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name: Meniere's Disease
creation_date: '2026-01-09T07:15:51Z'
updated_date: '2026-05-09T19:42:12Z'
category: Complex
disease_term:
preferred_term: Meniere disease
term:
id: MONDO:0007972
label: Meniere disease
parents:
- Inner Ear Diseases
- Vestibular Disorders
pathophysiology:
- name: Endolymphatic Hydrops
description: >
Meniere's disease is characterized by distension of the endolymphatic space
(endolymphatic hydrops) due to impaired reabsorption of endolymph or excess
production. This results in rupture of the membranous labyrinth and mixing
of endolymph and perilymph, leading to vestibular and cochlear dysfunction.
evidence:
- reference: PMID:27083887
reference_title: "What is Menière's disease? A contemporary re-evaluation of endolymphatic hydrops."
supports: SUPPORT
snippet: "Over 75 years ago, endolymphatic hydrops was discovered as the pathologic correlate of Menière's disease."
explanation: "This review confirms endolymphatic hydrops as the pathologic correlate of Meniere's disease."
- name: Ion Transport Dysfunction
description: >
Abnormal regulation of fluid and ion homeostasis in the inner ear, particularly
involving
potassium transport in the stria vascularis and endolymphatic sac, contributes
to endolymph
accumulation and hydrops formation. Dysregulation of Na+/K+-ATPase, NKCC1, and
K+ channels
disrupts the electrochemical gradients required for normal endolymphatic fluid
balance.
biological_processes:
- preferred_term: potassium ion transport
term:
id: GO:0006813
label: potassium ion transport
- preferred_term: sodium ion transport
term:
id: GO:0006814
label: sodium ion transport
- preferred_term: water homeostasis
term:
id: GO:0050891
label: multicellular organismal-level water homeostasis
evidence:
- reference: PMID:29436285
reference_title: "Ménière's Disease Pathophysiology: Endolymphatic Sac Immunohistochemical Study of Aquaporin-2, V2R Vasopressin Receptor, NKCC2, and TRPV4."
supports: SUPPORT
snippet: "on ELS epithelium. AQP2 expression density was significantly elevated in MD"
explanation: "Immunohistochemical study identifies AQP2 upregulation as a key molecular abnormality in MD endolymphatic sac"
- name: Autoimmune and Inflammatory Mechanisms
description: >
Elevated inflammatory markers and autoantibodies have been found in some patients,
suggesting that immune-mediated inner ear damage may contribute to disease
pathogenesis in a subset of cases. Local (inner ear/endolymphatic sac) and systemic
immune
activation includes cytokine signaling and NF-κB pathway engagement. TWEAK-FN14
receptor
signaling and dysregulated Fcγ receptor polymorphisms contribute to immune complex-mediated
injury.
biological_processes:
- preferred_term: inflammatory response
term:
id: GO:0006954
label: inflammatory response
- preferred_term: NF-kB signaling
term:
id: GO:0007249
label: canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction
- preferred_term: response to cytokine
term:
id: GO:0071345
label: cellular response to cytokine stimulus
evidence:
- reference: PMID:35280304
reference_title: "Up-Regulated Expression of Interferon-Gamma, Interleukin-6 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha in the Endolymphatic Sac of Meniere's Disease Suggesting the Local Inflammatory Response Underlies the Mechanism of This Disease."
supports: SUPPORT
snippet: "Significant differences were identified in the expression levels of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) (P < 0.001), interleukin (IL)-6 (P = 0.008) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (P = 0.036) in the luminal fluid of the ES comparing between the MD and AN groups."
explanation: "Study documents elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-6, TNF-α) in MD endolymphatic sac tissue"
- reference: PMID:29326686
reference_title: "Regulation of Fn14 Receptor and NF-κB Underlies Inflammation in Meniere's Disease."
supports: SUPPORT
snippet: "Taken together; these findings suggest that the carriers of the risk genotype may develop an NF-κB-mediated inflammatory response in MD."
explanation: "Demonstrates TWEAK-FN14-NF-κB pathway activation as key inflammatory mechanism in MD"
- reference: PMID:22053211
reference_title: "High prevalence of systemic autoimmune diseases in patients with Menière's disease."
supports: SUPPORT
snippet: "MD displays an elevated prevalence of systemic AD such as RA, SLE and AS."
explanation: "Large case-control study establishes association between MD and systemic autoimmune disease"
- reference: PMID:21208440
reference_title: "Polymorphisms of CD16A and CD32 Fcγ receptors and circulating immune complexes in Ménière's disease: a case-control study."
supports: SUPPORT
snippet: "The inner ear damage in Ménière's disease (MD) could be mediated by an immune response driven by CIC."
explanation: "Case-control study identifies Fcγ receptor polymorphisms and immune complex dysregulation in MD"
- name: Blood-Labyrinth Barrier Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress
description: >
The blood-labyrinth barrier (BLB) maintains inner-ear homeostasis through tight
junctions between
endothelial cells and pericytes. In MD, increased vascular permeability and oxidative/nitrosative
stress damage the BLB, leading to edema and epithelial dysfunction. Elevated iNOS
and nitrotyrosine
levels indicate oxidative stress-mediated cascading cellular injury.
biological_processes:
- preferred_term: response to oxidative stress
term:
id: GO:0006979
label: response to oxidative stress
evidence:
- reference: PMID:28325925
reference_title: "The blood labyrinthine barrier in the human normal and Meniere's disease macula utricle."
supports: SUPPORT
snippet: "Meniere's disease specimens revealed differential ultrastructural pathological changes in the cellular elements of the microvasculature."
explanation: "Ultrastructural study documents pathological BLB changes including endothelial and pericyte damage in MD"
- reference: PMID:30233382
reference_title: "Oxidative Stress in the Blood Labyrinthine Barrier in the Macula Utricle of Meniere's Disease Patients."
supports: SUPPORT
snippet: "We proposed that oxidative stress mediated the damage to the vestibular endorgan and the BLB in MD."
explanation: "Documents oxidative stress as key pathogenic mechanism in MD blood-labyrinth barrier dysfunction"
phenotypes:
- name: Episodic Vertigo
description: >
Recurrent attacks of spinning vertigo lasting 20 minutes to several hours,
often accompanied by nausea and vomiting. Episodes are unpredictable and
can be severely debilitating.
phenotype_term:
preferred_term: paroxysmal vertigo
term:
id: HP:0010532
label: Paroxysmal vertigo
evidence:
- reference: PMID:27083887
reference_title: "What is Menière's disease? A contemporary re-evaluation of endolymphatic hydrops."
supports: SUPPORT
snippet: "episodic attacks of vertigo, fluctuating hearing loss, tinnitus, aural pressure"
explanation: "Confirms vertigo as cardinal episodic manifestation of MD"
- reference: PMID:22053211
reference_title: "High prevalence of systemic autoimmune diseases in patients with Menière's disease."
supports: SUPPORT
snippet: "episodes of vertigo associated with hearing loss and tinnitus"
explanation: "Large epidemiological study documents episodes of vertigo as defining MD feature"
- name: Sensorineural Hearing Loss
description: >
Fluctuating, progressive hearing loss initially affecting low frequencies,
eventually becoming permanent and affecting all frequencies as the disease
progresses.
phenotype_term:
preferred_term: low-frequency sensorineural hearing impairment
term:
id: HP:0008573
label: Low-frequency sensorineural hearing impairment
evidence:
- reference: PMID:27083887
reference_title: "What is Menière's disease? A contemporary re-evaluation of endolymphatic hydrops."
supports: SUPPORT
snippet: "episodic attacks of vertigo, fluctuating hearing loss, tinnitus, aural pressure"
explanation: "Establishes fluctuating sensorineural hearing loss as core MD feature"
- reference: PMID:22053211
reference_title: "High prevalence of systemic autoimmune diseases in patients with Menière's disease."
supports: SUPPORT
snippet: "Meniere's disease (MD), an inner ear disorder characterized by episodes of vertigo associated with hearing loss and tinnitus."
explanation: "Confirms hearing loss as cardinal MD manifestation in large epidemiological study"
- name: Tinnitus
description: >
Ringing, buzzing, or roaring sounds in the affected ear, often low-pitched
and fluctuating. May become constant with disease progression.
phenotype_term:
preferred_term: tinnitus
term:
id: HP:0000360
label: Tinnitus
evidence:
- reference: PMID:27083887
reference_title: "What is Menière's disease? A contemporary re-evaluation of endolymphatic hydrops."
supports: SUPPORT
snippet: "episodic attacks of vertigo, fluctuating hearing loss, tinnitus, aural pressure"
explanation: "Confirms tinnitus as defining component of MD clinical tetrad"
- reference: PMID:22053211
reference_title: "High prevalence of systemic autoimmune diseases in patients with Menière's disease."
supports: SUPPORT
snippet: "episodes of vertigo associated with hearing loss and tinnitus"
explanation: "Epidemiological evidence reaffirms tinnitus as hallmark MD symptom"
- name: Aural Fullness
description: >
Sensation of pressure or fullness in the affected ear, often preceding
or accompanying vertiginous episodes.
phenotype_term:
preferred_term: aural fullness
term:
id: HP:0031704
label: Abnormal ear physiology
evidence:
- reference: PMID:27083887
reference_title: "What is Menière's disease? A contemporary re-evaluation of endolymphatic hydrops."
