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4
Pathophys.
10
Phenotypes
4
Pathograph
3
Genes
5
Treatments
2
Subtypes
32
References
1
Deep Research

Subtypes

2
BRCA1-Associated HBOC
Associated with germline BRCA1 mutations. Higher lifetime risk of breast cancer (70-80%) and ovarian cancer (40-50%). Breast cancers often triple-negative (ER-/PR-/HER2-) and high grade. Higher risk of ovarian cancer than BRCA2.
BRCA2-Associated HBOC
Associated with germline BRCA2 mutations. Significant lifetime risk of breast cancer (60-70%) and ovarian cancer (15-30%). Higher risk of male breast cancer and pancreatic cancer than BRCA1. Also associated with increased prostate cancer risk.

Pathophysiology

4
BRCA1/2 Tumor Suppressor Loss
Germline heterozygous BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations result in one functional allele. Somatic loss or mutation of the remaining wild-type allele (second hit) eliminates BRCA function, initiating tumorigenesis. This follows Knudson's two-hit hypothesis for tumor suppressor gene inactivation.
DNA repair link ↓ DECREASED
Homologous Recombination Deficiency
BRCA1 and BRCA2 are essential components of the homologous recombination (HR) pathway for error-free repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Loss of BRCA function forces cells to rely on error-prone repair pathways such as non-homologous end joining, leading to genomic instability.
homologous recombination link ↓ DECREASED
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:22193408 PARTIAL
"BRCA1 is a pleiotropic DDR protein that functions in both checkpoint activation and DNA repair, whereas BRCA2 is a mediator of the core mechanism of homologous recombination."
Review distinguishes BRCA1 and BRCA2 roles in DNA damage response and homologous recombination repair.
Genomic Instability
Loss of HR-mediated repair leads to accumulation of chromosomal aberrations, large-scale genomic rearrangements, and copy number alterations. This pattern of genomic instability, termed 'BRCAness' or homologous recombination deficiency (HRD), is characteristic of BRCA-deficient tumors and creates therapeutic vulnerability to PARP inhibitors.
regulation of DNA damage checkpoint link ⚠ ABNORMAL
Tumor Development
Progressive accumulation of genomic alterations in BRCA-deficient cells leads to transformation and tumor development. The tissue specificity (breast, ovary) may relate to estrogen exposure and proliferative demands on these tissues, though the precise mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Emerging evidence identifies serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma (STIC) in the fallopian tube as a precursor for BRCA-associated high-grade serous ovarian cancer.
cell population proliferation link ↑ INCREASED
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:30424539 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"indicates that STIC may serve as a precursor for HGSC in high-risk women"
Review summarizes evidence that serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma in the fallopian tube is a precursor for high-grade serous ovarian cancer in BRCA mutation carriers, providing insight into tumor development pathways.

Pathograph

Use the checkboxes to hide or show graph categories. Hover nodes for evidence and cross-linked metadata.
Pathograph: causal mechanism network for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome Interactive directed graph showing how pathophysiology mechanisms, phenotypes, genetic factors and variants, experimental models, environmental triggers, and treatments relate through causal and linked edges.

Phenotypes

10
Breast 3
Breast Cancer VERY_FREQUENT Breast carcinoma (HP:0003002)
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:28632866 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"cumulative breast cancer risk to age 80 years was 72% (95% CI, 65%-79%) for"
Prospective cohort study (CARRIERS consortium) provides definitive penetrance estimates for breast cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers.
Male Breast Cancer OCCASIONAL Breast carcinoma (HP:0003002)
Uses same HP term as female breast cancer. Male breast cancer is specifically associated with BRCA2 more than BRCA1.
Contralateral Breast Cancer FREQUENT Breast carcinoma (HP:0003002)
Uses same HP term as primary breast cancer. Contralateral breast cancer risk is a key consideration in surgical decision-making for BRCA carriers.
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:28632866 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"cancer, the cumulative risk 20 years after breast cancer diagnosis was 40% (95%"
Prospective data quantifying the high cumulative risk of contralateral breast cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers.
Digestive 1
Pancreatic Cancer OCCASIONAL Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (HP:0006725)
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:10433620 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"95% CI = 1. 87-6.58), gallbladder and bile duct cancer (RR = 4.97; 95% CI = 1"
Breast Cancer Linkage Consortium study quantifies the 3.5-fold increased relative risk of pancreatic cancer in BRCA2 mutation carriers.
Genitourinary 2
Ovarian Cancer VERY_FREQUENT Ovarian carcinoma (HP:0025318)
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:28632866 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"cumulative ovarian cancer risk to age 80 years was 44% (95% CI, 36%-53%) for"
Prospective cohort study provides definitive penetrance estimates for ovarian cancer risk in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers.
Prostate Cancer OCCASIONAL Prostate cancer (HP:0012125)
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:10433620 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"age of 65 years was 7.33 (95% CI = 4.66-11.52)"
Breast Cancer Linkage Consortium study demonstrates a 7.3-fold increased relative risk of prostate cancer in BRCA2 carriers under age 65.
Other 4
Triple-Negative Breast Carcinoma triple-negative breast carcinoma (MONDO:0005494)
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:32029870 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"associated with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), whereas BRCA2 mutation"
Multigene germline testing cohort supports triple-negative breast carcinoma as a BRCA1-enriched HBOC phenotype.
Fallopian Tube Carcinoma Fallopian tube carcinoma (HP:0030394)
Show evidence (1 reference)
"Germline variants occurring in BRCA1 and BRCA2 give rise to hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) syndrome, predisposing to breast, ovarian, fallopian tube, and peritoneal cancers marked by elevated incidences of genomic aberrations that correspond to poor prognoses."
Review explicitly includes fallopian tube cancer in the BRCA1/2-associated HBOC cancer spectrum.
Primary Peritoneal Carcinoma Primary peritoneal carcinoma (HP:0030406)
Show evidence (1 reference)
"Germline variants occurring in BRCA1 and BRCA2 give rise to hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) syndrome, predisposing to breast, ovarian, fallopian tube, and peritoneal cancers marked by elevated incidences of genomic aberrations that correspond to poor prognoses."
Review explicitly includes peritoneal cancer in the BRCA1/2-associated HBOC cancer spectrum.
Melanoma OCCASIONAL Melanoma (HP:0002861)
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:10433620 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"(RR = 2.58; 95% CI = 1.28-5.17)"
Breast Cancer Linkage Consortium study demonstrates a statistically significant 2.6-fold increased risk of melanoma in BRCA2 mutation carriers.
🧬

Genetic Associations

3
BRCA1 (Germline Loss-of-Function Mutations)
Autosomal Dominant
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:22193408 SUPPORT
"the proteins work in concert to protect the genome from double-strand DNA damage during DNA replication."
Review confirms BRCA1 and BRCA2 work together to protect the genome from DNA double-strand damage.
BRCA2 (Germline Loss-of-Function Mutations)
Autosomal Dominant
Expanded HBOC Panel Genes (Additional Hereditary Cancer Predisposition Genes)
Show evidence (1 reference)
DOI:10.3390/ijms252312546 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"High-penetrance genes (BRCA1, BRCA2, CDH1, PALB2, PTEN, STK11, TP53) inform specific clinical surveillance and therapeutic decisions, while recommendations for moderate-penetrance genes (ATM, BARD1, BRIP1, CHEK2, MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2, EPCAM, NF1, RAD51C, RAD51D) are more limited."
Clinical multigene testing cohort supports noting PALB2 and other expanded panel genes while keeping the primary disorder scope focused on BRCA1/2.
💊

