasis(sth) pages 2-3) | Oyeyemi & Okunlola, Scientific Reports (2023), doi:10.1038/s41598-023-37402-8, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-37402-8 | National program analysis using WHO/ESPEN data |
| Implementation: Geshiyaro cMDA vs sMDA | In Wolaita, Ethiopia, community-wide MDA (cMDA) + WaSH outperformed school-based MDA (sMDA). Prevalence fell from 27.4% to 5.5% in Arm 1 and 23.0% to 4.5% in Arm 2, versus 49.6% to 26.1% in sMDA control Arm 3. Relative reductions: 80.1%, 82.5%, and 46.9%, respectively. (mengistu2024soiltransmittedhelminth(sth) pages 1-2) | Mengistu et al., Parasites & Vectors (2024), doi:10.1186/s13071-024-06422-2, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-024-06422-2 | Longitudinal program evaluation / implementation study |
Table: This table condenses recent high-value evidence on soil-transmitted helminthiases across burden, diagnostics, treatment, resistance, and implementation. It is designed as a quick reference for knowledge-base curation and evidence synthesis.
Nigeria PC coverage gap (2021; Scientific Reports Jun 2023): Effective PC coverage benchmark is ≥75%; in 2021, effective coverage was achieved in 19.3% of implementation units, with PC delivered to schoolchildren in 22.9% of units—indicating substantial programmatic gaps. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-37402-8 (oyeyemi2023soiltransmittedhelminthiasis(sth) pages 2-3)
Ethiopia Geshiyaro project (Parasites & Vectors Aug 2024): Community-wide MDA (cMDA) + WaSH produced larger prevalence reductions than school-based MDA (sMDA): Arm 2 prevalence 23% → 4.5% (2020→2023) vs sMDA control 49.6% → 26.1% (2021→2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-024-06422-2 (mengistu2024soiltransmittedhelminth(sth) pages 1-2)
PMIDs were not available in the retrieved text snippets for most included sources. Where PubMed indexing is required, use the DOIs/URLs provided (which are authoritative) to retrieve PMIDs via PubMed/NCBI. (chen2024globalburdenof pages 1-2, roose2024serologicaldiagnosisof pages 1-2)
References
(chen2024globalburdenof pages 1-2): Jin Chen, Yanfeng Gong, Qin Chen, Shizhu Li, and Yibiao Zhou. Global burden of soil-transmitted helminth infections, 1990–2021. Infectious Diseases of Poverty, Oct 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-024-01238-9, doi:10.1186/s40249-024-01238-9. This article has 93 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.
(chen2024globalburdenof media e4718bac): Jin Chen, Yanfeng Gong, Qin Chen, Shizhu Li, and Yibiao Zhou. Global burden of soil-transmitted helminth infections, 1990–2021. Infectious Diseases of Poverty, Oct 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-024-01238-9, doi:10.1186/s40249-024-01238-9. This article has 93 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.
(keiser2023presentdrugsand pages 4-5): Jennifer Keiser. Present drugs and future perspectives in treating soil-transmitted helminthiasis. Frontiers in Tropical Diseases, Nov 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.3389/fitd.2023.1282725, doi:10.3389/fitd.2023.1282725. This article has 12 citations.
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(manuel2024soilsurveillancefor pages 1-2): Malathi Manuel, Heather K. Amato, Nils Pilotte, Benard Chieng, Sylvie B. Araka, Joël Edoux Eric Siko, Michael Harris, Maya L. Nadimpalli, Venkateshprabhu Janagaraj, Parfait Houngbegnon, Rajeshkumar Rajendiran, Joel Thamburaj, Saravanakumar Puthupalayam Kaliappan, Allison R. Sirois, Gretchen Walch, William E. Oswald, Kristjana H. Asbjornsdottir, Sean R. Galagan, Judd L. Walson, Steven A. Williams, Adrian J. F. Luty, Sammy M. Njenga, Moudachirou Ibikounlé, Sitara S. R. Ajjampur, and Amy J. Pickering. Soil surveillance for monitoring soil-transmitted helminths: method development and field testing in three countries. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 18:e0012416, Sep 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0012416, doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0012416. This article has 10 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.