supports: SUPPORT
snippet: "episodic attacks of vertigo, fluctuating hearing loss, tinnitus, aural pressure"
explanation: "Documents aural pressure/fullness as diagnostic feature of MD clinical presentation"
- name: Nausea and Vomiting
description: >
Autonomic symptoms accompanying acute vertigo episodes due to vestibular
system dysfunction.
phenotype_term:
preferred_term: nausea and vomiting
term:
id: HP:0002017
label: Nausea and vomiting
treatments:
- name: Low-Sodium Diet
description: >
Dietary sodium restriction to reduce fluid retention and minimize
endolymphatic hydrops. Often combined with diuretics. First-line conservative
management that is recommended as part of long-term treatment strategy.
treatment_term:
preferred_term: dietary intervention
term:
id: MAXO:0000088
label: dietary intervention
evidence:
- reference: PMID:15090872
reference_title: "Ménière's disease."
supports: SUPPORT
snippet: "Initial management of Ménière's disease can involve a low-salt diet and a diuretic."
explanation: "Establishes low-sodium diet as first-line initial management approach"
- name: Diuretic Therapy
description: >
Thiazide diuretics or acetazolamide to reduce endolymph volume and
pressure, decreasing the frequency of vertigo attacks. Used as part of
first-line conservative management.
treatment_term:
preferred_term: Pharmacotherapy
term:
id: NCIT:C15986
label: Pharmacotherapy
evidence:
- reference: PMID:15090872
reference_title: "Ménière's disease."
supports: SUPPORT
snippet: "Initial management of Ménière's disease can involve a low-salt diet and a diuretic."
explanation: "Establishes diuretics as component of initial management strategy"
- name: Betahistine
description: >
Histamine analog that improves inner ear blood flow and reduces
vestibular symptoms. Widely used outside North America as part of
conservative medical management.
treatment_term:
preferred_term: Pharmacotherapy
term:
id: NCIT:C15986
label: Pharmacotherapy
therapeutic_agent:
- preferred_term: betahistine
term:
id: CHEBI:35677
label: betahistine
evidence:
- reference: PMID:11465871
reference_title: "Menière's disease: pathophysiology and treatment."
supports: SUPPORT
snippet: and the very common use in Europe of histaminergic agents.
explanation: "Documents histaminergic agent (betahistine) use as standard therapy in Europe"
- name: Intratympanic Injections
description: >
Injection of corticosteroids or gentamicin through the tympanic membrane
to reduce vertigo. Gentamicin reduces vestibular function; corticosteroids
provide nonablative alternative. Used when medical management fails.
treatment_term:
preferred_term: Pharmacotherapy
term:
id: NCIT:C15986
label: Pharmacotherapy
evidence:
- reference: PMID:15090872
reference_title: "Ménière's disease."
supports: SUPPORT
snippet: "Treatment with intratympanic injection of gentamicin can be beneficial when vertigo persists despite optimal medical management."
explanation: "Establishes intratympanic gentamicin as second-line therapy for refractory vertigo"
- reference: PMID:12590850
reference_title: "Treatment of Ménière's disease by intratympanic gentamicin application."
supports: SUPPORT
snippet: "we propose the instillation of gentamicin by transtympanic injection, as a quick, easy, well-tolerated, ambulatory and cost-effective technique."
explanation: "Confirms intratympanic approach as practical, well-tolerated treatment modality"
- name: Vestibular Rehabilitation
description: >
Physical therapy exercises to improve balance and reduce dizziness by
promoting central compensation for vestibular dysfunction. Complements
medical and surgical interventions.
treatment_term:
preferred_term: physical therapy
term:
id: MAXO:0000011
label: physical therapy
- name: Endolymphatic Sac Surgery
description: >
Surgical decompression of the endolymphatic sac to improve endolymph
drainage and reduce hydrops. Nonablative surgical alternative used when
conservative measures and intratympanic therapies fail.
treatment_term:
preferred_term: surgical procedure
term:
id: MAXO:0000004
label: surgical procedure
datasets:
references:
- reference: DOI:10.1007/s00330-023-09651-8
title: 'Delayed post gadolinium MRI descriptors for Meniere’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis'
found_in:
- Menieres_Disease-deep-research-falcon.md
findings:
- statement: Delayed post-gadolinium magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) detects changes of endolymphatic hydrops (EH) within the inner ear in Meniere’s disease (MD).
supporting_text: Delayed post-gadolinium magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) detects changes of endolymphatic hydrops (EH) within the inner ear in Meniere’s disease (MD).
evidence:
- reference: DOI:10.1007/s00330-023-09651-8
reference_title: 'Delayed post gadolinium MRI descriptors for Meniere’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis'
supports: SUPPORT
evidence_source: OTHER
snippet: Delayed post-gadolinium magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) detects changes of endolymphatic hydrops (EH) within the inner ear in Meniere’s disease (MD).
explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Menieres Disease.
- reference: DOI:10.1007/s00330-024-10587-w
title: Assessing the optimal MRI descriptors to diagnose Ménière’s disease and the added value of analysing the vestibular aqueduct
found_in:
- Menieres_Disease-deep-research-falcon.md
findings:
- statement: To evaluate the diagnostic performance and reliability of MRI descriptors used for the detection of Ménière’s disease (MD) on delayed post-gadolinium MRI.
supporting_text: To evaluate the diagnostic performance and reliability of MRI descriptors used for the detection of Ménière’s disease (MD) on delayed post-gadolinium MRI.
evidence:
- reference: DOI:10.1007/s00330-024-10587-w
reference_title: Assessing the optimal MRI descriptors to diagnose Ménière’s disease and the added value of analysing the vestibular aqueduct
supports: SUPPORT
evidence_source: OTHER
snippet: To evaluate the diagnostic performance and reliability of MRI descriptors used for the detection of Ménière’s disease (MD) on delayed post-gadolinium MRI.
explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Menieres Disease.
- reference: DOI:10.1007/s00405-023-07899-w
title: Endolymphatic hydrops imaging and correlation with clinical characteristics, audiovestibular function and mental impairment in patients with Meniere’s disease
found_in:
- Menieres_Disease-deep-research-falcon.md
findings:
- statement: MR imaging was used to visualize the vestibular and cochlear endolymphatic hydrops in patients with Meniere’s disease (MD).
supporting_text: MR imaging was used to visualize the vestibular and cochlear endolymphatic hydrops in patients with Meniere’s disease (MD).
evidence:
- reference: DOI:10.1007/s00405-023-07899-w
reference_title: Endolymphatic hydrops imaging and correlation with clinical characteristics, audiovestibular function and mental impairment in patients with Meniere’s disease
supports: SUPPORT
evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
snippet: MR imaging was used to visualize the vestibular and cochlear endolymphatic hydrops in patients with Meniere’s disease (MD).
explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Menieres Disease.
- reference: DOI:10.1007/s10162-023-00896-0
title: Types of Inheritance and Genes Associated with Familial Meniere Disease
found_in:
- Menieres_Disease-deep-research-falcon.md
findings:
- statement: Meniere disease (MD) is a rare disorder of the inner ear defined by sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) associated with episodes of vertigo and tinnitus.
supporting_text: Meniere disease (MD) is a rare disorder of the inner ear defined by sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) associated with episodes of vertigo and tinnitus.
evidence:
- reference: DOI:10.1007/s10162-023-00896-0
reference_title: Types of Inheritance and Genes Associated with Familial Meniere Disease
supports: SUPPORT
evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
snippet: Meniere disease (MD) is a rare disorder of the inner ear defined by sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) associated with episodes of vertigo and tinnitus.
explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Menieres Disease.
- reference: DOI:10.1007/s11033-022-08149-8
title: Genetic advances in Meniere Disease
found_in:
- Menieres_Disease-deep-research-falcon.md
findings:
- statement: Meniere Disease (MD) is an idiopathic inner ear disease with complex etiology and pathogenesis, which is still unclear.
supporting_text: Meniere Disease (MD) is an idiopathic inner ear disease with complex etiology and pathogenesis, which is still unclear.
evidence:
- reference: DOI:10.1007/s11033-022-08149-8
reference_title: Genetic advances in Meniere Disease
supports: SUPPORT
evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
snippet: Meniere Disease (MD) is an idiopathic inner ear disease with complex etiology and pathogenesis, which is still unclear.
explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Menieres Disease.
- reference: DOI:10.1177/0194599816628524
title: 2015 Equilibrium Committee Amendment to the 1995 AAO‐HNS Guidelines for the Definition of Ménière’s Disease
found_in:
- Menieres_Disease-deep-research-falcon.md
findings:
- statement: Ménière’s disease is a disorder of the inner ear that causes attacks of vertigo and hearing loss, tinnitus, aural fullness in the involved ear.
supporting_text: Ménière’s disease is a disorder of the inner ear that causes attacks of vertigo and hearing loss, tinnitus, aural fullness in the involved ear.
evidence:
- reference: DOI:10.1177/0194599816628524
reference_title: 2015 Equilibrium Committee Amendment to the 1995 AAO‐HNS Guidelines for the Definition of Ménière’s Disease
supports: SUPPORT
evidence_source: OTHER
snippet: Ménière’s disease is a disorder of the inner ear that causes attacks of vertigo and hearing loss, tinnitus, aural fullness in the involved ear.
explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Menieres Disease.