Treatments

5
Risk-Reducing Mastectomy
Action: surgical procedure MAXO:0000004
Bilateral prophylactic mastectomy reduces breast cancer risk by approximately 90% in BRCA mutation carriers. Timing and decision require careful counseling about risks, benefits, reconstruction options, and psychological impact.
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:31302855 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"for overall mortality and 0.06 (95% CI 0.01-0.46) for BC-specific mortality"
Dutch multicenter cohort study demonstrates that bilateral risk-reducing mastectomy is associated with significantly lower overall mortality and breast cancer-specific mortality in BRCA1 mutation carriers.
Risk-Reducing Salpingo-Oophorectomy
Action: surgical procedure MAXO:0000004
Bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy recommended after completion of childbearing (typically age 35-40 for BRCA1, 40-45 for BRCA2). Reduces ovarian cancer risk by 80-90% and breast cancer risk by approximately 50% when performed premenopausally.
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:19141781 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"associated with reductions in the risk of breast, ovarian, and fallopian tube"
Meta-analysis of 10 studies demonstrates that risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy significantly reduces the risk of breast cancer (HR = 0.49) and ovarian/fallopian tube cancer (HR = 0.21) in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers.
PARP Inhibitors
Action: targeted therapy Ontology label: Targeted Therapy NCIT:C93352
Agent: olaparib
PARP inhibitors (olaparib, rucaparib, niraparib, talazoparib) exploit synthetic lethality in BRCA-deficient tumors. PARP inhibition blocks single-strand break repair, causing double-strand breaks that cannot be repaired in HR-deficient cells. Approved for breast, ovarian, pancreatic, and prostate cancers with BRCA mutations.
Show evidence (3 references)
PMID:34081848 SUPPORT
"olaparib after completion of local treatment and neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy was associated with significantly longer survival free of invasive or distant disease than was placebo."
OlympiA phase 3 trial demonstrates adjuvant olaparib significantly improves disease-free survival in high-risk BRCA-mutated breast cancer.
PMID:28578601 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"risk of disease progression or death was 42% lower with olaparib monotherapy"
OlympiAD phase 3 trial demonstrates olaparib monotherapy provides significant progression-free survival benefit over standard chemotherapy in germline BRCA-mutated metastatic breast cancer.
PMID:27749330 SUPPORT Other
"Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors have shown to induce significant tumor"
Review supports the use of PARP inhibitors in BRCA-mutated prostate cancer, with evidence from clinical trials showing significant tumor responses.
Enhanced Surveillance
Action: cancer screening MAXO:0000126
For women who do not undergo prophylactic surgery, enhanced surveillance includes annual breast MRI (starting age 25-30), mammography (starting age 30), and clinical breast exam. No proven effective ovarian cancer screening exists. Consider transvaginal ultrasound and CA-125, though sensitivity is limited.
Genetic Counseling
Action: genetic counseling MAXO:0000079
Genetic counseling for at-risk family members with cascade testing. Children of affected parents have 50% risk. Early identification allows risk-reducing interventions and enhanced surveillance. Prenatal and preimplantation genetic testing available.
🔬

