Snakebite envenoming

Injury MONDO:0018669 Show in embeddings browser Neglected tropical disease

Snakebite envenoming results from exposure to snake venom and can cause local tissue damage and life-threatening systemic effects.

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2
Pathophys.
4
Phenotypes
1
Medical Actions
1
Datasets
⚙

Pathophysiology

2
Venom toxins with broad toxic actions
Snake venoms are complex protein mixtures that cause diverse toxic effects.
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:28905944 SUPPORT
"Snake venoms are complex mixtures of proteins that exert a wide range of toxic actions."
The abstract summarizes the toxic nature of snake venoms.
Local and systemic effects driven by venom variability
Variability in venom composition leads to a spectrum of clinical manifestations.
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:28905944 SUPPORT
"The high variability in snake venom composition is responsible for the various clinical manifestations in envenomings, ranging from local tissue damage to potentially life-threatening systemic effects."
The abstract links venom variability to local and systemic effects.
●

Phenotypes

4
Blood 1
Abnormal bleeding FREQUENT HP:0001892 Human Phenotype Ontology (HP) Relation: this clinical feature is this phenotype This clinical feature is Abnormal bleeding (HP:0001892). HP:0001892 is a phenotype from the Human Phenotype Ontology.
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:34430847 SUPPORT
"Generally, the main clinical features of snakebites are local swelling, tissue necrosis, shock, spontaneous systemic hemorrhage, incoagulable blood, paralysis, rhabdomyolysis, and acute kidney injury."
The abstract lists systemic hemorrhage and incoagulable blood.
Genitourinary 1
Acute kidney injury OCCASIONAL HP:0001919 Human Phenotype Ontology (HP) Relation: this clinical feature is this phenotype This clinical feature is Acute kidney injury (HP:0001919). HP:0001919 is a phenotype from the Human Phenotype Ontology.
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:34430847 SUPPORT
"Generally, the main clinical features of snakebites are local swelling, tissue necrosis, shock, spontaneous systemic hemorrhage, incoagulable blood, paralysis, rhabdomyolysis, and acute kidney injury."
The abstract lists acute kidney injury among clinical features.
Metabolism 1
Edema FREQUENT HP:0000969 Human Phenotype Ontology (HP) Relation: this clinical feature is this phenotype This clinical feature is Edema (HP:0000969). HP:0000969 is a phenotype from the Human Phenotype Ontology.
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:34430847 SUPPORT
"Generally, the main clinical features of snakebites are local swelling, tissue necrosis, shock, spontaneous systemic hemorrhage, incoagulable blood, paralysis, rhabdomyolysis, and acute kidney injury."
The abstract lists local swelling among clinical features.
Nervous System 1
Paralysis OCCASIONAL HP:0003470 Human Phenotype Ontology (HP) Relation: this clinical feature is this phenotype This clinical feature is Paralysis (HP:0003470). HP:0003470 is a phenotype from the Human Phenotype Ontology.
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:34430847 SUPPORT
"Generally, the main clinical features of snakebites are local swelling, tissue necrosis, shock, spontaneous systemic hemorrhage, incoagulable blood, paralysis, rhabdomyolysis, and acute kidney injury."
The abstract lists paralysis among clinical features.
💊

Medical Actions

1
Antivenom administration
Action: PharmacotherapyNCI Thesaurus (NCIT) Relation: this treatment is this clinical intervention This treatment is Pharmacotherapy (NCIT:C15986). NCIT:C15986 is a clinical intervention from the NCI Thesaurus. NCIT:C15986
Intravenous antivenom is the only specific therapy to counteract envenoming.
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:28905944 SUPPORT
"Intravenous administration of antivenom is the only specific treatment to counteract envenoming."
The abstract states antivenom is the only specific treatment.
📊

Related Datasets

1
Neurocellular stress response to Mojave Type A Rattlesnake venom: A study of molecular mechanisms using a human iPSC-derived neural stem cell model geo:GSE287744
The Mojave rattlesnake (Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus) is classified as the “highest medically important” snake in the risk categories in the United States. Although responsible for fewer snakebite envenomations and deaths compared to other species, Mojave rattlesnake venom is poorly characterized and shows significant geographical variability. The venom of Type A animals primarily contains the β-neurotoxin referred to as Mojave Toxin (MTX), which is responsible for the neurotoxic effects that make bites from this snake particularly feared.
human BULK RNA SEQ n=24
PMID:40149917
Identified by GEO DataSets index search for Snakebite envenoming (scripts/discover_datasets.py); accession and metadata verified against NCBI E-utilities on 2026-08-01. Title, sample count, and organism are GEO's own values.
{ }