- reference: DOI:10.1177/0194599820909438
title: 'Clinical Practice Guideline: Ménière’s Disease'
found_in:
- Menieres_Disease-deep-research-falcon.md
findings:
- statement: 'Clinical Practice Guideline: Ménière’s Disease'
supporting_text: Ménière’s disease (MD) is a clinical condition defined by spontaneous vertigo attacks (each lasting 20 minutes to 12 hours) with documented low‐ to midfrequency sensorineural hearing loss in the affected ear before, during, or after one of the episodes of vertigo.
evidence:
- reference: DOI:10.1177/0194599820909438
reference_title: 'Clinical Practice Guideline: Ménière’s Disease'
supports: SUPPORT
evidence_source: OTHER
snippet: Ménière’s disease (MD) is a clinical condition defined by spontaneous vertigo attacks (each lasting 20 minutes to 12 hours) with documented low‐ to midfrequency sensorineural hearing loss in the affected ear before, during, or after one of the episodes of vertigo.
explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Menieres Disease.
- reference: DOI:10.1177/0194599820909439
title: 'Clinical Practice Guideline: Ménière’s Disease Executive Summary'
found_in:
- Menieres_Disease-deep-research-falcon.md
findings:
- statement: 'Clinical Practice Guideline: Ménière’s Disease Executive Summary'
supporting_text: Ménière’s disease (MD) is a clinical condition defined by spontaneous vertigo attacks (each lasting 20 minutes to 12 hours) with documented low‐ to midfrequency sensorineural hearing loss in the affected ear before, during, or after one of the episodes of vertigo.
evidence:
- reference: DOI:10.1177/0194599820909439
reference_title: 'Clinical Practice Guideline: Ménière’s Disease Executive Summary'
supports: SUPPORT
evidence_source: OTHER
snippet: Ménière’s disease (MD) is a clinical condition defined by spontaneous vertigo attacks (each lasting 20 minutes to 12 hours) with documented low‐ to midfrequency sensorineural hearing loss in the affected ear before, during, or after one of the episodes of vertigo.
explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Menieres Disease.
- reference: DOI:10.1177/19160216241250350
title: 'Potential Application of Hydrops MR Imaging: A Systematic Review'
found_in:
- Menieres_Disease-deep-research-falcon.md
findings:
- statement: Diagnostic dilemma between clinical Meniere’s disease and radiological endolymphatic hydrops (EH) has emerged since the introduction of hydrops magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
supporting_text: Diagnostic dilemma between clinical Meniere’s disease and radiological endolymphatic hydrops (EH) has emerged since the introduction of hydrops magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
evidence:
- reference: DOI:10.1177/19160216241250350
reference_title: 'Potential Application of Hydrops MR Imaging: A Systematic Review'
supports: SUPPORT
evidence_source: OTHER
snippet: Diagnostic dilemma between clinical Meniere’s disease and radiological endolymphatic hydrops (EH) has emerged since the introduction of hydrops magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Menieres Disease.
- reference: DOI:10.3233/ves-150549
title: Diagnostic criteria for Menière's disease
found_in:
- Menieres_Disease-deep-research-falcon.md
findings:
- statement: Diagnostic criteria for Menière's disease
supporting_text: This paper presents diagnostic criteria for Menière's disease jointly formulated by the Classification Committee of the Bárány Society, The Japan Society for Equilibrium Research, the European Academy of Otology and Neurotology (EAONO), the Equilibrium Committee of the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (AAO-HNS) and the Korean Balance Society.
evidence:
- reference: DOI:10.3233/ves-150549
reference_title: Diagnostic criteria for Menière's disease
supports: SUPPORT
evidence_source: OTHER
snippet: This paper presents diagnostic criteria for Menière's disease jointly formulated by the Classification Committee of the Bárány Society, The Japan Society for Equilibrium Research, the European Academy of Otology and Neurotology (EAONO), the Equilibrium Committee of the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (AAO-HNS) and the Korean Balance Society.
explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Menieres Disease.
- reference: DOI:10.3389/fneur.2016.00182
title: Clinical Subgroups in Bilateral Meniere Disease
found_in:
- Menieres_Disease-deep-research-falcon.md
findings:
- statement: Clinical Subgroups in Bilateral Meniere Disease
supporting_text: Clinical Subgroups in Bilateral Meniere Disease
- reference: DOI:10.3389/fneur.2024.1469276
title: 'The evolution of intractable Ménière’s disease: attacks resolve over time'
found_in:
- Menieres_Disease-deep-research-falcon.md
findings:
- statement: Knowledge of the natural and temporal course of a disease is important when deciding if an intervention is appropriate.
supporting_text: Knowledge of the natural and temporal course of a disease is important when deciding if an intervention is appropriate.
evidence:
- reference: DOI:10.3389/fneur.2024.1469276
reference_title: 'The evolution of intractable Ménière’s disease: attacks resolve over time'
supports: SUPPORT
evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
snippet: Knowledge of the natural and temporal course of a disease is important when deciding if an intervention is appropriate.
explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Menieres Disease.
- reference: DOI:10.3389/fneur.2024.1471010
title: 'Comparative efficacy of intratympanic gentamicin and intratympanic corticosteroid in the treatment of Meniere’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis'
found_in:
- Menieres_Disease-deep-research-falcon.md
findings:
- statement: We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of gentamicin compared to corticosteroids for the treatment of Meniere’s disease.MethodsAn extensive search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science until May 2024.
supporting_text: We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of gentamicin compared to corticosteroids for the treatment of Meniere’s disease.MethodsAn extensive search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science until May 2024.
evidence:
- reference: DOI:10.3389/fneur.2024.1471010
reference_title: 'Comparative efficacy of intratympanic gentamicin and intratympanic corticosteroid in the treatment of Meniere’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis'
supports: SUPPORT
evidence_source: OTHER
snippet: We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of gentamicin compared to corticosteroids for the treatment of Meniere’s disease.MethodsAn extensive search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science until May 2024.
explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Menieres Disease.
- reference: DOI:10.3389/fneur.2024.1477282
title: Is endolymphatic hydrops, as detected in MRI, a truly cochleocentric finding?
found_in:
- Menieres_Disease-deep-research-falcon.md
findings:
- statement: The most common histopathological finding in Ménière’s disease (MD) is endolymphatic hydrops (EH), which involves the dilation of the membranous labyrinth.
supporting_text: The most common histopathological finding in Ménière’s disease (MD) is endolymphatic hydrops (EH), which involves the dilation of the membranous labyrinth.
evidence:
- reference: DOI:10.3389/fneur.2024.1477282
reference_title: Is endolymphatic hydrops, as detected in MRI, a truly cochleocentric finding?
supports: SUPPORT
evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
snippet: The most common histopathological finding in Ménière’s disease (MD) is endolymphatic hydrops (EH), which involves the dilation of the membranous labyrinth.
explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Menieres Disease.
- reference: DOI:10.3389/fneur.2024.1496384
title: "Changes in symptom pattern in Meniere's disease by duration: the need for comprehensive management"
found_in:
- Menieres_Disease-deep-research-falcon.md
findings:
- statement: "Changes in symptom pattern in Meniere's disease by duration: the need for comprehensive management"
supporting_text: This retrospective study aimed to analyze the symptom profile of Meniere's disease (MD) patients, particularly focusing on the cessation of episodic vertigo and the disease's longitudinal course and the impact of major symptoms on quality of life (QoL).MethodsThe study employed a cross-sectional design and was conducted on 365 out of 560 individuals with definite MD from the Finnish Vestibular and Meniere Federation, utilizing an internet-based questionnaire.
evidence:
- reference: DOI:10.3389/fneur.2024.1496384
reference_title: "Changes in symptom pattern in Meniere's disease by duration: the need for comprehensive management"
supports: SUPPORT
evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
snippet: This retrospective study aimed to analyze the symptom profile of Meniere's disease (MD) patients, particularly focusing on the cessation of episodic vertigo and the disease's longitudinal course and the impact of major symptoms on quality of life (QoL).MethodsThe study employed a cross-sectional design and was conducted on 365 out of 560 individuals with definite MD from the Finnish Vestibular and Meniere Federation, utilizing an internet-based questionnaire.
explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Menieres Disease.
- reference: DOI:10.3390/audiolres14010019
title: Association of Head Injury, Neck Injury or Acoustic Trauma on Phenotype of Ménière’s Disease
found_in:
- Menieres_Disease-deep-research-falcon.md
findings:
- statement: The aim of the present study was to investigate adverse effects of head injury, neck trauma, and chronic noise exposure on the complaint profile in people with Ménière’s disease (MD).
supporting_text: The aim of the present study was to investigate adverse effects of head injury, neck trauma, and chronic noise exposure on the complaint profile in people with Ménière’s disease (MD).
evidence:
- reference: DOI:10.3390/audiolres14010019
reference_title: Association of Head Injury, Neck Injury or Acoustic Trauma on Phenotype of Ménière’s Disease
supports: SUPPORT
evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
snippet: The aim of the present study was to investigate adverse effects of head injury, neck trauma, and chronic noise exposure on the complaint profile in people with Ménière’s disease (MD).
explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Menieres Disease.