Biochemical Markers

2
BRCA1/2 Genetic Testing
Homologous Recombination Deficiency Testing
{ }

Source YAML

click to show
name: Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome
creation_date: '2026-01-26T02:55:13Z'
updated_date: '2026-05-03T00:00:00Z'
description: >-
  Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome (HBOC) is an autosomal dominant
  hereditary cancer syndrome caused by germline pathogenic variants in the BRCA1
  or BRCA2 tumor suppressor genes. It is characterized by significantly elevated
  lifetime risks of breast cancer (up to 70-80%) and ovarian cancer (up to 40-50%),
  as well as increased risks of pancreatic, prostate, and other cancers. HBOC
  exemplifies the role of DNA double-strand break repair deficiency in tumorigenesis
  and the therapeutic exploitation of homologous recombination deficiency through
  PARP inhibitor synthetic lethality.
categories:
- Hereditary Cancer Syndrome
- Cancer Predisposition Syndrome
parents:
- hereditary cancer-predisposing syndrome
has_subtypes:
- name: BRCA1-Associated HBOC
  description: >-
    Associated with germline BRCA1 mutations. Higher lifetime risk of breast cancer
    (70-80%) and ovarian cancer (40-50%). Breast cancers often triple-negative
    (ER-/PR-/HER2-) and high grade. Higher risk of ovarian cancer than BRCA2.
- name: BRCA2-Associated HBOC
  description: >-
    Associated with germline BRCA2 mutations. Significant lifetime risk of breast
    cancer (60-70%) and ovarian cancer (15-30%). Higher risk of male breast cancer
    and pancreatic cancer than BRCA1. Also associated with increased prostate
    cancer risk.
pathophysiology:
- name: BRCA1/2 Tumor Suppressor Loss
  description: >-
    Germline heterozygous BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations result in one functional allele.
    Somatic loss or mutation of the remaining wild-type allele (second hit) eliminates
    BRCA function, initiating tumorigenesis. This follows Knudson's two-hit hypothesis
    for tumor suppressor gene inactivation.
  biological_processes:
  - preferred_term: DNA repair
    modifier: DECREASED
    term:
      id: GO:0006281
      label: DNA repair
  downstream:
  - target: Homologous Recombination Deficiency
    description: BRCA loss impairs error-free DNA double-strand break repair
- name: Homologous Recombination Deficiency
  description: >-
    BRCA1 and BRCA2 are essential components of the homologous recombination (HR)
    pathway for error-free repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Loss of BRCA function
    forces cells to rely on error-prone repair pathways such as non-homologous end
    joining, leading to genomic instability.
  biological_processes:
  - preferred_term: homologous recombination
    modifier: DECREASED
    term:
      id: GO:0035825
      label: homologous recombination
  downstream:
  - target: Genomic Instability
    description: Error-prone repair mechanisms cause chromosomal rearrangements
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:22193408
    reference_title: "BRCA1 and BRCA2: different roles in a common pathway of genome protection."
    supports: PARTIAL
    snippet: "BRCA1 is a pleiotropic DDR protein that functions in both checkpoint \nactivation and DNA repair, whereas BRCA2 is a mediator of the core mechanism of \nhomologous recombination."
    explanation: >-
      Review distinguishes BRCA1 and BRCA2 roles in DNA damage response and homologous
      recombination repair.
- name: Genomic Instability
  description: >-
    Loss of HR-mediated repair leads to accumulation of chromosomal aberrations,
    large-scale genomic rearrangements, and copy number alterations. This pattern
    of genomic instability, termed 'BRCAness' or homologous recombination deficiency
    (HRD), is characteristic of BRCA-deficient tumors and creates therapeutic
    vulnerability to PARP inhibitors.
  biological_processes:
  - preferred_term: regulation of DNA damage checkpoint
    modifier: ABNORMAL
    term:
      id: GO:2000001
      label: regulation of DNA damage checkpoint
  downstream:
  - target: Tumor Development
    description: Accumulated genomic aberrations drive malignant transformation
- name: Tumor Development
  description: >-
    Progressive accumulation of genomic alterations in BRCA-deficient cells leads
    to transformation and tumor development. The tissue specificity (breast, ovary)
    may relate to estrogen exposure and proliferative demands on these tissues,
    though the precise mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Emerging evidence
    identifies serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma (STIC) in the fallopian tube
    as a precursor for BRCA-associated high-grade serous ovarian cancer.
  biological_processes:
  - preferred_term: cell population proliferation
    modifier: INCREASED
    term:
      id: GO:0008283
      label: cell population proliferation
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:30424539
    reference_title: "Cell Origins of High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: indicates that STIC may serve as a precursor for HGSC in high-risk women
    explanation: >-
      Review summarizes evidence that serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma in
      the fallopian tube is a precursor for high-grade serous ovarian cancer in
      BRCA mutation carriers, providing insight into tumor development pathways.
phenotypes:
- category: Neoplastic
  name: Breast Cancer
  frequency: VERY_FREQUENT
  diagnostic: true
  description: >-
    Breast cancer risk is 70-80% for BRCA1 and 60-70% for BRCA2 mutation carriers.
    BRCA1-associated breast cancers are often triple-negative (ER-/PR-/HER2-) and
    high grade. BRCA2-associated breast cancers more often express hormone receptors.
    Risk of contralateral breast cancer is significantly elevated.
  phenotype_term:
    preferred_term: Breast carcinoma
    term:
      id: HP:0003002
      label: Breast carcinoma
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:28632866
    reference_title: "Risks of Breast, Ovarian, and Contralateral Breast Cancer for BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutation Carriers."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: cumulative breast cancer risk to age 80 years was 72% (95% CI, 65%-79%) for
    explanation: >-
      Prospective cohort study (CARRIERS consortium) provides definitive
      penetrance estimates for breast cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers.
- category: Neoplastic
  name: Triple-Negative Breast Carcinoma
  subtype: BRCA1-Associated HBOC
  description: >-
    BRCA1-associated breast cancers are enriched for triple-negative breast
    carcinoma, lacking estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and HER2
    expression. This phenotype has distinct therapeutic implications because
    endocrine and HER2-directed therapies are not applicable.
  phenotype_term:
    preferred_term: triple-negative breast carcinoma
    term:
      id: MONDO:0005494
      label: triple-negative breast carcinoma
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:32029870
    reference_title: "Germline mutations of multiple breast cancer-related genes are differentially associated with triple-negative breast cancers and prognostic factors."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: associated with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), whereas BRCA2 mutation
    explanation: >-
      Multigene germline testing cohort supports triple-negative breast
      carcinoma as a BRCA1-enriched HBOC phenotype.
- category: Neoplastic
  name: Ovarian Cancer
  frequency: VERY_FREQUENT
  diagnostic: true
  description: >-
    Ovarian cancer risk is 40-50% for BRCA1 and 15-30% for BRCA2 mutation carriers.
    Most are high-grade serous carcinomas. Typically presents at earlier ages than
    sporadic ovarian cancer. Risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy is often recommended.
  phenotype_term:
    preferred_term: Ovarian carcinoma
    term:
      id: HP:0025318
      label: Ovarian carcinoma
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:28632866
    reference_title: "Risks of Breast, Ovarian, and Contralateral Breast Cancer for BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutation Carriers."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: cumulative ovarian cancer risk to age 80 years was 44% (95% CI, 36%-53%) for
    explanation: >-
      Prospective cohort study provides definitive penetrance estimates for
      ovarian cancer risk in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers.
- category: Neoplastic
  name: Fallopian Tube Carcinoma
  description: >-
    Fallopian tube carcinoma is part of the formal HBOC cancer spectrum and is
    biologically linked to the distal fallopian tube origin model for many
    BRCA-associated high-grade serous carcinomas.
  phenotype_term:
    preferred_term: Fallopian tube carcinoma
    term:
      id: HP:0030394
      label: Fallopian tube carcinoma
  evidence:
  - reference: DOI:10.3390/genes15020219
    reference_title: "Genetic Basis of Breast and Ovarian Cancer: Approaches and Lessons Learnt from Three Decades of Inherited Predisposition Testing."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: OTHER
    snippet: >-
      Germline variants occurring in BRCA1 and BRCA2 give rise to hereditary
      breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) syndrome, predisposing to breast, ovarian,
      fallopian tube, and peritoneal cancers marked by elevated incidences of
      genomic aberrations that correspond to poor prognoses.
    explanation: >-
      Review explicitly includes fallopian tube cancer in the BRCA1/2-associated
      HBOC cancer spectrum.
- category: Neoplastic
  name: Primary Peritoneal Carcinoma
  description: >-
    Primary peritoneal carcinoma is included in the hereditary breast and ovarian
    cancer spectrum and may occur despite risk-reducing surgery, reflecting the
    shared high-grade serous carcinoma biology of pelvic serous cancers.
  phenotype_term:
    preferred_term: Primary peritoneal carcinoma
    term:
      id: HP:0030406
      label: Primary peritoneal carcinoma
  evidence:
  - reference: DOI:10.3390/genes15020219
    reference_title: "Genetic Basis of Breast and Ovarian Cancer: Approaches and Lessons Learnt from Three Decades of Inherited Predisposition Testing."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: OTHER
    snippet: >-
      Germline variants occurring in BRCA1 and BRCA2 give rise to hereditary
      breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) syndrome, predisposing to breast, ovarian,
      fallopian tube, and peritoneal cancers marked by elevated incidences of
      genomic aberrations that correspond to poor prognoses.
    explanation: >-
      Review explicitly includes peritoneal cancer in the BRCA1/2-associated
      HBOC cancer spectrum.
- category: Neoplastic
  name: Pancreatic Cancer
  frequency: OCCASIONAL
  description: >-
    Lifetime risk of pancreatic cancer is increased to approximately 2-7%, particularly
    with BRCA2 mutations. BRCA2 is a recognized pancreatic cancer susceptibility gene.
    Surveillance may be considered in families with pancreatic cancer history.
  phenotype_term:
    preferred_term: Pancreatic adenocarcinoma
    term:
      id: HP:0006725
      label: Pancreatic adenocarcinoma
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:10433620