(keiser2023presentdrugsand pages 2-3): Jennifer Keiser. Present drugs and future perspectives in treating soil-transmitted helminthiasis. Frontiers in Tropical Diseases, Nov 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.3389/fitd.2023.1282725, doi:10.3389/fitd.2023.1282725. This article has 12 citations.
(oyeyemi2023soiltransmittedhelminthiasis(sth) pages 1-2): Oyetunde T. Oyeyemi and Oluyemi A. Okunlola. Soil-transmitted helminthiasis (sth) endemicity and performance of preventive chemotherapy intervention programme in nigeria (in year 2021). Scientific Reports, Jun 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-37402-8, doi:10.1038/s41598-023-37402-8. This article has 9 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.
(lebu2023soiltransmittedhelminthsa pages 1-2): Sarah Lebu, Winnie Kibone, Chimdi C. Muoghalu, Stephen Ochaya, Aaron Salzberg, Felix Bongomin, and Musa Manga. Soil-transmitted helminths: a critical review of the impact of co-infections and implications for control and elimination. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 17:e0011496, Aug 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0011496, doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0011496. This article has 58 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.
(justine2024prevalenceinfectionintensity pages 7-9): Nyanda C. Justine, Jeffer Bhuko, Sarah L. Rubagumya, Namanya S. Basinda, Deodatus M. Ruganuza, Maria M. Zinga, Matthieu Briet, Vyacheslav R. Misko, Filip Legein, Hussein Mohamed, Vivian Mushi, Donath S. Tarimo, Humphrey D. Mazigo, and Wim De Malsche. Prevalence, infection intensity, and risk factors for soil-transmitted helminth infections among school children in northwestern tanzania. Pathogens, 13:627, Jul 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13080627, doi:10.3390/pathogens13080627. This article has 8 citations.
(justine2024prevalenceinfectionintensity pages 1-2): Nyanda C. Justine, Jeffer Bhuko, Sarah L. Rubagumya, Namanya S. Basinda, Deodatus M. Ruganuza, Maria M. Zinga, Matthieu Briet, Vyacheslav R. Misko, Filip Legein, Hussein Mohamed, Vivian Mushi, Donath S. Tarimo, Humphrey D. Mazigo, and Wim De Malsche. Prevalence, infection intensity, and risk factors for soil-transmitted helminth infections among school children in northwestern tanzania. Pathogens, 13:627, Jul 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13080627, doi:10.3390/pathogens13080627. This article has 8 citations.
(mouandza2024prevalenceandsociodemographic pages 1-2): Reinne Moutongo Mouandza, Jean Romain Mourou Mbina, Bridy Moutombi Ditombi, Joyce Coella Mihindou, Dimitri Ardrin Moussavou Mabicka, Christian Mayandza, Noe Patrick Mbondoukwe, Bedrich Pongui Ngondza, Luccheri Ndong Akomezoghe, Denise Patricia Mawili Mboumba, and Marielle Karine Bouyou Akotet. Prevalence and sociodemographic risk factors of soil-transmitted helminths in rural communities living in endemic foci of onchocerciasis in southern gabon. Pathogens, 13:967, Nov 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13110967, doi:10.3390/pathogens13110967. This article has 3 citations.
(tsheten2024riskmappingand pages 1-2): Tsheten Tsheten, Kefyalew Addis Alene, Angela Cadavid Restrepo, Matthew Kelly, Colleen Lau, Archie C.A. Clements, Darren J. Gray, Chona Daga, Vanessa Joy Mapalo, Fe Esperanza Espino, and Kinley Wangdi. Risk mapping and socio-ecological drivers of soil-transmitted helminth infections in the philippines: a spatial modelling study. The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific, 43:100974, Feb 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanwpc.2023.100974, doi:10.1016/j.lanwpc.2023.100974. This article has 18 citations.
(ugwu2024theimpactof pages 12-14): Sommy C. Ugwu, Michael O. Muoka, Clara MacLeod, Sarah Bick, Oliver Cumming, and Laura Braun. The impact of community based interventions for the prevention and control of soil-transmitted helminths: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS Global Public Health, 4:e0003717, Oct 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0003717, doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0003717. This article has 6 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.