Source YAML

click to show 
name: Snakebite envenoming
creation_date: '2026-01-26T16:06:17Z'
category: Injury
description: >-
  Snakebite envenoming results from exposure to snake venom and can cause
  local tissue damage and life-threatening systemic effects.
disease_term:
  term:
    id: MONDO:0018669
    label: snakebite envenomation
  preferred_term: Snakebite envenoming
parents:
- Neglected tropical disease
pathophysiology:
- name: Venom toxins with broad toxic actions
  description: Snake venoms are complex protein mixtures that cause diverse toxic effects.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:28905944
    reference_title: "Snakebite envenoming."
    supports: SUPPORT
    snippet: "Snake venoms are complex mixtures of proteins that exert a wide range of toxic actions."
    explanation: The abstract summarizes the toxic nature of snake venoms.
- name: Local and systemic effects driven by venom variability
  description: Variability in venom composition leads to a spectrum of clinical manifestations.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:28905944
    reference_title: "Snakebite envenoming."
    supports: SUPPORT
    snippet: "The high variability in snake venom composition is responsible for the various clinical manifestations in envenomings, ranging from local tissue damage to potentially life-threatening systemic effects."
    explanation: The abstract links venom variability to local and systemic effects.
phenotypes:
- name: Edema
  category: Dermatologic
  frequency: FREQUENT
  phenotype_term:
    preferred_term: Edema
    term:
      id: HP:0000969
      label: Edema
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:34430847
    reference_title: "Clinical management of snakebite envenoming: Future perspectives."
    supports: SUPPORT
    snippet: "Generally, the main clinical features of snakebites are local swelling, tissue necrosis, shock, spontaneous systemic hemorrhage, incoagulable blood, paralysis, rhabdomyolysis, and acute kidney injury."
    explanation: The abstract lists local swelling among clinical features.
- name: Abnormal bleeding
  category: Hematologic
  frequency: FREQUENT
  phenotype_term:
    preferred_term: Abnormal bleeding
    term:
      id: HP:0001892
      label: Abnormal bleeding
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:34430847
    reference_title: "Clinical management of snakebite envenoming: Future perspectives."
    supports: SUPPORT
    snippet: "Generally, the main clinical features of snakebites are local swelling, tissue necrosis, shock, spontaneous systemic hemorrhage, incoagulable blood, paralysis, rhabdomyolysis, and acute kidney injury."
    explanation: The abstract lists systemic hemorrhage and incoagulable blood.
- name: Paralysis
  category: Neurologic
  frequency: OCCASIONAL
  phenotype_term:
    preferred_term: Paralysis
    term:
      id: HP:0003470
      label: Paralysis
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:34430847
    reference_title: "Clinical management of snakebite envenoming: Future perspectives."
    supports: SUPPORT
    snippet: "Generally, the main clinical features of snakebites are local swelling, tissue necrosis, shock, spontaneous systemic hemorrhage, incoagulable blood, paralysis, rhabdomyolysis, and acute kidney injury."
    explanation: The abstract lists paralysis among clinical features.
- name: Acute kidney injury
  category: Renal
  frequency: OCCASIONAL
  phenotype_term:
    preferred_term: Acute kidney injury
    term:
      id: HP:0001919
      label: Acute kidney injury
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:34430847
    reference_title: "Clinical management of snakebite envenoming: Future perspectives."
    supports: SUPPORT
    snippet: "Generally, the main clinical features of snakebites are local swelling, tissue necrosis, shock, spontaneous systemic hemorrhage, incoagulable blood, paralysis, rhabdomyolysis, and acute kidney injury."
    explanation: The abstract lists acute kidney injury among clinical features.
treatments:
- name: Antivenom administration
  description: Intravenous antivenom is the only specific therapy to counteract envenoming.
  treatment_term:
    preferred_term: Pharmacotherapy
    term:
      id: NCIT:C15986
      label: Pharmacotherapy
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:28905944
    reference_title: "Snakebite envenoming."
    supports: SUPPORT
    snippet: "Intravenous administration of antivenom is the only specific treatment to counteract envenoming."
    explanation: The abstract states antivenom is the only specific treatment.
datasets:
- accession: geo:GSE287744
  title: 'Neurocellular stress response to Mojave Type A Rattlesnake venom: A study of molecular mechanisms using a human iPSC-derived neural stem cell model'
  description: The Mojave rattlesnake (Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus) is classified as the “highest medically important” snake in the risk categories in the United States. Although responsible for fewer snakebite envenomations and deaths compared to other species, Mojave rattlesnake venom is poorly characterized and shows significant geographical variability. The venom of Type A animals primarily contains the β-neurotoxin referred to as Mojave Toxin (MTX), which is responsible for the neurotoxic effects that make bites from this snake particularly feared.
  organism:
    preferred_term: human
    term:
      id: NCBITaxon:9606
      label: Homo sapiens
  data_type: BULK_RNA_SEQ
  sample_count: 24
  publication: PMID:40149917
  notes: Identified by GEO DataSets index search for Snakebite envenoming (scripts/discover_datasets.py); accession and metadata verified against NCBI E-utilities on 2026-08-01. Title, sample count, and organism are GEO's own values.