    reference_title: "Cancer risks in BRCA2 mutation carriers."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: 95% CI = 1. 87-6.58), gallbladder and bile duct cancer (RR = 4.97; 95% CI = 1
    explanation: >-
      Breast Cancer Linkage Consortium study quantifies the 3.5-fold increased
      relative risk of pancreatic cancer in BRCA2 mutation carriers.
- category: Neoplastic
  name: Prostate Cancer
  frequency: OCCASIONAL
  description: >-
    BRCA2 mutations confer a 5-8 fold increased risk of prostate cancer, with earlier
    onset and more aggressive disease. BRCA1 mutations also increase risk but to a
    lesser degree. PARP inhibitors are effective in BRCA-mutated prostate cancer.
  phenotype_term:
    preferred_term: Prostate cancer
    term:
      id: HP:0012125
      label: Prostate cancer
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:10433620
    reference_title: "Cancer risks in BRCA2 mutation carriers."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: age of 65 years was 7.33 (95% CI = 4.66-11.52)
    explanation: >-
      Breast Cancer Linkage Consortium study demonstrates a 7.3-fold increased
      relative risk of prostate cancer in BRCA2 carriers under age 65.
- category: Neoplastic
  name: Male Breast Cancer
  frequency: OCCASIONAL
  description: >-
    Male breast cancer risk is elevated, particularly with BRCA2 mutations
    (6-8% lifetime risk). BRCA2 is the most common hereditary cause of male
    breast cancer.
  phenotype_term:
    preferred_term: Breast carcinoma
    term:
      id: HP:0003002
      label: Breast carcinoma
  notes: >-
    Uses same HP term as female breast cancer. Male breast cancer is specifically
    associated with BRCA2 more than BRCA1.
- category: Neoplastic
  name: Contralateral Breast Cancer
  frequency: FREQUENT
  description: >-
    BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers who develop breast cancer have a substantially
    elevated risk of contralateral breast cancer compared to sporadic cases. The
    cumulative 20-year risk after initial diagnosis is approximately 40% for BRCA1
    and 26% for BRCA2 carriers.
  phenotype_term:
    preferred_term: Breast carcinoma
    term:
      id: HP:0003002
      label: Breast carcinoma
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:28632866
    reference_title: "Risks of Breast, Ovarian, and Contralateral Breast Cancer for BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutation Carriers."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: cancer, the cumulative risk 20 years after breast cancer diagnosis was 40% (95%
    explanation: >-
      Prospective data quantifying the high cumulative risk of contralateral
      breast cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers.
  notes: >-
    Uses same HP term as primary breast cancer. Contralateral breast cancer risk
    is a key consideration in surgical decision-making for BRCA carriers.
- category: Neoplastic
  name: Melanoma
  frequency: OCCASIONAL
  subtype: BRCA2-Associated HBOC
  description: >-
    BRCA2 mutation carriers have an approximately 2.6-fold increased risk of
    malignant melanoma. This association is more clearly established for BRCA2
    than BRCA1 mutations.
  phenotype_term:
    preferred_term: Melanoma
    term:
      id: HP:0002861
      label: Melanoma
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:10433620
    reference_title: "Cancer risks in BRCA2 mutation carriers."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: (RR = 2.58; 95% CI = 1.28-5.17)
    explanation: >-
      Breast Cancer Linkage Consortium study demonstrates a statistically
      significant 2.6-fold increased risk of melanoma in BRCA2 mutation carriers.
biochemical:
- name: BRCA1/2 Genetic Testing
  notes: >-
    Comprehensive sequencing of BRCA1 and BRCA2 identifies pathogenic variants
    including frameshift, nonsense, splice site, and missense mutations, as well
    as large deletions/duplications. Founder mutations exist in certain populations
    (Ashkenazi Jewish: 185delAG, 5382insC in BRCA1; 6174delT in BRCA2). Variants
    of uncertain significance require careful interpretation.
- name: Homologous Recombination Deficiency Testing
  notes: >-
    Tumor testing for HRD status includes genomic scar assays measuring loss of
    heterozygosity, telomeric allelic imbalance, and large-scale state transitions.
    HRD-positive tumors may respond to PARP inhibitors even without germline BRCA
    mutations.
genetic:
- name: BRCA1
  association: Germline Loss-of-Function Mutations
  inheritance:
  - name: Autosomal Dominant
  notes: >-
    BRCA1 (17q21.31) encodes a protein essential for DNA double-strand break repair
    by homologous recombination. It functions in the RAD51-mediated strand invasion
    step and also has roles in cell cycle checkpoint activation. Mutations include
    truncating variants, large deletions, and pathogenic missense mutations. Founder
    mutations are common in Ashkenazi Jewish (185delAG, 5382insC), Icelandic,
    and other populations.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:22193408
    reference_title: "BRCA1 and BRCA2: different roles in a common pathway of genome protection."
    supports: SUPPORT
    snippet: "the proteins work in concert to protect the genome from double-strand DNA \ndamage during DNA replication."
    explanation: >-
      Review confirms BRCA1 and BRCA2 work together to protect the genome from
      DNA double-strand damage.
- name: BRCA2
  association: Germline Loss-of-Function Mutations
  inheritance:
  - name: Autosomal Dominant
  notes: >-
    BRCA2 (13q13.1) encodes a protein that facilitates RAD51 loading onto single-
    stranded DNA at sites of DNA double-strand breaks, enabling homologous
    recombination repair. Also known as FANCD1 as biallelic mutations cause Fanconi
    anemia. Founder mutations include 6174delT in Ashkenazi Jewish and 999del5 in
    Icelandic populations.
- name: Expanded HBOC Panel Genes
  association: Additional Hereditary Cancer Predisposition Genes
  notes: >-
    Although this entry focuses on BRCA1/2-associated HBOC, modern multigene HBOC
    panels often include additional clinically actionable genes such as PALB2,
    RAD51C, RAD51D, TP53, ATM, CHEK2, and BRIP1.
  evidence:
  - reference: DOI:10.3390/ijms252312546
    reference_title: "Comprehensive Clinical Genetics, Molecular and Pathological Evaluation Efficiently Assist Diagnostics and Therapy Selection in Breast Cancer Patients with Hereditary Genetic Background."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: >-
      High-penetrance genes (BRCA1, BRCA2, CDH1, PALB2, PTEN, STK11, TP53) inform
      specific clinical surveillance and therapeutic decisions, while
      recommendations for moderate-penetrance genes (ATM, BARD1, BRIP1, CHEK2,
      MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2, EPCAM, NF1, RAD51C, RAD51D) are more limited.
    explanation: >-
      Clinical multigene testing cohort supports noting PALB2 and other expanded
      panel genes while keeping the primary disorder scope focused on BRCA1/2.
treatments:
- name: Risk-Reducing Mastectomy
  description: >-
    Bilateral prophylactic mastectomy reduces breast cancer risk by approximately
    90% in BRCA mutation carriers. Timing and decision require careful counseling
    about risks, benefits, reconstruction options, and psychological impact.
  treatment_term:
    preferred_term: surgical procedure
    term:
      id: MAXO:0000004
      label: surgical procedure
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:31302855
    reference_title: "Survival after bilateral risk-reducing mastectomy in healthy BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: for overall mortality and 0.06 (95% CI 0.01-0.46) for BC-specific mortality
    explanation: >-
      Dutch multicenter cohort study demonstrates that bilateral risk-reducing
      mastectomy is associated with significantly lower overall mortality and
      breast cancer-specific mortality in BRCA1 mutation carriers.
- name: Risk-Reducing Salpingo-Oophorectomy
  description: >-
    Bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy recommended after completion of childbearing
    (typically age 35-40 for BRCA1, 40-45 for BRCA2). Reduces ovarian cancer risk
    by 80-90% and breast cancer risk by approximately 50% when performed premenopausally.
  treatment_term:
    preferred_term: surgical procedure
    term:
      id: MAXO:0000004
      label: surgical procedure
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:19141781
    reference_title: "Meta-analysis of risk reduction estimates associated with risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy in BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: associated with reductions in the risk of breast, ovarian, and fallopian tube
    explanation: >-
      Meta-analysis of 10 studies demonstrates that risk-reducing
      salpingo-oophorectomy significantly reduces the risk of breast cancer
      (HR = 0.49) and ovarian/fallopian tube cancer (HR = 0.21) in BRCA1/2
      mutation carriers.
- name: PARP Inhibitors
  description: >-
    PARP inhibitors (olaparib, rucaparib, niraparib, talazoparib) exploit synthetic
    lethality in BRCA-deficient tumors. PARP inhibition blocks single-strand break
    repair, causing double-strand breaks that cannot be repaired in HR-deficient
    cells. Approved for breast, ovarian, pancreatic, and prostate cancers with
    BRCA mutations.
  treatment_term:
    preferred_term: targeted therapy
    term:
      id: NCIT:C93352
      label: Targeted Therapy
    therapeutic_agent:
    - preferred_term: olaparib
      term:
        id: CHEBI:83766
        label: olaparib
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:34081848
    reference_title: "Adjuvant Olaparib for Patients with BRCA1- or BRCA2-Mutated Breast Cancer."
    supports: SUPPORT
    snippet: "olaparib after completion of local treatment and neoadjuvant or adjuvant \nchemotherapy was associated with significantly longer survival free of invasive \nor distant disease than was placebo."
    explanation: >-
      OlympiA phase 3 trial demonstrates adjuvant olaparib significantly improves
      disease-free survival in high-risk BRCA-mutated breast cancer.
  - reference: PMID:28578601
    reference_title: "Olaparib for Metastatic Breast Cancer in Patients with a Germline BRCA Mutation."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: risk of disease progression or death was 42% lower with olaparib monotherapy
    explanation: >-
      OlympiAD phase 3 trial demonstrates olaparib monotherapy provides
      significant progression-free survival benefit over standard chemotherapy in
      germline BRCA-mutated metastatic breast cancer.
  - reference: PMID:27749330
    reference_title: "Targeting DNA Repair: The Role of PARP Inhibition in the Treatment of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: OTHER
    snippet: Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors have shown to induce significant tumor
    explanation: >-
      Review supports the use of PARP inhibitors in BRCA-mutated prostate cancer,
      with evidence from clinical trials showing significant tumor responses.
- name: Enhanced Surveillance
  description: >-
    For women who do not undergo prophylactic surgery, enhanced surveillance includes
    annual breast MRI (starting age 25-30), mammography (starting age 30), and
    clinical breast exam. No proven effective ovarian cancer screening exists.
    Consider transvaginal ultrasound and CA-125, though sensitivity is limited.