(manuel2024soilsurveillancefor pages 15-16): Malathi Manuel, Heather K. Amato, Nils Pilotte, Benard Chieng, Sylvie B. Araka, Joël Edoux Eric Siko, Michael Harris, Maya L. Nadimpalli, Venkateshprabhu Janagaraj, Parfait Houngbegnon, Rajeshkumar Rajendiran, Joel Thamburaj, Saravanakumar Puthupalayam Kaliappan, Allison R. Sirois, Gretchen Walch, William E. Oswald, Kristjana H. Asbjornsdottir, Sean R. Galagan, Judd L. Walson, Steven A. Williams, Adrian J. F. Luty, Sammy M. Njenga, Moudachirou Ibikounlé, Sitara S. R. Ajjampur, and Amy J. Pickering. Soil surveillance for monitoring soil-transmitted helminths: method development and field testing in three countries. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 18:e0012416, Sep 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0012416, doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0012416. This article has 10 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.
(mair2024theadaptiveimmune pages 1-2): Iris Mair, Jonathan Fenn, Andrew Wolfenden, Ann E. Lowe, Alex Bennett, Andrew Muir, Jacob Thompson, Olive Dieumerci, Larisa Logunova, Susanne Shultz, Janette E. Bradley, and Kathryn J. Else. The adaptive immune response to trichuris in wild versus laboratory mice: an established model system in context. PLOS Pathogens, 20:e1012119, Apr 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1012119, doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1012119. This article has 5 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.
(mair2024theadaptiveimmune pages 2-3): Iris Mair, Jonathan Fenn, Andrew Wolfenden, Ann E. Lowe, Alex Bennett, Andrew Muir, Jacob Thompson, Olive Dieumerci, Larisa Logunova, Susanne Shultz, Janette E. Bradley, and Kathryn J. Else. The adaptive immune response to trichuris in wild versus laboratory mice: an established model system in context. PLOS Pathogens, 20:e1012119, Apr 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1012119, doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1012119. This article has 5 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.
(lebu2023soiltransmittedhelminthsa pages 7-9): Sarah Lebu, Winnie Kibone, Chimdi C. Muoghalu, Stephen Ochaya, Aaron Salzberg, Felix Bongomin, and Musa Manga. Soil-transmitted helminths: a critical review of the impact of co-infections and implications for control and elimination. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 17:e0011496, Aug 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0011496, doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0011496. This article has 58 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.
(agrawal2024prevalenceandcorrelates pages 9-10): Ritik Agrawal, Sweta Pattnaik, Jaya Singh Kshatri, Srikanta Kanungo, Nityananda Mandal, Subrata Kumar Palo, and Sanghamitra Pati. Prevalence and correlates of soil-transmitted helminths in schoolchildren aged 5 to 18 years in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Public Health, Mar 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1283054, doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1283054. This article has 36 citations.
(coffeng2024predictingtherisk pages 1-2): Luc Coffeng, Wilma Stolk, and Sake J. de Vlas. Predicting the risk and speed of drug resistance emerging in soil-transmitted helminths during preventive chemotherapy. Nature Communications, Feb 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-45027-2, doi:10.1038/s41467-024-45027-2. This article has 33 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.
(ramkhelawan2024singlenucleotidepolymorphisms pages 1-2): Teniel Ramkhelawan, Pragalathan Naidoo, and Zilungile L. Mkhize-Kwitshana. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the β-tubulin gene family of ascaris lumbricoides and their potential role in benzimidazole resistance: a systematic review. Frontiers in Tropical Diseases, Jan 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.3389/fitd.2023.1303873, doi:10.3389/fitd.2023.1303873. This article has 2 citations.
(levecke2024theassessmentof pages 1-6): Bruno Levecke, Nour Rashwan, Piet Cools, Marco Albonico, Shaali M Ame, Mio Ayana, Daniel Dana, Jennifer Keiser, Antonio Montresor, Zeleke Mekonnen, Sara Roose, Somphou Sayasone, Jozef Vercruysse, Jaco J Verweij, Johnny Vlaminck, and Roger Prichard. The assessment of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the ß-tubulin genes in human soil-transmitted helminths exposed to different pressure with benzimidazole drugs. bioRxiv, Jun 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.06.04.597280, doi:10.1101/2024.06.04.597280. This article has 1 citations.