- reference: DOI:10.3390/brainsci14040369
title: Selective Vestibular Neurectomy through the Presigmoid Retrolabyrinthine Approach in the Treatment of Meniere’s Disease
found_in:
- Menieres_Disease-deep-research-falcon.md
findings:
- statement: Meniere’s disease (MD) is a disabling disease, especially in patients who are refractory to medical therapy.
supporting_text: Meniere’s disease (MD) is a disabling disease, especially in patients who are refractory to medical therapy.
evidence:
- reference: DOI:10.3390/brainsci14040369
reference_title: Selective Vestibular Neurectomy through the Presigmoid Retrolabyrinthine Approach in the Treatment of Meniere’s Disease
supports: SUPPORT
evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
snippet: Meniere’s disease (MD) is a disabling disease, especially in patients who are refractory to medical therapy.
explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Menieres Disease.
- reference: DOI:10.3390/microorganisms12102047
title: 'Epidemiological Evidence for Upper Respiratory Infections as a Potential Risk Factor for Meniere’s Disease: A Korean National Health Sample Cohort Study'
found_in:
- Menieres_Disease-deep-research-falcon.md
findings:
- statement: Meniere’s disease (MD) is a chronic inner ear disorder characterized by tinnitus, ear fullness, episodic vertigo, and fluctuating hearing loss, which significantly impacts quality of life and poses management challenges.
supporting_text: Meniere’s disease (MD) is a chronic inner ear disorder characterized by tinnitus, ear fullness, episodic vertigo, and fluctuating hearing loss, which significantly impacts quality of life and poses management challenges.
evidence:
- reference: DOI:10.3390/microorganisms12102047
reference_title: 'Epidemiological Evidence for Upper Respiratory Infections as a Potential Risk Factor for Meniere’s Disease: A Korean National Health Sample Cohort Study'
supports: SUPPORT
evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
snippet: Meniere’s disease (MD) is a chronic inner ear disorder characterized by tinnitus, ear fullness, episodic vertigo, and fluctuating hearing loss, which significantly impacts quality of life and poses management challenges.
explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Menieres Disease.
- reference: DOI:10.7874/jao.2020.00115
title: 'Experimental Animal Models for Meniere’s Disease: A Mini-Review'
found_in:
- Menieres_Disease-deep-research-falcon.md
findings:
- statement: Several novel animal models that represent the pathophysiological process of endolymphatic hydrops (ELH) of Meniere’s disease (MD) have been developed.
supporting_text: Several novel animal models that represent the pathophysiological process of endolymphatic hydrops (ELH) of Meniere’s disease (MD) have been developed.
evidence:
- reference: DOI:10.7874/jao.2020.00115
reference_title: 'Experimental Animal Models for Meniere’s Disease: A Mini-Review'
supports: SUPPORT
evidence_source: MODEL_ORGANISM
snippet: Several novel animal models that represent the pathophysiological process of endolymphatic hydrops (ELH) of Meniere’s disease (MD) have been developed.
explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Menieres Disease.
Question: You are an expert researcher providing comprehensive, well-cited information.
Provide detailed information focusing on: 1. Key concepts and definitions with current understanding 2. Recent developments and latest research (prioritize 2023-2024 sources) 3. Current applications and real-world implementations 4. Expert opinions and analysis from authoritative sources 5. Relevant statistics and data from recent studies
Format as a comprehensive research report with proper citations. Include URLs and publication dates where available. Always prioritize recent, authoritative sources and provide specific citations for all major claims.
Please provide a comprehensive research report on Meniere's Disease covering all of the disease characteristics listed below. This report will be used to populate a disease knowledge base entry. Be thorough and cite primary literature (PMID preferred) for all claims.
For each section, suggested databases/resources are listed. These are the first places you should search for information on each topic.
Search first: OMIM, Orphanet, ICD-10/ICD-11, MeSH, PubMed
Search first: PubMed, Cochrane Library, UpToDate, clinical guidelines, ClinVar, ClinGen, GWAS Catalog, PheGenI, CTD, CDC, WHO, epidemiological databases
Search first: PubMed, Cochrane Library, clinical trial databases, GWAS Catalog, gnomAD, WHO, CDC, nutrition databases
Search first: CTD, PubMed, PheGenI, GxE databases
Search first: HPO (Human Phenotype Ontology), OMIM, Orphanet, PubMed, clinicaltrials.gov, MedDRA, SNOMED CT, DECIPHER, LOINC
For each phenotype, provide: - Phenotype type: symptoms, clinical signs, physical manifestations, behavioral changes, or laboratory abnormalities
For symptoms/signs: HPO, OMIM, Orphanet, PubMed For behavioral changes: HPO, DSM, RDoC (Research Domain Criteria), PubMed For laboratory abnormalities: LOINC, SNOMED CT, LabTests Online, PubMed - Phenotype characteristics: Search first: OMIM, Orphanet, HPO, PubMed - Age of symptom onset (neonatal, childhood, adult-onset, late-onset) - Symptom severity (mild, moderate, severe, variable) - Symptom progression (stable, progressive, episodic, fluctuating) - Frequency among affected individuals (percentage or qualitative) - Quality of life impact: Effects on daily functioning and well-being (per-phenotype when possible) Search first: EQ-5D database, SF-36, WHO QOL databases, PubMed - Suggest HPO (Human Phenotype Ontology) terms for each phenotype
Search first: OMIM, ClinVar, HGMD, Ensembl, NCBI Gene
Search first: ENCODE, Roadmap Epigenomics, MethBase, DiseaseMeth
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Search first: ImmPort, Immunome Database, IEDB, Gene Ontology
Search first: PubMed, Gene Ontology, Reactome
Search first: BRENDA, UniProt, KEGG, OMIM, PubMed
Search first: ENCODE, Roadmap Epigenomics, MethBase, DiseaseMeth
For each mechanism, describe: - The causal chain from initial trigger to clinical manifestation - Which mechanisms are upstream vs downstream - What cell types and biological processes are involved - Suggest GO terms for biological processes and CL terms for cell types
Search first: Uberon, FMA (Foundational Model of Anatomy), OMIM, HPO, ICD-11, MeSH, SNOMED CT
Search first: Uberon, Human Protein Atlas, Cell Ontology, Human Cell Atlas, CellMarker, PanglaoDB
Search first: Gene Ontology (Cellular Component), UniProt, Human Protein Atlas
Search first: OMIM, Orphanet, HPO, PubMed
Search first: Disease registries, longitudinal cohort databases, natural history studies, PubMed, Orphanet, OMIM
Search first: Orphanet, CDC, WHO, GBD (Global Burden of Disease), national registries, SEER, disease registries
Search first: GTR (Genetic Testing Registry), GeneReviews, ClinGen
For each treatment, suggest MAXO (Medical Action Ontology) terms where applicable.
Search first: CDC vaccine schedules, WHO immunization, FDA vaccine database
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Search first: Clinical guidelines, FDA approvals, PubMed
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Structure your response as a comprehensive narrative organized by the sections above. For each section, provide: - Factual content with specific details (numbers, percentages, gene names, variant nomenclature) - Ontology term suggestions (HPO, GO, CL, UBERON, CHEBI, MAXO, MONDO) where applicable - Evidence citations with PMIDs - Direct quotes from abstracts to support key claims - Clear indication when information is not available or not applicable for this disease
This report will be used to populate a disease knowledge base entry with: - Pathophysiology descriptions with causal chains - Gene/protein annotations (HGNC, GO terms) - Phenotype associations (HP terms) with frequencies - Cell type involvement (CL terms) - Anatomical locations (UBERON terms) - Chemical entities (CHEBI terms) - Treatment annotations (MAXO terms) - Evidence items with PMIDs and exact abstract quotes - Epidemiology, prognosis, diagnostic, and prevention information - Animal model descriptions with phenotype recapitulation details
Ménière’s disease (MD) is a clinical inner-ear disorder characterized by recurrent spontaneous vertigo attacks together with fluctuating auditory symptoms (hearing loss, tinnitus, and/or aural fullness) and documented low- to mid-frequency sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) in the affected ear for “definite” disease under contemporary international criteria. (basura2020clinicalpracticeguidelinea pages 9-10, lopezescamez2015diagnosticcriteriafor pages 2-4, basura2020clinicalpracticeguideline pages 1-2)
Major 2023–2024 advances include (i) maturation of delayed post-gadolinium “hydrops MRI” with meta-analytic performance estimates and identification of high-yield imaging descriptors (notably saccular abnormality and perilymphatic enhancement), and (ii) expanding genetic evidence supporting heterogeneous inheritance in ~5–20% familial disease with enrichment of rare variants in genes involved in stereocilia and extracellular membranes. (connor2024assessingtheoptimal pages 1-3, connor2023delayedpostgadolinium pages 1-2, parraperez2023typesofinheritance pages 1-2)
MD is an episodic vestibulo-cochlear syndrome defined clinically by (a) spontaneous vertigo attacks (20 minutes to 12 hours for definite MD), (b) low- to mid-frequency SNHL documented in the affected ear, and (c) fluctuating aural symptoms (hearing loss, tinnitus, and/or aural fullness), with exclusion of alternative vestibular diagnoses. (lopezescamez2015diagnosticcriteriafor pages 2-4, basura2020clinicalpracticeguideline pages 1-2)
Not retrieved from the current tool context: MONDO ID, Orphanet ID, OMIM ID, and the direct MeSH descriptor ID for “Ménière Disease” were not present in the retrieved full texts/snippets and could not be confirmed here without additional ontology/database calls beyond the provided tool outputs.