  treatment_term:
    preferred_term: cancer screening
    term:
      id: MAXO:0000126
      label: cancer screening
- name: Genetic Counseling
  description: >-
    Genetic counseling for at-risk family members with cascade testing. Children
    of affected parents have 50% risk. Early identification allows risk-reducing
    interventions and enhanced surveillance. Prenatal and preimplantation genetic
    testing available.
  treatment_term:
    preferred_term: genetic counseling
    term:
      id: MAXO:0000079
      label: genetic counseling
disease_term:
  preferred_term: breast-ovarian cancer, familial, susceptibility to, 1
  term:
    id: MONDO:0011450
    label: breast-ovarian cancer, familial, susceptibility to, 1
references:
- reference: DOI:10.1001/jamaoncol.2024.2185
  title: <i>BRCA1, BRCA2</i>, and Associated Cancer Risks and Management for Male Patients
  found_in:
  - Hereditary_Breast_and_Ovarian_Cancer_Syndrome-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: ImportanceHalf of all carriers of inherited cancer-predisposing variants in BRCA1 and BRCA2 are male, but the implications for their health are underrecognized compared to female individuals.
    supporting_text: ImportanceHalf of all carriers of inherited cancer-predisposing variants in BRCA1 and BRCA2 are male, but the implications for their health are underrecognized compared to female individuals.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.1001/jamaoncol.2024.2185
      reference_title: <i>BRCA1, BRCA2</i>, and Associated Cancer Risks and Management for Male Patients
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: OTHER
      snippet: ImportanceHalf of all carriers of inherited cancer-predisposing variants in BRCA1 and BRCA2 are male, but the implications for their health are underrecognized compared to female individuals.
      explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome.
- reference: DOI:10.1002/cam4.70321
  title: Uptake of Risk‐Reducing Salpingo‐Oophorectomy and Gynaecologic Surveillance Among Germline <scp><i>BRCA</i></scp> Pathogenic Variants Carriers
  found_in:
  - Hereditary_Breast_and_Ovarian_Cancer_Syndrome-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: Risk‐reducing salpingo‐oophorectomy (RRSO) is recommended by international guidelines in women with BRCA1/2 germline pathogenic variants (PV) to prevent ovarian cancer.
    supporting_text: Risk‐reducing salpingo‐oophorectomy (RRSO) is recommended by international guidelines in women with BRCA1/2 germline pathogenic variants (PV) to prevent ovarian cancer.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.1002/cam4.70321
      reference_title: Uptake of Risk‐Reducing Salpingo‐Oophorectomy and Gynaecologic Surveillance Among Germline <scp><i>BRCA</i></scp> Pathogenic Variants Carriers
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
      snippet: Risk‐reducing salpingo‐oophorectomy (RRSO) is recommended by international guidelines in women with BRCA1/2 germline pathogenic variants (PV) to prevent ovarian cancer.
      explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome.
- reference: DOI:10.1007/s10549-024-07283-0
  title: Uptake of screening and risk-reducing recommendations among women with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome due to pathogenic BRCA1/2 variants evaluated at a large urban comprehensive cancer center
  found_in:
  - Hereditary_Breast_and_Ovarian_Cancer_Syndrome-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: Uptake of screening and risk-reducing recommendations among women with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome due to pathogenic BRCA1/2 variants evaluated at a large urban comprehensive cancer center
    supporting_text: Uptake of screening and risk-reducing recommendations among women with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome due to pathogenic BRCA1/2 variants evaluated at a large urban comprehensive cancer center
- reference: DOI:10.1007/s10689-024-00412-0
  title: 'Risk-reducing salpingectomy with delayed oophorectomy to prevent ovarian cancer in women with an increased inherited risk: insights into an alternative strategy'
  found_in:
  - Hereditary_Breast_and_Ovarian_Cancer_Syndrome-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the most lethal type of gynaecological cancer, due to lack of effective screening possibilities and because the disease tends to metastasize before onset of symptoms.
    supporting_text: Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the most lethal type of gynaecological cancer, due to lack of effective screening possibilities and because the disease tends to metastasize before onset of symptoms.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.1007/s10689-024-00412-0
      reference_title: 'Risk-reducing salpingectomy with delayed oophorectomy to prevent ovarian cancer in women with an increased inherited risk: insights into an alternative strategy'
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: OTHER
      snippet: Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the most lethal type of gynaecological cancer, due to lack of effective screening possibilities and because the disease tends to metastasize before onset of symptoms.
      explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome.
- reference: DOI:10.1016/j.lanwpc.2024.101017
  title: Age-specific breast and ovarian cancer risks associated with germline BRCA1 or BRCA2 pathogenic variants – an Asian study of 572 families
  found_in:
  - Hereditary_Breast_and_Ovarian_Cancer_Syndrome-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: Age-specific breast and ovarian cancer risks associated with germline BRCA1 or BRCA2 pathogenic variants – an Asian study of 572 families
    supporting_text: Age-specific breast and ovarian cancer risks associated with germline BRCA1 or BRCA2 pathogenic variants – an Asian study of 572 families
- reference: DOI:10.1016/j.rcl.2017.06.011
  title: Imaging and Screening of Hereditary Cancer Syndromes
  found_in:
  - Hereditary_Breast_and_Ovarian_Cancer_Syndrome-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: Imaging and Screening of Hereditary Cancer Syndromes
    supporting_text: Imaging and Screening of Hereditary Cancer Syndromes
- reference: DOI:10.1016/j.soncn.2018.12.001
  title: 'Hereditary Breast and Hereditary Ovarian Cancer: Implications for the Oncology Nurse'
  found_in:
  - Hereditary_Breast_and_Ovarian_Cancer_Syndrome-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: 'Hereditary Breast and Hereditary Ovarian Cancer: Implications for the Oncology Nurse'
    supporting_text: 'Hereditary Breast and Hereditary Ovarian Cancer: Implications for the Oncology Nurse'
- reference: DOI:10.1038/s41416-024-02827-z
  title: 'BRCA-mutated breast cancer: the unmet need, challenges and therapeutic benefits of genetic testing'
  found_in:
  - Hereditary_Breast_and_Ovarian_Cancer_Syndrome-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: Mutations in the BRCA1 and/or BRCA2 genes (BRCAm) increase the risk of developing breast cancer (BC) and are found in ~5% of unselected patients with the disease.
    supporting_text: Mutations in the BRCA1 and/or BRCA2 genes (BRCAm) increase the risk of developing breast cancer (BC) and are found in ~5% of unselected patients with the disease.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.1038/s41416-024-02827-z
      reference_title: 'BRCA-mutated breast cancer: the unmet need, challenges and therapeutic benefits of genetic testing'
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
      snippet: Mutations in the BRCA1 and/or BRCA2 genes (BRCAm) increase the risk of developing breast cancer (BC) and are found in ~5% of unselected patients with the disease.
      explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome.
- reference: DOI:10.1038/s41431-023-01507-5
  title: EMQN best practice guidelines for genetic testing in hereditary breast and ovarian cancer
  found_in:
  - Hereditary_Breast_and_Ovarian_Cancer_Syndrome-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer (HBOC) is a genetic condition associated with increased risk of cancers.
    supporting_text: Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer (HBOC) is a genetic condition associated with increased risk of cancers.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.1038/s41431-023-01507-5
      reference_title: EMQN best practice guidelines for genetic testing in hereditary breast and ovarian cancer
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: OTHER
      snippet: Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer (HBOC) is a genetic condition associated with increased risk of cancers.
      explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome.
- reference: DOI:10.1038/s41467-023-40956-w
  title: A transcriptional response to replication stress selectively expands a subset of Brca2-mutant mammary epithelial cells
  found_in:
  - Hereditary_Breast_and_Ovarian_Cancer_Syndrome-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: Germline BRCA2 mutation carriers frequently develop luminal-like breast cancers, but it remains unclear how BRCA2 mutations affect mammary epithelial subpopulations.
    supporting_text: Germline BRCA2 mutation carriers frequently develop luminal-like breast cancers, but it remains unclear how BRCA2 mutations affect mammary epithelial subpopulations.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.1038/s41467-023-40956-w
      reference_title: A transcriptional response to replication stress selectively expands a subset of Brca2-mutant mammary epithelial cells
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: IN_VITRO
      snippet: Germline BRCA2 mutation carriers frequently develop luminal-like breast cancers, but it remains unclear how BRCA2 mutations affect mammary epithelial subpopulations.
      explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome.
- reference: DOI:10.1038/s41525-024-00400-4
  title: Germline mutations of 4567 patients with hereditary breast-ovarian cancer spectrum in Thailand
  found_in:
  - Hereditary_Breast_and_Ovarian_Cancer_Syndrome-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: Multi-gene panel testing has led to the detection of pathogenic/likely pathogenic (P/LP) variants in many cancer susceptibility genes in patients with breast-ovarian cancer spectrum.
    supporting_text: Multi-gene panel testing has led to the detection of pathogenic/likely pathogenic (P/LP) variants in many cancer susceptibility genes in patients with breast-ovarian cancer spectrum.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.1038/s41525-024-00400-4
      reference_title: Germline mutations of 4567 patients with hereditary breast-ovarian cancer spectrum in Thailand
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
      snippet: Multi-gene panel testing has led to the detection of pathogenic/likely pathogenic (P/LP) variants in many cancer susceptibility genes in patients with breast-ovarian cancer spectrum.
      explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome.
- reference: DOI:10.1038/s41698-024-00741-4
  title: Reduced penetrance BRCA1 and BRCA2 pathogenic variants in clinical germline genetic testing
  found_in:
  - Hereditary_Breast_and_Ovarian_Cancer_Syndrome-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: Prior studies have suggested the existence of reduced penetrance pathogenic variants (RPPVs) in BRCA1 and BRCA2 (BRCA) which pose challenges for patient counseling and care.