(gandasegui2024deepampliconsequencingof pages 1-2): Javier Gandasegui, Berta Grau-Pujol, Valdemiro Novela, Osvaldo Muchisse, Maria Cambra-Pellejà, Anélsio Cossa, José Carlos Jamine, Charfudin Sacoor, Eric A.T. Brienen, Francesc Catala-Moll, Lisette van Lieshout, María Martínez-Valladares, Roger Paredes, José Muñoz, and Stephen R. Doyle. Deep-amplicon sequencing of the complete beta-tubulin gene in trichuris trichiura before and after albendazole treatment. International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance, 26:100570, Dec 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpddr.2024.100570, doi:10.1016/j.ijpddr.2024.100570. This article has 4 citations.
(lebu2023soiltransmittedhelminthsa pages 2-3): Sarah Lebu, Winnie Kibone, Chimdi C. Muoghalu, Stephen Ochaya, Aaron Salzberg, Felix Bongomin, and Musa Manga. Soil-transmitted helminths: a critical review of the impact of co-infections and implications for control and elimination. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 17:e0011496, Aug 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0011496, doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0011496. This article has 58 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.
(mules2024asmallintestinal pages 1-2): Thomas C. Mules, Francesco Vacca, Alissa Cait, Bibek Yumnam, Alfonso Schmidt, Brittany Lavender, Kate Maclean, Sophia-Louise Noble, Olivier Gasser, Mali Camberis, Graham Le Gros, and Stephen Inns. A small intestinal helminth infection alters colonic mucus and shapes the colonic mucus microbiome. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25:12015, Nov 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252212015, doi:10.3390/ijms252212015. This article has 7 citations.
(chen2024globalburdenof media 2a6eff33): Jin Chen, Yanfeng Gong, Qin Chen, Shizhu Li, and Yibiao Zhou. Global burden of soil-transmitted helminth infections, 1990–2021. Infectious Diseases of Poverty, Oct 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-024-01238-9, doi:10.1186/s40249-024-01238-9. This article has 93 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.
(chen2024globalburdenof pages 7-8): Jin Chen, Yanfeng Gong, Qin Chen, Shizhu Li, and Yibiao Zhou. Global burden of soil-transmitted helminth infections, 1990–2021. Infectious Diseases of Poverty, Oct 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-024-01238-9, doi:10.1186/s40249-024-01238-9. This article has 93 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.
(stuyver2021theroleof pages 1-2): Lieven J. Stuyver and Bruno Levecke. The role of diagnostic technologies to measure progress toward who 2030 targets for soil-transmitted helminth control programs. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 15:e0009422, Jun 2021. URL: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009422, doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0009422. This article has 33 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.
(stuyver2021theroleof pages 3-5): Lieven J. Stuyver and Bruno Levecke. The role of diagnostic technologies to measure progress toward who 2030 targets for soil-transmitted helminth control programs. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 15:e0009422, Jun 2021. URL: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009422, doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0009422. This article has 33 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.
(manuel2024soilsurveillancefor pages 8-10): Malathi Manuel, Heather K. Amato, Nils Pilotte, Benard Chieng, Sylvie B. Araka, Joël Edoux Eric Siko, Michael Harris, Maya L. Nadimpalli, Venkateshprabhu Janagaraj, Parfait Houngbegnon, Rajeshkumar Rajendiran, Joel Thamburaj, Saravanakumar Puthupalayam Kaliappan, Allison R. Sirois, Gretchen Walch, William E. Oswald, Kristjana H. Asbjornsdottir, Sean R. Galagan, Judd L. Walson, Steven A. Williams, Adrian J. F. Luty, Sammy M. Njenga, Moudachirou Ibikounlé, Sitara S. R. Ajjampur, and Amy J. Pickering. Soil surveillance for monitoring soil-transmitted helminths: method development and field testing in three countries. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 18:e0012416, Sep 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0012416, doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0012416. This article has 10 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.