Commonly used variants include: * Ménière’s disease / Meniere disease / Morbus Ménière * Endolymphatic hydrops (often used as a pathologic correlate rather than a strict synonym) * Hydropic ear disease (broader category used in some classifications) These labels are referenced in the guideline/review framing (e.g., association with “inner ear fluid (endolymph) volume increases” and the term endolymphatic hydrops). (basura2020clinicalpracticeguidelinea pages 1-2, lopezescamez2015diagnosticcriteriafor pages 1-2)
This entry is synthesized from aggregated disease-level resources (international diagnostic consensus and a clinical practice guideline) plus clinical observational cohorts, systematic reviews/meta-analyses, genetic reviews, and clinical trial registry records. (basura2020clinicalpracticeguideline pages 1-2, connor2023delayedpostgadolinium pages 1-2, parraperez2023typesofinheritance pages 1-2, NCT05851508 chunk 1)
MD remains etiologically heterogeneous and incompletely explained by a single mechanism. Consensus descriptions emphasize association with “inner ear fluid (endolymph) volume increases,” i.e., endolymphatic hydrops (EH), but note that etiology is “not completely clear.” (basura2020clinicalpracticeguidelinea pages 1-2)
Familial aggregation supports heritability, with familial MD estimated ~5–20% in European-descended cohorts and ~10% overall in the 2023 genetics review. (parraperez2023typesofinheritance pages 1-2)
Key implicated genes in familial MD include OTOG, MYO7A, TECTA (frequently reported) and additional autosomal dominant family genes such as FAM136A, DTNA, PRKCB, COCH, DPT, SEMA3D, GUSB, SLC6A7. (parraperez2023typesofinheritance pages 2-4, parraperez2023typesofinheritance pages 4-5)
Protective genetic or environmental factors were not clearly established in the retrieved primary/secondary sources. One genetics review notes that some loci may be “protective or population-specific” in candidate-gene literature, but no clinically actionable protective factor was supported strongly enough in the available evidence to enumerate here. (dai2023geneticadvancesin pages 5-6)
The 2023 familial genetics review explicitly frames MD as a disorder where diverse genetic architectures (AD/AR/multiallelic) and variable expressivity suggest interaction with modifiers, but direct gene–environment interaction effects were not quantified in the retrieved excerpts. (parraperez2023typesofinheritance pages 2-4)
Definite MD (Bárány Society 2015 / AAO-HNSF adoption) requires: 1) ≥2 spontaneous vertigo attacks, 20 min to 12 h; 2) documented low- to mid-frequency SNHL in the affected ear; 3) fluctuating aural symptoms in the affected ear; 4) not better accounted for by another vestibular diagnosis. (lopezescamez2015diagnosticcriteriafor pages 2-4, basura2020clinicalpracticeguideline pages 1-2)
Probable MD broadens to vertigo/dizziness episodes 20 min to 24 h with fluctuating aural symptoms, excluding other causes. (goebel20162015equilibriumcommittee pages 2-2, basura2020clinicalpracticeguideline pages 1-2)
A guideline-captured diagnostic criteria table is available as an extracted figure for reference. (basura2020clinicalpracticeguideline media b1eac1f2)
A large Finnish patient-organization cohort (definite MD; n=365) reported: * Simultaneous onset of hearing loss + vertigo + tinnitus in 38%. (pyykko2024changesinsymptom pages 1-2) * Spontaneous remission from episodic vertigo in 34% over the course of disease. (pyykko2024changesinsymptom pages 1-2) * Balance issues in 65.5%. (pyykko2024changesinsymptom pages 1-2) * Vestibular drop attacks in 34%; severe falls in 10%. (pyykko2024changesinsymptom pages 1-2) * Bilateral hearing loss developed long-term in 34.5%, with higher risk associated with younger onset, migraine, and family history. (pyykko2024changesinsymptom pages 1-2)
Below are commonly appropriate HPO mappings for the core MD phenotype (term names shown; exact IDs should be validated against the current HPO release): * Vertigo; Episodic vertigo * Sensorineural hearing impairment (often low-frequency/fluctuating) * Tinnitus * Aural fullness / Ear fullness * Drop attacks (Tumarkin attacks) * Imbalance * Nausea (during attacks)
(These mappings are ontology suggestions; they are consistent with the clinical criteria and cohort descriptions above.) (lopezescamez2015diagnosticcriteriafor pages 2-4, basura2020clinicalpracticeguideline pages 1-2, pyykko2024changesinsymptom pages 1-2)
MD is not generally monogenic in sporadic presentations; however, familial MD can show Mendelian or oligogenic patterns in some pedigrees, with multiple genes reported in association studies and sequencing reports aggregated in 2023–2024 reviews. (parraperez2023typesofinheritance pages 2-4, dai2023geneticadvancesin pages 1-2)
Familial MD shows heterogeneous inheritance models, including: * Autosomal dominant families (e.g., reported with variants in FAM136A, DTNA, PRKCB, and others) * Autosomal recessive / compound recessive models (including multiallelic inheritance for OTOG in multiple families) * Digenic/multiallelic models and incomplete penetrance/variable expressivity These patterns are explicitly summarized in the 2023 JARO review. (parraperez2023typesofinheritance pages 2-4)
Frequently implicated genes include: * OTOG, MYO7A, TECTA (most frequently found in familial MD per 2023 review) (parraperez2023typesofinheritance pages 1-2) * Additional reported AD-family genes: FAM136A, DTNA, PRKCB, COCH, DPT, SEMA3D, GUSB, SLC6A7 (parraperez2023typesofinheritance pages 2-4)
The familial genetics review reports examples including frameshift deletions in TECTA producing truncated α-tectorin (classified as likely pathogenic in those reports) and multiple family-private variants with incomplete penetrance. (parraperez2023typesofinheritance pages 4-5)
A prominent 2023 hypothesis emphasizes proteins of the tectorial membrane/otolithic membrane and stereocilia links, proposing that focal detachment and altered ionic homeostasis at the apical surface of sensory epithelia may trigger tinnitus fluctuations and early vertigo attacks, with progression leading to otolithic membrane herniation and vestibular test dissociations. (parraperez2023typesofinheritance pages 1-2)
The familial genetics review notes epigenetic findings (e.g., WGBS) suggesting altered DNA methylation in hearing-loss genes as potential modifiers, but specific methylation biomarkers were not extractable as validated clinical markers from the available excerpts. (parraperez2023typesofinheritance pages 2-4)
URI history is epidemiologically linked to MD incidence in a large national cohort; the study frames viral infection as a plausible contributor among multifactorial causes, but it does not identify a single pathogen as causal. (kwon2024epidemiologicalevidencefor pages 1-2)
Consensus and reviews link MD to endolymphatic hydrops (dilation/expansion of the endolymphatic space), while acknowledging that EH alone may not fully explain symptom variability and chronic progression. (lopezescamez2015diagnosticcriteriafor pages 1-2, basura2020clinicalpracticeguidelinea pages 1-2)
Hydrops MRI is increasingly used as an in vivo biomarker of EH and related blood–labyrinth barrier changes: * 2023 meta-analysis: combined increased perilymphatic enhancement (PLE) + EH was the best-performing descriptor combination with pooled sensitivity ~87% and specificity ~91% (subset). (connor2023delayedpostgadolinium pages 1-2) * 2024 diagnostic optimization study: saccular abnormality was the best individual predictor (DOR 292.6), and a multi-descriptor model (saccule + asymmetric cochlear PLE + incomplete vestibular aqueduct visualization) achieved sensitivity 84.4%, specificity 97.4%, AUC 0.938. (connor2024assessingtheoptimal pages 1-3) * A 2024 systematic review summarizes between-center variability and explicitly states: “sensitivity (69%-92%) and specificity (78%-96%)” vary by lab, reflecting selection and grading differences. (young2024potentialapplicationof pages 1-3)
Evidence-backed themes from genetics reviews and experimental model reviews include: * Ionic/fluid homeostasis in endolymph and extracellular membranes (e.g., implied by tectorial/otolithic membrane ionic homeostasis hypothesis). (parraperez2023typesofinheritance pages 1-2) * Immune/inflammatory involvement as a candidate contributor (reviews highlight immune loci and inflammatory signaling themes). (dai2023geneticadvancesin pages 6-7, dai2023geneticadvancesin pages 1-2)
(These are ontology suggestions aligned to the mechanistic themes above; specific GO/CL IDs should be validated in the target ontology version.) (parraperez2023typesofinheritance pages 1-2, seo2020experimentalanimalmodels pages 1-2)
MD affects the inner ear (labyrinth), involving both cochlear and vestibular organs, consistent with the core symptom triad and imaging/histopathologic correlate of EH. (basura2020clinicalpracticeguidelinea pages 1-2, connor2023delayedpostgadolinium pages 1-2)
Hydrops MRI work emphasizes compartment-specific findings (cochlear vs vestibular EH), and descriptors such as saccular abnormality (inferior vestibule) and cochlear perilymphatic enhancement. (connor2024assessingtheoptimal pages 1-3, lineraalperi2024isendolymphatichydrops pages 1-2)
(These are ontology suggestions consistent with genetic and imaging emphases.) (connor2024assessingtheoptimal pages 1-3, parraperez2023typesofinheritance pages 1-2)
A clinical practice guideline states onset is most common between 40 and 60 years. (basura2020clinicalpracticeguidelinea pages 1-2)