    supporting_text: Prior studies have suggested the existence of reduced penetrance pathogenic variants (RPPVs) in BRCA1 and BRCA2 (BRCA) which pose challenges for patient counseling and care.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.1038/s41698-024-00741-4
      reference_title: Reduced penetrance BRCA1 and BRCA2 pathogenic variants in clinical germline genetic testing
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
      snippet: Prior studies have suggested the existence of reduced penetrance pathogenic variants (RPPVs) in BRCA1 and BRCA2 (BRCA) which pose challenges for patient counseling and care.
      explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome.
- reference: DOI:10.1093/jnci/djae160
  title: Genomic instability in non–breast or ovarian malignancies of individuals with germline pathogenic variants in <i>BRCA1/2</i>
  found_in:
  - Hereditary_Breast_and_Ovarian_Cancer_Syndrome-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: Genomic instability in non–breast or ovarian malignancies of individuals with germline pathogenic variants in <i>BRCA1/2</i>
    supporting_text: Individuals with germline pathogenic variants in BRCA1 or BRCA2 are at a high risk of breast and ovarian carcinomas with BRCA1/2 deficiency and homologous recombination deficiency that can be detected by analysis of genome-wide genomic instability features such as large-scale state transitions, telomeric allelic imbalances, and genomic loss of heterozygosity.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.1093/jnci/djae160
      reference_title: Genomic instability in non–breast or ovarian malignancies of individuals with germline pathogenic variants in <i>BRCA1/2</i>
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
      snippet: Individuals with germline pathogenic variants in BRCA1 or BRCA2 are at a high risk of breast and ovarian carcinomas with BRCA1/2 deficiency and homologous recombination deficiency that can be detected by analysis of genome-wide genomic instability features such as large-scale state transitions, telomeric allelic imbalances, and genomic loss of heterozygosity.
      explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome.
- reference: DOI:10.1158/2767-9764.crc-24-0144
  title: MYC is Sufficient to Generate Mid-Life High-Grade Serous Ovarian and Uterine Serous Carcinomas in a p53-R270H Mouse Model
  found_in:
  - Hereditary_Breast_and_Ovarian_Cancer_Syndrome-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMM) have fundamentally changed how ovarian cancer etiology, early detection, and treatment are understood.
    supporting_text: Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMM) have fundamentally changed how ovarian cancer etiology, early detection, and treatment are understood.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.1158/2767-9764.crc-24-0144
      reference_title: MYC is Sufficient to Generate Mid-Life High-Grade Serous Ovarian and Uterine Serous Carcinomas in a p53-R270H Mouse Model
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: MODEL_ORGANISM
      snippet: Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMM) have fundamentally changed how ovarian cancer etiology, early detection, and treatment are understood.
      explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome.
- reference: DOI:10.1159/000533391
  title: Primary Prevention and Early Detection of Hereditary Breast Cancer
  found_in:
  - Hereditary_Breast_and_Ovarian_Cancer_Syndrome-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: Primary prevention and early detection of hereditary breast cancer has been one of the main topics of breast cancer research in recent decades.
    supporting_text: Primary prevention and early detection of hereditary breast cancer has been one of the main topics of breast cancer research in recent decades.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.1159/000533391
      reference_title: Primary Prevention and Early Detection of Hereditary Breast Cancer
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
      snippet: Primary prevention and early detection of hereditary breast cancer has been one of the main topics of breast cancer research in recent decades.
      explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome.
- reference: DOI:10.1177/09636897241281869
  title: 'Ovarian Cancer Patient-Derived Organoids Used as a Model for Replicating Genetic Characteristics and Testing Drug Responsiveness: A Preliminary Study'
  found_in:
  - Hereditary_Breast_and_Ovarian_Cancer_Syndrome-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: This study aimed to explore the role of ovarian cancer patient-derived organoids (PDOs) in their replicating genetic characteristics and testing drug responsiveness.
    supporting_text: This study aimed to explore the role of ovarian cancer patient-derived organoids (PDOs) in their replicating genetic characteristics and testing drug responsiveness.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.1177/09636897241281869
      reference_title: 'Ovarian Cancer Patient-Derived Organoids Used as a Model for Replicating Genetic Characteristics and Testing Drug Responsiveness: A Preliminary Study'
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: IN_VITRO
      snippet: This study aimed to explore the role of ovarian cancer patient-derived organoids (PDOs) in their replicating genetic characteristics and testing drug responsiveness.
      explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome.
- reference: DOI:10.1186/s12864-024-10311-4
  title: Using Portuguese BRCA pathogenic variation as a model to study the impact of human admixture on human health
  found_in:
  - Hereditary_Breast_and_Ovarian_Cancer_Syndrome-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: Admixture occurs between different ethnic human populations.
    supporting_text: Admixture occurs between different ethnic human populations.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.1186/s12864-024-10311-4
      reference_title: Using Portuguese BRCA pathogenic variation as a model to study the impact of human admixture on human health
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
      snippet: Admixture occurs between different ethnic human populations.
      explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome.
- reference: DOI:10.1186/s13048-023-01222-1
  title: Risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy among Chinese women at increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer
  found_in:
  - Hereditary_Breast_and_Ovarian_Cancer_Syndrome-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: Risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy (RRSO) is recommended for women at increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer.
    supporting_text: Risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy (RRSO) is recommended for women at increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.1186/s13048-023-01222-1
      reference_title: Risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy among Chinese women at increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
      snippet: Risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy (RRSO) is recommended for women at increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer.
      explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome.
- reference: DOI:10.1186/s40001-024-01767-x
  title: 'Systematic review of the molecular basis of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome in Brazil: the current scenario'
  found_in:
  - Hereditary_Breast_and_Ovarian_Cancer_Syndrome-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: A detailed understanding of the genetic basis of cancer is of great interest to public health monitoring programs.
    supporting_text: A detailed understanding of the genetic basis of cancer is of great interest to public health monitoring programs.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.1186/s40001-024-01767-x
      reference_title: 'Systematic review of the molecular basis of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome in Brazil: the current scenario'
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: OTHER
      snippet: A detailed understanding of the genetic basis of cancer is of great interest to public health monitoring programs.
      explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome.
- reference: DOI:10.2147/ott.s353054
  title: Hereditary Gynecologic Cancer Syndromes – A Narrative Review
  found_in:
  - Hereditary_Breast_and_Ovarian_Cancer_Syndrome-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: Hereditary Gynecologic Cancer Syndromes – A Narrative Review
    supporting_text: Hereditary Gynecologic Cancer Syndromes – A Narrative Review
- reference: DOI:10.3238/arztebl.2008.0706
  title: Hereditary Cancer Syndromes
  found_in:
  - Hereditary_Breast_and_Ovarian_Cancer_Syndrome-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: Hereditary Cancer Syndromes
    supporting_text: Hereditary Cancer Syndromes
- reference: DOI:10.3389/fphar.2024.1460285
  title: 'Efficacy and safety of PARP inhibitor maintenance therapy for ovarian cancer: a meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis of randomized controlled trials'
  found_in:
  - Hereditary_Breast_and_Ovarian_Cancer_Syndrome-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: The landscape of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor treatment for ovarian cancer (OC) is continually evolving.
    supporting_text: The landscape of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor treatment for ovarian cancer (OC) is continually evolving.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.3389/fphar.2024.1460285
      reference_title: 'Efficacy and safety of PARP inhibitor maintenance therapy for ovarian cancer: a meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis of randomized controlled trials'
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: OTHER
      snippet: The landscape of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor treatment for ovarian cancer (OC) is continually evolving.
      explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome.
- reference: DOI:10.3390/cancers15133420
  title: Overview of the Genetic Causes of Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome in a Large French Patient Cohort
  found_in:
  - Hereditary_Breast_and_Ovarian_Cancer_Syndrome-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: The use of multigene panel testing for patients with a predisposition to Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer syndrome (HBOC) is increasing as the identification of mutations is useful for diagnosis and disease management.
    supporting_text: The use of multigene panel testing for patients with a predisposition to Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer syndrome (HBOC) is increasing as the identification of mutations is useful for diagnosis and disease management.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.3390/cancers15133420
      reference_title: Overview of the Genetic Causes of Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome in a Large French Patient Cohort
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
      snippet: The use of multigene panel testing for patients with a predisposition to Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer syndrome (HBOC) is increasing as the identification of mutations is useful for diagnosis and disease management.
      explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome.
- reference: DOI:10.3390/cancers16010103
  title: Prophylactic Interventions for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Risks and Mortality in BRCA1/2 Carriers
  found_in:
  - Hereditary_Breast_and_Ovarian_Cancer_Syndrome-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: Hereditary breast and ovarian cancers (HBOCs) pose significant health risks worldwide and are mitigated by prophylactic interventions.
    supporting_text: Hereditary breast and ovarian cancers (HBOCs) pose significant health risks worldwide and are mitigated by prophylactic interventions.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.3390/cancers16010103
      reference_title: Prophylactic Interventions for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Risks and Mortality in BRCA1/2 Carriers
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: OTHER
      snippet: Hereditary breast and ovarian cancers (HBOCs) pose significant health risks worldwide and are mitigated by prophylactic interventions.
      explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome.
- reference: DOI:10.3390/cancers17010008
  title: 'BRCA and Beyond: Impact on Therapeutic Choices Across Cancer'
  found_in:
  - Hereditary_Breast_and_Ovarian_Cancer_Syndrome-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: Identifying patients with gBRCAm is crucial to facilitate screening strategies, preventive measures and the usage of targeted therapeutics in their management.
    supporting_text: Identifying patients with gBRCAm is crucial to facilitate screening strategies, preventive measures and the usage of targeted therapeutics in their management.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.3390/cancers17010008
      reference_title: 'BRCA and Beyond: Impact on Therapeutic Choices Across Cancer'
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
      snippet: Identifying patients with gBRCAm is crucial to facilitate screening strategies, preventive measures and the usage of targeted therapeutics in their management.
      explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome.
- reference: DOI:10.3390/cimb46050281
  title: The Molecular Detection of Germline Mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 Genes Associated with Breast and Ovarian Cancer in a Romanian Cohort of 616 Patients
  found_in:
  - Hereditary_Breast_and_Ovarian_Cancer_Syndrome-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: The objective of this study was to identify and classify the spectrum of mutations found in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes associated with breast and ovarian cancer in female patients in Romania.
    supporting_text: The objective of this study was to identify and classify the spectrum of mutations found in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes associated with breast and ovarian cancer in female patients in Romania.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.3390/cimb46050281
      reference_title: The Molecular Detection of Germline Mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 Genes Associated with Breast and Ovarian Cancer in a Romanian Cohort of 616 Patients
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
      snippet: The objective of this study was to identify and classify the spectrum of mutations found in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes associated with breast and ovarian cancer in female patients in Romania.
      explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome.
- reference: DOI:10.3390/genes14030684
  title: Personalized Systemic Therapies in Hereditary Cancer Syndromes
  found_in:
  - Hereditary_Breast_and_Ovarian_Cancer_Syndrome-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: Hereditary cancer syndromes are inherited disorders caused by germline pathogenic variants (PVs) that lead to an increased risk of developing certain types of cancer, frequently at an earlier age than in the rest of the population.
    supporting_text: Hereditary cancer syndromes are inherited disorders caused by germline pathogenic variants (PVs) that lead to an increased risk of developing certain types of cancer, frequently at an earlier age than in the rest of the population.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.3390/genes14030684
      reference_title: Personalized Systemic Therapies in Hereditary Cancer Syndromes
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
      snippet: Hereditary cancer syndromes are inherited disorders caused by germline pathogenic variants (PVs) that lead to an increased risk of developing certain types of cancer, frequently at an earlier age than in the rest of the population.
      explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome.
- reference: DOI:10.3390/genes15020219
  title: 'Genetic Basis of Breast and Ovarian Cancer: Approaches and Lessons Learnt from Three Decades of Inherited Predisposition Testing'
  found_in:
  - Hereditary_Breast_and_Ovarian_Cancer_Syndrome-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: 'Genetic Basis of Breast and Ovarian Cancer: Approaches and Lessons Learnt from Three Decades of Inherited Predisposition Testing'
    supporting_text: Germline variants occurring in BRCA1 and BRCA2 give rise to hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) syndrome, predisposing to breast, ovarian, fallopian tube, and peritoneal cancers marked by elevated incidences of genomic aberrations that correspond to poor prognoses.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.3390/genes15020219
      reference_title: 'Genetic Basis of Breast and Ovarian Cancer: Approaches and Lessons Learnt from Three Decades of Inherited Predisposition Testing'
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: OTHER
      snippet: Germline variants occurring in BRCA1 and BRCA2 give rise to hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) syndrome, predisposing to breast, ovarian, fallopian tube, and peritoneal cancers marked by elevated incidences of genomic aberrations that correspond to poor prognoses.
      explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome.
- reference: DOI:10.3390/ijms242115507
  title: The BRCA1 c.4096+1G&gt;A Is a Founder Variant Which Originated in Ancient Times
  found_in:
  - Hereditary_Breast_and_Ovarian_Cancer_Syndrome-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: Approximately 30–50% of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) is due to the presence of germline pathogenic variants in the BRCA1 (OMIM 113705) and BRCA2 (OMIM 600185) onco-suppressor genes, which are involved in DNA damage response.
    supporting_text: Approximately 30–50% of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) is due to the presence of germline pathogenic variants in the BRCA1 (OMIM 113705) and BRCA2 (OMIM 600185) onco-suppressor genes, which are involved in DNA damage response.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.3390/ijms242115507
      reference_title: The BRCA1 c.4096+1G&gt;A Is a Founder Variant Which Originated in Ancient Times
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
      snippet: Approximately 30–50% of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) is due to the presence of germline pathogenic variants in the BRCA1 (OMIM 113705) and BRCA2 (OMIM 600185) onco-suppressor genes, which are involved in DNA damage response.
      explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome.
- reference: DOI:10.3390/ijms25020886
  title: Human Fallopian Tube-Derived Organoids with TP53 and RAD51D Mutations Recapitulate an Early Stage High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer Phenotype In Vitro
  found_in:
  - Hereditary_Breast_and_Ovarian_Cancer_Syndrome-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: RAD51D mutations have been implicated in the transformation of normal fallopian tube epithelial (FTE) cells into high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC), one of the most prevalent and aggressive gynecologic malignancies.
    supporting_text: RAD51D mutations have been implicated in the transformation of normal fallopian tube epithelial (FTE) cells into high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC), one of the most prevalent and aggressive gynecologic malignancies.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.3390/ijms25020886
      reference_title: Human Fallopian Tube-Derived Organoids with TP53 and RAD51D Mutations Recapitulate an Early Stage High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer Phenotype In Vitro
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: IN_VITRO
      snippet: RAD51D mutations have been implicated in the transformation of normal fallopian tube epithelial (FTE) cells into high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC), one of the most prevalent and aggressive gynecologic malignancies.
      explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome.
- reference: DOI:10.3390/ijms252312546
  title: Comprehensive Clinical Genetics, Molecular and Pathological Evaluation Efficiently Assist Diagnostics and Therapy Selection in Breast Cancer Patients with Hereditary Genetic Background
  found_in:
  - Hereditary_Breast_and_Ovarian_Cancer_Syndrome-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: Using multigene panel testing for the diagnostic evaluation of patients with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) syndrome often identifies clinically actionable variants in genes with varying levels of penetrance.
    supporting_text: Using multigene panel testing for the diagnostic evaluation of patients with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) syndrome often identifies clinically actionable variants in genes with varying levels of penetrance.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.3390/ijms252312546
      reference_title: Comprehensive Clinical Genetics, Molecular and Pathological Evaluation Efficiently Assist Diagnostics and Therapy Selection in Breast Cancer Patients with Hereditary Genetic Background
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
      snippet: Using multigene panel testing for the diagnostic evaluation of patients with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) syndrome often identifies clinically actionable variants in genes with varying levels of penetrance.
      explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome.
- reference: DOI:10.3390/jcm12041422
  title: 'Risk-Reducing Breast and Gynecological Surgery for BRCA Mutation Carriers: A Narrative Review'
  found_in:
  - Hereditary_Breast_and_Ovarian_Cancer_Syndrome-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: This narrative review aims to clarify the role of breast and gynecological risk-reduction surgery in BRCA mutation carriers.
    supporting_text: This narrative review aims to clarify the role of breast and gynecological risk-reduction surgery in BRCA mutation carriers.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.3390/jcm12041422
      reference_title: 'Risk-Reducing Breast and Gynecological Surgery for BRCA Mutation Carriers: A Narrative Review'
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: OTHER
      snippet: This narrative review aims to clarify the role of breast and gynecological risk-reduction surgery in BRCA mutation carriers.
      explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome.
📚