(roose2024serologicaldiagnosisof pages 1-2): Sara Roose, Fiona Vande Velde, Johnny Vlaminck, Peter Geldhof, and Bruno Levecke. Serological diagnosis of soil-transmitted helminth (ascaris, trichuris and hookworm) infections: a scoping review. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 18:e0012049, Apr 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0012049, doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0012049. This article has 15 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.
(roose2024serologicaldiagnosisof pages 11-12): Sara Roose, Fiona Vande Velde, Johnny Vlaminck, Peter Geldhof, and Bruno Levecke. Serological diagnosis of soil-transmitted helminth (ascaris, trichuris and hookworm) infections: a scoping review. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 18:e0012049, Apr 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0012049, doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0012049. This article has 15 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.
(curico2024efficacyofsingledose pages 6-7): Greisi Curico, Paul F. Garcia Bardales, Tackeshy N. Pinedo Vasquez, Wagner Valentino Shapiama Lopez, Maribel Paredes Olortegui, Francesca Schiaffino, Pablo Peñataro Yori, Josh M. Colston, Thomas G. Flynn, Graciela Meza Sánchez, Hermann Silva Delgado, Richard A. Oberhelman, and Margaret N. Kosek. Efficacy of single-dose albendazole and albendazole plus ivermectin for soil-transmitted helminth infection in children in the peruvian amazon. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 111:80-88, Jul 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.23-0497, doi:10.4269/ajtmh.23-0497. This article has 8 citations.
(grolimund2024modelingtransmissionmechanism pages 4-5): Carla M. Grolimund, Jürg Utzinger, Jean T. Coulibaly, Somphou Sayasone, Said M. Ali, Jennifer Keiser, and Penelope Vounatsou. Modeling transmission mechanism to infer treatment efficacy of different drugs and combination therapy against trichuris trichiura. Scientific Reports, Oct 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-73164-7, doi:10.1038/s41598-024-73164-7. This article has 1 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.
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(NCT04700423 chunk 1): Jennifer Keiser. Efficacy and Safety of MOX/ALB vs. IVM/ALB Co-administration. Jennifer Keiser. 2021. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04700423
(NCT06800248 chunk 1): Efficacy and Safety of Emodepside in Participants With Soil-transmitted Helminth Infections. Swiss Tropical & Public Health Institute. 2026. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT06800248
(ugwu2024theimpactof pages 1-2): Sommy C. Ugwu, Michael O. Muoka, Clara MacLeod, Sarah Bick, Oliver Cumming, and Laura Braun. The impact of community based interventions for the prevention and control of soil-transmitted helminths: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS Global Public Health, 4:e0003717, Oct 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0003717, doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0003717. This article has 6 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.
(ng’etich2024anthelminticresistancein pages 1-2): Annette Imali Ng’etich, Isaac Dennis Amoah, Faizal Bux, and Sheena Kumari. Anthelmintic resistance in soil-transmitted helminths: one-health considerations. Parasitology Research, Dec 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-023-08088-8, doi:10.1007/s00436-023-08088-8. This article has 54 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.
(mair2024theadaptiveimmune pages 11-12): Iris Mair, Jonathan Fenn, Andrew Wolfenden, Ann E. Lowe, Alex Bennett, Andrew Muir, Jacob Thompson, Olive Dieumerci, Larisa Logunova, Susanne Shultz, Janette E. Bradley, and Kathryn J. Else. The adaptive immune response to trichuris in wild versus laboratory mice: an established model system in context. PLOS Pathogens, 20:e1012119, Apr 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1012119, doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1012119. This article has 5 citations and is from a highest quality peer-reviewed journal.
(chen2024globalburdenof pages 5-7): Jin Chen, Yanfeng Gong, Qin Chen, Shizhu Li, and Yibiao Zhou. Global burden of soil-transmitted helminth infections, 1990–2021. Infectious Diseases of Poverty, Oct 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-024-01238-9, doi:10.1186/s40249-024-01238-9. This article has 93 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.