MD is episodic with remissions; the guideline describes attack frequency often around 6–11 episodes/year with remissions that may last months to years, and that diagnosis can require longitudinal observation because manifestations evolve over time. (basura2020clinicalpracticeguidelinea pages 1-2)
Bilateral involvement frequency varies by definition and follow-up; an earlier large clinical review of bilateral MD notes reported ranges from 5–50% depending on disease duration and other factors. (frejo2016clinicalsubgroupsin pages 1-2)
Familial MD accounts for ~5–20% of cases in some cohorts (~10% overall) and can show AD/AR/multiallelic inheritance with incomplete penetrance. (parraperez2023typesofinheritance pages 1-2, parraperez2023typesofinheritance pages 2-4)
International diagnostic criteria define “definite” and “probable” MD using attack-duration thresholds, audiometric SNHL, fluctuating aural symptoms, and exclusion of alternative diagnoses. (lopezescamez2015diagnosticcriteriafor pages 2-4, basura2020clinicalpracticeguideline pages 1-2)
A guideline-derived criteria table image is available. (basura2020clinicalpracticeguideline media b1eac1f2)
The diagnostic criteria require audiometric documentation of low- to mid-frequency SNHL in the affected ear for definite MD. (lopezescamez2015diagnosticcriteriafor pages 2-4)
Hydrops MRI has transitioned from research use toward practical clinical adjunctive diagnosis: * 2023 meta-analysis (66 studies; 3073 MD ears) identifies PLE + EH as best-performing pooled descriptor combination. (connor2023delayedpostgadolinium pages 1-2) * 2024 European Radiology study identifies a small set of high-yield descriptors (saccular abnormality, asymmetric cochlear PLE, vestibular aqueduct visualization) achieving high specificity (~97%). (connor2024assessingtheoptimal pages 1-3) * 2024 systematic review describes delayed IV gadolinium imaging and notes variability: “sensitivity (69%-92%) and specificity (78%-96%).” (young2024potentialapplicationof pages 1-3)
Direct abstract quote (hydrops MRI performance variability): “The sensitivity (69%-92%) and specificity (78%-96%) values varied from each laboratory…” (young2024potentialapplicationof pages 1-3)
The Bárány criteria paper explicitly notes diagnostic complexity due to overlapping disorders and includes differentials such as autoimmune inner ear disease and genetic hearing loss conditions. (lopezescamez2015diagnosticcriteriafor pages 2-4)
Recent evidence supports that vertigo attacks often diminish over time, including in refractory cohorts. (gerritsen2024theevolutionof pages 9-10, pyykko2024changesinsymptom pages 1-2)
Balance problems, drop attacks, hearing loss, and mental health symptoms can persist even when episodic vertigo remits and are key drivers of reduced quality of life. (pyykko2024changesinsymptom pages 1-2)
Guidelines emphasize preventing/reducing vertigo, mitigating hearing loss/tinnitus/aural fullness, and improving quality of life. (basura2020clinicalpracticeguidelinea pages 1-2)
Gentamicin vs corticosteroids (2024 meta-analysis): Across 12 studies (n=694), intratympanic gentamicin achieved higher vertigo control (RR 1.36, 95% CI 1.13–1.65) while corticosteroids better preserved hearing (pure tone average WMD 4.41 favoring steroids). (wu2024comparativeefficacyof pages 1-2)
Selective vestibular neurectomy (2024 series): In 23 refractory patients after failed endolymphatic sac surgery, micro-endoscopic selective vestibular neurectomy achieved ~90% vertigo control at up to 2 years and significant DHI improvement, with one CSF fistula reoperation and no definitive hearing loss/facial palsy reported in the series. (salvinelli2024selectivevestibularneurectomy pages 1-2)
Cochlear implantation can improve multiple patient-reported outcomes (hearing, vertigo, tinnitus, QoL) in implanted MD patients in small retrospective cohorts (details available in retrieved abstract but not expanded in the current evidence snippets). (basura2020clinicalpracticeguidelinea pages 9-10)
(These are ontology suggestions aligned to guideline and trial interventions.) (salvinelli2024selectivevestibularneurectomy pages 1-2, NCT05851508 chunk 1, wu2024comparativeefficacyof pages 1-2)
No definitive primary prevention is established; however, modifiable exposure and comorbidity management may be relevant given associations with URIs and exposure-related phenotype modifiers. * URI–MD association suggests monitoring patients with recurrent URIs could be relevant for early recognition, though causal prevention is unproven. (kwon2024epidemiologicalevidencefor pages 1-2) * Avoidance/mitigation of occupational noise exposure and management after head/neck trauma may reduce symptom burden in susceptible individuals, but evidence is observational. (pyykko2024associationofhead pages 1-2)
The retrieved evidence did not identify a naturally occurring, clinically defined “Ménière’s disease” entity in non-human species; instead, animal work models the endolymphatic hydrops phenotype as an experimental analog. (seo2020experimentalanimalmodels pages 1-2)
Animal models are primarily designed to induce or measure endolymphatic hydrops (ELH/EH) and related cochlear/vestibular dysfunction.
A mini-review categorizes models into acute vs chronic ELH models and lists chronic induction via: * Surgical endolymphatic sac (ES) ablation * Systemic agents (e.g., vasopressin, aldosterone; inflammatory stimuli such as LPS) These models are explicitly described as representing the ELH pathophysiological process. (seo2020experimentalanimalmodels pages 1-2)
The mini-review notes that available animal models do not fully replicate the fluctuating/episodic clinical course of human MD, motivating ongoing model development. (seo2020experimentalanimalmodels pages 1-2)
The table below aggregates high-yield 2023–2024 evidence on diagnostics, genetics, epidemiology/risk, natural history, and treatment.
| Topic | Citation (first author year) | Publication date | Study type | N (if available) | Key quantitative findings | URL/DOI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diagnostics MRI | Connor 2023 (connor2023delayedpostgadolinium pages 1-2, connor2023delayedpostgadolinium pages 8-9) | May 2023 | Systematic review and meta-analysis | 66 studies; 3,073 ears with MD | Delayed post-gadolinium MRI descriptors were pooled; the combination of increased perilymphatic enhancement (PLE) + endolymphatic hydrops (EH) showed sensitivity ~87% and specificity ~91% for MD diagnosis. Several descriptors had pooled specificities >90%, including fused utricle/saccule (96%) and increased ipsilateral PLE (98%). | https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-023-09651-8 |
| Diagnostics MRI | Connor 2024 (connor2024assessingtheoptimal pages 1-3) | Feb 2024 | Retrospective single-center case-control MRI study | 227 patients; 96 definite MD ears vs 78 control ears | Best individual MRI predictor was saccular abnormality with DOR 292.6. Combining saccular abnormality + asymmetric cochlear PLE + incomplete vestibular aqueduct visualization correctly classified 90.2% of cases; sensitivity 84.4%, specificity 97.4%, AUC 0.938. | https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-024-10587-w |
| Diagnostics MRI | Young 2024 (young2024potentialapplicationof pages 1-3, young2024potentialapplicationof pages 9-9) | Jan 2024 | Systematic review | 80 relevant articles selected from 470 screened | Across centers, hydrops MRI performance varied with sensitivity 69%–92% and specificity 78%–96%. Main current uses: differentiate EH from sudden SNHL, determine affected side, and confirm EH with concomitant disorders. | https://doi.org/10.1177/19160216241250350 |
| Diagnostics MRI | Linera-Alperi 2024 (lineraalperi2024isendolymphatichydrops pages 1-2) | Dec 2024 | Retrospective longitudinal tertiary-center study | 137 unilateral MD patients | 40.15% classified as cochleocentric and 59.85% non-cochleocentric; vestibular EH was more severe in the non-cochleocentric group, supporting heterogeneity in hydropic patterns rather than a uniform cochleocentric progression model. | https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2024.1477282 |
| Diagnostics MRI / Phenotype correlation | Hu 2023 (hu2023endolymphatichydropsimaging pages 1-2) | Feb 2023 | Clinical imaging correlation study | 70 unilateral MD patients | Vestibular EH correlated positively with cochlear EH, hearing loss, VEMP, caloric test abnormalities, disease course, and vertigo duration; MRI also correlated with emotional burden measures (SAS/SDS via DHI emotional/total scores). | https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-023-07899-w |
| Genetics | Parra-Perez 2023 (parraperez2023typesofinheritance pages 1-2, parraperez2023typesofinheritance pages 2-4, parraperez2023typesofinheritance pages 4-5) | Apr 2023 | Narrative review of familial MD genetics | Not applicable | Familial MD accounts for ~5%–20% of cases in European-descended cohorts and ~10% overall; key implicated genes include OTOG, MYO7A, TECTA, FAM136A, DTNA, PRKCB, COCH, DPT, and SEMA3D. Proposed inheritance includes AD, AR/compound recessive, digenic/multiallelic models, with incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity. | https://doi.org/10.1007/s10162-023-00896-0 |
| Genetics | Dai 2023 (dai2023geneticadvancesin pages 6-7, dai2023geneticadvancesin pages 1-2, dai2023geneticadvancesin pages 5-6) | Dec 2023 | Review | Not applicable | Review highlights rare variants in OTOG reported in 33% of familial MD in one series; also summarizes immune-associated loci, 6p21.33 signal rs4947296, and candidate genes linked to ion/fluid homeostasis, inflammation, and stereocilia integrity. | https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-022-08149-8 |