(stuyver2021theroleof pages 2-3): Lieven J. Stuyver and Bruno Levecke. The role of diagnostic technologies to measure progress toward who 2030 targets for soil-transmitted helminth control programs. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 15:e0009422, Jun 2021. URL: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009422, doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0009422. This article has 33 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.
(grolimund2024modelingtransmissionmechanism pages 8-9): Carla M. Grolimund, Jürg Utzinger, Jean T. Coulibaly, Somphou Sayasone, Said M. Ali, Jennifer Keiser, and Penelope Vounatsou. Modeling transmission mechanism to infer treatment efficacy of different drugs and combination therapy against trichuris trichiura. Scientific Reports, Oct 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-73164-7, doi:10.1038/s41598-024-73164-7. This article has 1 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.
(bekele2024efficacyofalbendazole pages 10-14): Temesgen Bekele, Lata Lachisa, Arega Bedasso Tsegaye, K. Bacha, and T. Ketema. Efficacy of albendazole and mebendazole against soil transmitted infections among pre-school and school age children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health, 14:884-904, May 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s44197-024-00231-7, doi:10.1007/s44197-024-00231-7. This article has 18 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.
(curico2024efficacyofsingledose pages 5-6): Greisi Curico, Paul F. Garcia Bardales, Tackeshy N. Pinedo Vasquez, Wagner Valentino Shapiama Lopez, Maribel Paredes Olortegui, Francesca Schiaffino, Pablo Peñataro Yori, Josh M. Colston, Thomas G. Flynn, Graciela Meza Sánchez, Hermann Silva Delgado, Richard A. Oberhelman, and Margaret N. Kosek. Efficacy of single-dose albendazole and albendazole plus ivermectin for soil-transmitted helminth infection in children in the peruvian amazon. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 111:80-88, Jul 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.23-0497, doi:10.4269/ajtmh.23-0497. This article has 8 citations.
(grolimund2024modelingtransmissionmechanism pages 5-6): Carla M. Grolimund, Jürg Utzinger, Jean T. Coulibaly, Somphou Sayasone, Said M. Ali, Jennifer Keiser, and Penelope Vounatsou. Modeling transmission mechanism to infer treatment efficacy of different drugs and combination therapy against trichuris trichiura. Scientific Reports, Oct 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-73164-7, doi:10.1038/s41598-024-73164-7. This article has 1 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.
(levecke2024theassessmentof pages 6-9): Bruno Levecke, Nour Rashwan, Piet Cools, Marco Albonico, Shaali M Ame, Mio Ayana, Daniel Dana, Jennifer Keiser, Antonio Montresor, Zeleke Mekonnen, Sara Roose, Somphou Sayasone, Jozef Vercruysse, Jaco J Verweij, Johnny Vlaminck, and Roger Prichard. The assessment of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the ß-tubulin genes in human soil-transmitted helminths exposed to different pressure with benzimidazole drugs. bioRxiv, Jun 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.06.04.597280, doi:10.1101/2024.06.04.597280. This article has 1 citations.
(oyeyemi2023soiltransmittedhelminthiasis(sth) pages 2-3): Oyetunde T. Oyeyemi and Oluyemi A. Okunlola. Soil-transmitted helminthiasis (sth) endemicity and performance of preventive chemotherapy intervention programme in nigeria (in year 2021). Scientific Reports, Jun 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-37402-8, doi:10.1038/s41598-023-37402-8. This article has 9 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.
(mengistu2024soiltransmittedhelminth(sth) pages 1-2): Birhan Mengistu, Ewnetu Firdawek Liyew, Melkie Chernet, Geremew Tasew, Rosie Maddren, Benjamin Collyer, Ufaysa Anjulo, Adugna Tamiru, Kathryn Forbes, Zelalem Mehari, Kebede Deribe, Teshale Yadeta, Mihretab Salasibew, Getachew Tollera, and Roy Anderson. Soil-transmitted helminth (sth) infections in the wolaita zone in southern ethiopia: mid-stage evaluation of the geshiyaro project and progress towards the interruption of transmission. Parasites & Vectors, Aug 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-024-06422-2, doi:10.1186/s13071-024-06422-2. This article has 3 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.