| Epidemiology-Risk | Kwon 2024 (kwon2024epidemiologicalevidencefor pages 1-2) | Oct 2024 | Nationwide matched cohort study | 19,721 MD cases; 78,884 matched controls | A URI within 1 year before index date was associated with a 2.01-fold greater likelihood of MD (95% CI 1.91–2.11); URI within 2 years remained associated (1.54-fold; 95% CI 1.50–1.59). Review text also notes wide regional epidemiologic variability (3–513 per 100,000 annually). | https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12102047 |
| Epidemiology-Risk | Basura 2020 guideline (basura2020clinicalpracticeguidelinea pages 1-2) | Apr 2020 | Clinical practice guideline | Not applicable | Commonly cited prevalence range is ~50–200 per 100,000 adults; onset is most common between ages 40 and 60 years; attack frequency is often ~6–11 episodes/year, with remissions that may last months to years. | https://doi.org/10.1177/0194599820909438 |
| Natural history | Gerritsen 2024 (gerritsen2024theevolutionof pages 9-10) | Oct 2024 | Retrospective cohort | 35 intractable unilateral definite MD patients | Of 33 patients with complete attack data, 21 (64%) were free of vertigo attacks at follow-up after a median disease duration of 5.3 years, supporting spontaneous reduction of attacks over time even in refractory cohorts. | https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2024.1469276 |
| Natural history / QoL | Pyykkö 2024 (basura2020clinicalpracticeguidelinea pages 1-2) | Nov 2024 | Cross-sectional registry/questionnaire study | 365/560 surveyed definite MD patients | Spontaneous remission from episodic vertigo occurred in 34%; bilateral hearing loss developed in 34.5% long term; 65.5% reported balance issues, 34% mild vestibular drop attacks, and 10% severe falls; QoL was worst with constant dizziness. | https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2024.1496384 |
| Treatment | Wu 2024 (wu2024comparativeefficacyof pages 1-2) | Sep 2024 | Systematic review and meta-analysis | 12 studies; 694 patients | Intratympanic gentamicin showed superior vertigo control versus corticosteroids overall (RR 1.36, 95% CI 1.13–1.65) and at 6 months (RR 1.69, 95% CI 1.28–2.24), while corticosteroids better preserved hearing/pure-tone average (WMD 4.41, 95% CI 3.31–5.52). | https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2024.1471010 |
| Treatment | Salvinelli 2024 (salvinelli2024selectivevestibularneurectomy pages 1-2) | Apr 2024 | Retrospective surgical series | 23 patients | Selective vestibular neurectomy after failed sac surgery achieved ~90% vertigo control at up to 2 years, with significant DHI improvement (p=0.001), no definitive facial palsy or hearing loss reported, and one CSF fistula requiring reoperation. | https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14040369 |
| Treatment / Trial | NCT05851508 PREDMEN (NCT05851508 chunk 1, NCT05851508 chunk 2) | Trial start Oct 2023; estimated primary completion May 2026 | Multicenter randomized double-blind placebo-controlled phase 3 trial | Planned 148 participants | Two intratympanic methylprednisolone injections (62.5 mg/mL) vs saline placebo; primary outcome is control of vertigo spells tracked daily with the DizzyQuest app. Secondary outcomes include PTA, speech discrimination, THI/TFI, EQ-5D/EQ-VAS, adverse events, co-interventions, and cost-effectiveness. | https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05851508 |
| Treatment / Trial | NCT00802529 (NCT00802529 chunk 1, NCT00802529 chunk 2) | Completed; primary completion May 2015 | Randomized quadruple-masked phase 2/3 trial | 60 participants | Head-to-head transtympanic methylprednisolone vs gentamicin in refractory unilateral MD; primary endpoint was vertigo attacks at 18–24 months relative to 6-month baseline, with serial hearing and speech discrimination follow-up. | https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT00802529 |
Table: This table summarizes high-yield recent clinical and research evidence on Ménière’s disease across diagnostics, genetics, epidemiology, natural history, and treatment. It prioritizes the most relevant 2023–2024 sources and key trial records for rapid knowledge-base curation.
PMIDs were not consistently available in the retrieved text snippets and tool outputs; therefore, this report cites by internal evidence context IDs linked to peer-reviewed articles and trial registry records, each containing DOI/URL and publication month/year in the retrieved metadata.
References
(basura2020clinicalpracticeguidelinea pages 9-10): Gregory J. Basura, Meredith E. Adams, Ashkan Monfared, Seth R. Schwartz, Patrick J. Antonelli, Robert Burkard, Matthew L. Bush, Julie Bykowski, Maria Colandrea, Jennifer Derebery, Elizabeth A. Kelly, Kevin A. Kerber, Charles F. Koopman, Amy Angie Kuch, Evie Marcolini, Brian J. McKinnon, Michael J. Ruckenstein, Carla V. Valenzuela, Alexis Vosooney, Sandra A. Walsh, Lorraine C. Nnacheta, Nui Dhepyasuwan, and Erin M. Buchanan. Clinical practice guideline: ménière’s disease. Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, 162:S1-S55, Apr 2020. URL: https://doi.org/10.1177/0194599820909438, doi:10.1177/0194599820909438. This article has 555 citations.
(lopezescamez2015diagnosticcriteriafor pages 2-4): Jose A. Lopez-Escamez, John Carey, Won-Ho Chung, Joel A. Goebel, Måns Magnusson, Marco Mandalà, David E. Newman-Toker, Michael Strupp, Mamoru Suzuki, Franco Trabalzini, and Alexandre Bisdorff. Diagnostic criteria for menière's disease. Journal of Vestibular Research, 25:1-7, Mar 2015. URL: https://doi.org/10.3233/ves-150549, doi:10.3233/ves-150549. This article has 1866 citations.
(basura2020clinicalpracticeguideline pages 1-2): Gregory J. Basura, Meredith E. Adams, Ashkan Monfared, Seth R. Schwartz, Patrick J. Antonelli, Robert Burkard, Matthew L. Bush, Julie Bykowski, Maria Colandrea, Jennifer Derebery, Elizabeth A. Kelly, Kevin A. Kerber, Charles F. Koopman, Amy Angie Kuch, Evie Marcolini, Brian J. McKinnon, Michael J. Ruckenstein, Carla V. Valenzuela, Alexis Vosooney, Sandra A. Walsh, Lorraine C. Nnacheta, Nui Dhepyasuwan, and Erin M. Buchanan. Clinical practice guideline: ménière’s disease executive summary. Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, 162:415-434, Apr 2020. URL: https://doi.org/10.1177/0194599820909439, doi:10.1177/0194599820909439. This article has 126 citations.
(connor2024assessingtheoptimal pages 1-3): Steve Connor, Irumee Pai, Philip Touska, Sarah McElroy, Sebastien Ourselin, and Joseph V. Hajnal. Assessing the optimal mri descriptors to diagnose ménière’s disease and the added value of analysing the vestibular aqueduct. European Radiology, 34:6060-6071, Feb 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-024-10587-w, doi:10.1007/s00330-024-10587-w. This article has 17 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.
(connor2023delayedpostgadolinium pages 1-2): Steve Connor, Mariusz T. Grzeda, Babak Jamshidi, Sebastien Ourselin, Joseph V. Hajnal, and Irumee Pai. Delayed post gadolinium mri descriptors for meniere’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European Radiology, 33:7113-7135, May 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-023-09651-8, doi:10.1007/s00330-023-09651-8. This article has 33 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.
(parraperez2023typesofinheritance pages 1-2): Alberto M. Parra-Perez and Jose A. Lopez-Escamez. Types of inheritance and genes associated with familial meniere disease. JARO: Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology, 24:269-279, Apr 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10162-023-00896-0, doi:10.1007/s10162-023-00896-0. This article has 48 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.
(kwon2024epidemiologicalevidencefor pages 2-3): Mi Jung Kwon, Ho Suk Kang, Joo-Hee Kim, Ji Hee Kim, Woo Jin Bang, Dae Myoung Yoo, Na-Eun Lee, Kyeong Min Han, Nan Young Kim, Hyo Geun Choi, Min-Jeong Kim, and Eun Soo Kim. Epidemiological evidence for upper respiratory infections as a potential risk factor for meniere’s disease: a korean national health sample cohort study. Microorganisms, 12:2047, Oct 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12102047, doi:10.3390/microorganisms12102047. This article has 2 citations.
(NCT00802529 chunk 2): Transtympanic Gentamicin vs. Steroids in Refractory Meniere's Disease. Imperial College London. 2009. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00802529
(basura2020clinicalpracticeguidelinea pages 1-2): Gregory J. Basura, Meredith E. Adams, Ashkan Monfared, Seth R. Schwartz, Patrick J. Antonelli, Robert Burkard, Matthew L. Bush, Julie Bykowski, Maria Colandrea, Jennifer Derebery, Elizabeth A. Kelly, Kevin A. Kerber, Charles F. Koopman, Amy Angie Kuch, Evie Marcolini, Brian J. McKinnon, Michael J. Ruckenstein, Carla V. Valenzuela, Alexis Vosooney, Sandra A. Walsh, Lorraine C. Nnacheta, Nui Dhepyasuwan, and Erin M. Buchanan. Clinical practice guideline: ménière’s disease. Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, 162:S1-S55, Apr 2020. URL: https://doi.org/10.1177/0194599820909438, doi:10.1177/0194599820909438. This article has 555 citations.
(lopezescamez2015diagnosticcriteriafor pages 1-2): Jose A. Lopez-Escamez, John Carey, Won-Ho Chung, Joel A. Goebel, Måns Magnusson, Marco Mandalà, David E. Newman-Toker, Michael Strupp, Mamoru Suzuki, Franco Trabalzini, and Alexandre Bisdorff. Diagnostic criteria for menière's disease. Journal of Vestibular Research, 25:1-7, Mar 2015. URL: https://doi.org/10.3233/ves-150549, doi:10.3233/ves-150549. This article has 1866 citations.
(NCT05851508 chunk 1): Babette F van Esch, MD, PhD. The Effecttiveness of Intratympanic Methylprednisolon Injections Compared to Placebo in the Treatment of Vertigo Attacks in Meniere's Disease. Leiden University Medical Center. 2023. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05851508
(kwon2024epidemiologicalevidencefor pages 1-2): Mi Jung Kwon, Ho Suk Kang, Joo-Hee Kim, Ji Hee Kim, Woo Jin Bang, Dae Myoung Yoo, Na-Eun Lee, Kyeong Min Han, Nan Young Kim, Hyo Geun Choi, Min-Jeong Kim, and Eun Soo Kim. Epidemiological evidence for upper respiratory infections as a potential risk factor for meniere’s disease: a korean national health sample cohort study. Microorganisms, 12:2047, Oct 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12102047, doi:10.3390/microorganisms12102047. This article has 2 citations.
(pyykko2024associationofhead pages 1-2): Ilmari Pyykkö, Vinay Vinay, Artur Vetkas, Jing Zou, and Vinaya Manchaiah. Association of head injury, neck injury or acoustic trauma on phenotype of ménière’s disease. Audiology Research, 14:204-216, Feb 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/audiolres14010019, doi:10.3390/audiolres14010019. This article has 2 citations.
(parraperez2023typesofinheritance pages 2-4): Alberto M. Parra-Perez and Jose A. Lopez-Escamez. Types of inheritance and genes associated with familial meniere disease. JARO: Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology, 24:269-279, Apr 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10162-023-00896-0, doi:10.1007/s10162-023-00896-0. This article has 48 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.
(parraperez2023typesofinheritance pages 4-5): Alberto M. Parra-Perez and Jose A. Lopez-Escamez. Types of inheritance and genes associated with familial meniere disease. JARO: Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology, 24:269-279, Apr 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10162-023-00896-0, doi:10.1007/s10162-023-00896-0. This article has 48 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.
(dai2023geneticadvancesin pages 5-6): Qingqing Dai, Lili Long, Hui Zhao, Ruikai Wang, Hong Zheng, and Maoli Duan. Genetic advances in meniere disease. Molecular Biology Reports, 50:2901-2908, Dec 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-022-08149-8, doi:10.1007/s11033-022-08149-8. This article has 25 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.
(goebel20162015equilibriumcommittee pages 2-2): Joel A Goebel. 2015 equilibrium committee amendment to the 1995 aao-hns guidelines for the definition of ménière’s disease. Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, 154:403-404, Feb 2016. URL: https://doi.org/10.1177/0194599816628524, doi:10.1177/0194599816628524. This article has 205 citations.
(basura2020clinicalpracticeguideline media b1eac1f2): Gregory J. Basura, Meredith E. Adams, Ashkan Monfared, Seth R. Schwartz, Patrick J. Antonelli, Robert Burkard, Matthew L. Bush, Julie Bykowski, Maria Colandrea, Jennifer Derebery, Elizabeth A. Kelly, Kevin A. Kerber, Charles F. Koopman, Amy Angie Kuch, Evie Marcolini, Brian J. McKinnon, Michael J. Ruckenstein, Carla V. Valenzuela, Alexis Vosooney, Sandra A. Walsh, Lorraine C. Nnacheta, Nui Dhepyasuwan, and Erin M. Buchanan. Clinical practice guideline: ménière’s disease. Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, 162:S1-S55, Apr 2020. URL: https://doi.org/10.1177/0194599820909438, doi:10.1177/0194599820909438. This article has 555 citations.
(pyykko2024changesinsymptom pages 1-2): Ilmari Pyykkö, Jing Zou, and Nora Vetkas. Changes in symptom pattern in meniere's disease by duration: the need for comprehensive management. Frontiers in Neurology, Nov 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2024.1496384, doi:10.3389/fneur.2024.1496384. This article has 12 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.
(hu2023endolymphatichydropsimaging pages 1-2): Ying Hu, Yue Zhang, Xu Zhao, and Juan Li. Endolymphatic hydrops imaging and correlation with clinical characteristics, audiovestibular function and mental impairment in patients with meniere’s disease. European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, 280:4027-4036, Feb 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-023-07899-w, doi:10.1007/s00405-023-07899-w. This article has 19 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.
(dai2023geneticadvancesin pages 1-2): Qingqing Dai, Lili Long, Hui Zhao, Ruikai Wang, Hong Zheng, and Maoli Duan. Genetic advances in meniere disease. Molecular Biology Reports, 50:2901-2908, Dec 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-022-08149-8, doi:10.1007/s11033-022-08149-8. This article has 25 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.
(young2024potentialapplicationof pages 1-3): Yi-Ho Young and Kao-Tsung Lin. Potential application of hydrops mr imaging: a systematic review. Journal of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Jan 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1177/19160216241250350, doi:10.1177/19160216241250350. This article has 12 citations.
(dai2023geneticadvancesin pages 6-7): Qingqing Dai, Lili Long, Hui Zhao, Ruikai Wang, Hong Zheng, and Maoli Duan. Genetic advances in meniere disease. Molecular Biology Reports, 50:2901-2908, Dec 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-022-08149-8, doi:10.1007/s11033-022-08149-8. This article has 25 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.
(seo2020experimentalanimalmodels pages 1-2): Young Joon Seo and Daniel Brown. Experimental animal models for meniere’s disease: a mini-review. Journal of Audiology and Otology, 24:53-60, Apr 2020. URL: https://doi.org/10.7874/jao.2020.00115, doi:10.7874/jao.2020.00115. This article has 28 citations.
(lineraalperi2024isendolymphatichydrops pages 1-2): Marta Álvarez De Linera-Alperi, Pablo Dominguez, Melissa Blanco-Pareja, Pablo Menéndez Fernández-Miranda, Raquel Manrique-Huarte, Gloria Liaño, Nicolas Pérez-Fernández, and Víctor Suárez-Vega. Is endolymphatic hydrops, as detected in mri, a truly cochleocentric finding? Frontiers in Neurology, Dec 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2024.1477282, doi:10.3389/fneur.2024.1477282. This article has 5 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.
(gerritsen2024theevolutionof pages 9-10): F. R. Gerritsen, A. A. Schenck, H. Locher, R. van de Berg, P. P. van Benthem, and H. M. Blom. The evolution of intractable ménière’s disease: attacks resolve over time. Frontiers in Neurology, Oct 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2024.1469276, doi:10.3389/fneur.2024.1469276. This article has 4 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.
(frejo2016clinicalsubgroupsin pages 1-2): Lidia Frejo, Andres Soto-Varela, Sofía Santos-Perez, Ismael Aran, Angel Batuecas-Caletrio, Vanesa Perez-Guillen, Herminio Perez-Garrigues, Jesus Fraile, Eduardo Martin-Sanz, Maria C. Tapia, Gabriel Trinidad, Ana María García-Arumi, Rocío González-Aguado, Juan M. Espinosa-Sanchez, Pedro Marques, Paz Perez, Jesus Benitez, and Jose A. Lopez-Escamez. Clinical subgroups in bilateral meniere disease. Frontiers in Neurology, Oct 2016. URL: https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2016.00182, doi:10.3389/fneur.2016.00182. This article has 175 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.
(wu2024comparativeefficacyof pages 1-2): Xuanmei Wu, Jiacheng Shui, Chengyuan Liu, Xinyue Wu, Ying Yu, Hanyu Wang, and Cong Yan. Comparative efficacy of intratympanic gentamicin and intratympanic corticosteroid in the treatment of meniere’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Neurology, Sep 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2024.1471010, doi:10.3389/fneur.2024.1471010. This article has 6 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.
(salvinelli2024selectivevestibularneurectomy pages 1-2): Fabrizio Salvinelli, Francesca Bonifacio, Mara Capece, Denis Aiudi, Alessio Iacoangeli, Fabio Greco, Maurizio Gladi, and Maurizio Iacoangeli. Selective vestibular neurectomy through the presigmoid retrolabyrinthine approach in the treatment of meniere’s disease. Brain Sciences, 14:369, Apr 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14040369, doi:10.3390/brainsci14040369. This article has 3 citations.
(NCT05851508 chunk 2): Babette F van Esch, MD, PhD. The Effecttiveness of Intratympanic Methylprednisolon Injections Compared to Placebo in the Treatment of Vertigo Attacks in Meniere's Disease. Leiden University Medical Center. 2023. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05851508
(NCT00802529 chunk 1): Transtympanic Gentamicin vs. Steroids in Refractory Meniere's Disease. Imperial College London. 2009. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00802529
(connor2023delayedpostgadolinium pages 8-9): Steve Connor, Mariusz T. Grzeda, Babak Jamshidi, Sebastien Ourselin, Joseph V. Hajnal, and Irumee Pai. Delayed post gadolinium mri descriptors for meniere’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European Radiology, 33:7113-7135, May 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-023-09651-8, doi:10.1007/s00330-023-09651-8. This article has 33 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.
(young2024potentialapplicationof pages 9-9): Yi-Ho Young and Kao-Tsung Lin. Potential application of hydrops mr imaging: a systematic review. Journal of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Jan 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1177/19160216241250350, doi:10.1177/19160216241250350. This article has 12 citations.