References & Deep Research

References

32
<i>BRCA1, BRCA2</i>, and Associated Cancer Risks and Management for Male Patients
1 finding
ImportanceHalf of all carriers of inherited cancer-predisposing variants in BRCA1 and BRCA2 are male, but the implications for their health are underrecognized compared to female individuals.
"ImportanceHalf of all carriers of inherited cancer-predisposing variants in BRCA1 and BRCA2 are male, but the implications for their health are underrecognized compared to female individuals."
Show evidence (1 reference)
"ImportanceHalf of all carriers of inherited cancer-predisposing variants in BRCA1 and BRCA2 are male, but the implications for their health are underrecognized compared to female individuals."
Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome.
Uptake of Risk‐Reducing Salpingo‐Oophorectomy and Gynaecologic Surveillance Among Germline <scp><i>BRCA</i></scp> Pathogenic Variants Carriers
1 finding
Risk‐reducing salpingo‐oophorectomy (RRSO) is recommended by international guidelines in women with BRCA1/2 germline pathogenic variants (PV) to prevent ovarian cancer.
"Risk‐reducing salpingo‐oophorectomy (RRSO) is recommended by international guidelines in women with BRCA1/2 germline pathogenic variants (PV) to prevent ovarian cancer."
Show evidence (1 reference)
DOI:10.1002/cam4.70321 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"Risk‐reducing salpingo‐oophorectomy (RRSO) is recommended by international guidelines in women with BRCA1/2 germline pathogenic variants (PV) to prevent ovarian cancer."
Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome.
Uptake of screening and risk-reducing recommendations among women with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome due to pathogenic BRCA1/2 variants evaluated at a large urban comprehensive cancer center
1 finding
Uptake of screening and risk-reducing recommendations among women with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome due to pathogenic BRCA1/2 variants evaluated at a large urban comprehensive cancer center
"Uptake of screening and risk-reducing recommendations among women with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome due to pathogenic BRCA1/2 variants evaluated at a large urban comprehensive cancer center"
Risk-reducing salpingectomy with delayed oophorectomy to prevent ovarian cancer in women with an increased inherited risk: insights into an alternative strategy
1 finding
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the most lethal type of gynaecological cancer, due to lack of effective screening possibilities and because the disease tends to metastasize before onset of symptoms.
"Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the most lethal type of gynaecological cancer, due to lack of effective screening possibilities and because the disease tends to metastasize before onset of symptoms."
Show evidence (1 reference)
"Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the most lethal type of gynaecological cancer, due to lack of effective screening possibilities and because the disease tends to metastasize before onset of symptoms."
Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome.
Age-specific breast and ovarian cancer risks associated with germline BRCA1 or BRCA2 pathogenic variants – an Asian study of 572 families
1 finding
Age-specific breast and ovarian cancer risks associated with germline BRCA1 or BRCA2 pathogenic variants – an Asian study of 572 families
"Age-specific breast and ovarian cancer risks associated with germline BRCA1 or BRCA2 pathogenic variants – an Asian study of 572 families"
Imaging and Screening of Hereditary Cancer Syndromes
1 finding
Imaging and Screening of Hereditary Cancer Syndromes
"Imaging and Screening of Hereditary Cancer Syndromes"
Hereditary Breast and Hereditary Ovarian Cancer: Implications for the Oncology Nurse
1 finding
Hereditary Breast and Hereditary Ovarian Cancer: Implications for the Oncology Nurse
"Hereditary Breast and Hereditary Ovarian Cancer: Implications for the Oncology Nurse"
BRCA-mutated breast cancer: the unmet need, challenges and therapeutic benefits of genetic testing
1 finding
Mutations in the BRCA1 and/or BRCA2 genes (BRCAm) increase the risk of developing breast cancer (BC) and are found in ~5% of unselected patients with the disease.
"Mutations in the BRCA1 and/or BRCA2 genes (BRCAm) increase the risk of developing breast cancer (BC) and are found in ~5% of unselected patients with the disease."
Show evidence (1 reference)
DOI:10.1038/s41416-024-02827-z SUPPORT Human Clinical
"Mutations in the BRCA1 and/or BRCA2 genes (BRCAm) increase the risk of developing breast cancer (BC) and are found in ~5% of unselected patients with the disease."
Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome.
EMQN best practice guidelines for genetic testing in hereditary breast and ovarian cancer
1 finding
Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer (HBOC) is a genetic condition associated with increased risk of cancers.
"Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer (HBOC) is a genetic condition associated with increased risk of cancers."
Show evidence (1 reference)
"Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer (HBOC) is a genetic condition associated with increased risk of cancers."
Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome.
A transcriptional response to replication stress selectively expands a subset of Brca2-mutant mammary epithelial cells
1 finding
Germline BRCA2 mutation carriers frequently develop luminal-like breast cancers, but it remains unclear how BRCA2 mutations affect mammary epithelial subpopulations.
"Germline BRCA2 mutation carriers frequently develop luminal-like breast cancers, but it remains unclear how BRCA2 mutations affect mammary epithelial subpopulations."
Show evidence (1 reference)
"Germline BRCA2 mutation carriers frequently develop luminal-like breast cancers, but it remains unclear how BRCA2 mutations affect mammary epithelial subpopulations."
Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome.
Germline mutations of 4567 patients with hereditary breast-ovarian cancer spectrum in Thailand
1 finding
Multi-gene panel testing has led to the detection of pathogenic/likely pathogenic (P/LP) variants in many cancer susceptibility genes in patients with breast-ovarian cancer spectrum.
"Multi-gene panel testing has led to the detection of pathogenic/likely pathogenic (P/LP) variants in many cancer susceptibility genes in patients with breast-ovarian cancer spectrum."
Show evidence (1 reference)
DOI:10.1038/s41525-024-00400-4 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"Multi-gene panel testing has led to the detection of pathogenic/likely pathogenic (P/LP) variants in many cancer susceptibility genes in patients with breast-ovarian cancer spectrum."
Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome.
Reduced penetrance BRCA1 and BRCA2 pathogenic variants in clinical germline genetic testing
1 finding
Prior studies have suggested the existence of reduced penetrance pathogenic variants (RPPVs) in BRCA1 and BRCA2 (BRCA) which pose challenges for patient counseling and care.
"Prior studies have suggested the existence of reduced penetrance pathogenic variants (RPPVs) in BRCA1 and BRCA2 (BRCA) which pose challenges for patient counseling and care."
Show evidence (1 reference)
DOI:10.1038/s41698-024-00741-4 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"Prior studies have suggested the existence of reduced penetrance pathogenic variants (RPPVs) in BRCA1 and BRCA2 (BRCA) which pose challenges for patient counseling and care."
Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome.
Genomic instability in non–breast or ovarian malignancies of individuals with germline pathogenic variants in <i>BRCA1/2</i>
1 finding
Genomic instability in non–breast or ovarian malignancies of individuals with germline pathogenic variants in <i>BRCA1/2</i>
"Individuals with germline pathogenic variants in BRCA1 or BRCA2 are at a high risk of breast and ovarian carcinomas with BRCA1/2 deficiency and homologous recombination deficiency that can be detected by analysis of genome-wide genomic instability features such as large-scale state transitions,..."
Show evidence (1 reference)
DOI:10.1093/jnci/djae160 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"Individuals with germline pathogenic variants in BRCA1 or BRCA2 are at a high risk of breast and ovarian carcinomas with BRCA1/2 deficiency and homologous recombination deficiency that can be detected by analysis of genome-wide genomic instability features such as large-scale state transitions,..."
Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome.
MYC is Sufficient to Generate Mid-Life High-Grade Serous Ovarian and Uterine Serous Carcinomas in a p53-R270H Mouse Model
1 finding
Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMM) have fundamentally changed how ovarian cancer etiology, early detection, and treatment are understood.
"Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMM) have fundamentally changed how ovarian cancer etiology, early detection, and treatment are understood."
Show evidence (1 reference)
DOI:10.1158/2767-9764.crc-24-0144 SUPPORT Model Organism
"Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMM) have fundamentally changed how ovarian cancer etiology, early detection, and treatment are understood."
Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome.
Primary Prevention and Early Detection of Hereditary Breast Cancer
1 finding
Primary prevention and early detection of hereditary breast cancer has been one of the main topics of breast cancer research in recent decades.
"Primary prevention and early detection of hereditary breast cancer has been one of the main topics of breast cancer research in recent decades."
Show evidence (1 reference)
DOI:10.1159/000533391 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"Primary prevention and early detection of hereditary breast cancer has been one of the main topics of breast cancer research in recent decades."
Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome.
Ovarian Cancer Patient-Derived Organoids Used as a Model for Replicating Genetic Characteristics and Testing Drug Responsiveness: A Preliminary Study
1 finding
This study aimed to explore the role of ovarian cancer patient-derived organoids (PDOs) in their replicating genetic characteristics and testing drug responsiveness.
"This study aimed to explore the role of ovarian cancer patient-derived organoids (PDOs) in their replicating genetic characteristics and testing drug responsiveness."
Show evidence (1 reference)
"This study aimed to explore the role of ovarian cancer patient-derived organoids (PDOs) in their replicating genetic characteristics and testing drug responsiveness."
Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome.
Using Portuguese BRCA pathogenic variation as a model to study the impact of human admixture on human health
1 finding
Admixture occurs between different ethnic human populations.
"Admixture occurs between different ethnic human populations."
Show evidence (1 reference)
DOI:10.1186/s12864-024-10311-4 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"Admixture occurs between different ethnic human populations."
Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome.
Risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy among Chinese women at increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer
1 finding
Risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy (RRSO) is recommended for women at increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer.
"Risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy (RRSO) is recommended for women at increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer."
Show evidence (1 reference)
DOI:10.1186/s13048-023-01222-1 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"Risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy (RRSO) is recommended for women at increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer."
Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome.
Systematic review of the molecular basis of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome in Brazil: the current scenario
1 finding
A detailed understanding of the genetic basis of cancer is of great interest to public health monitoring programs.
"A detailed understanding of the genetic basis of cancer is of great interest to public health monitoring programs."
Show evidence (1 reference)
"A detailed understanding of the genetic basis of cancer is of great interest to public health monitoring programs."
Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome.
Hereditary Gynecologic Cancer Syndromes – A Narrative Review
1 finding
Hereditary Gynecologic Cancer Syndromes – A Narrative Review
"Hereditary Gynecologic Cancer Syndromes – A Narrative Review"
Hereditary Cancer Syndromes
1 finding
Hereditary Cancer Syndromes
"Hereditary Cancer Syndromes"
Efficacy and safety of PARP inhibitor maintenance therapy for ovarian cancer: a meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis of randomized controlled trials
1 finding
The landscape of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor treatment for ovarian cancer (OC) is continually evolving.
"The landscape of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor treatment for ovarian cancer (OC) is continually evolving."
Show evidence (1 reference)
"The landscape of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor treatment for ovarian cancer (OC) is continually evolving."
Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome.
Overview of the Genetic Causes of Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome in a Large French Patient Cohort
1 finding
The use of multigene panel testing for patients with a predisposition to Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer syndrome (HBOC) is increasing as the identification of mutations is useful for diagnosis and disease management.
"The use of multigene panel testing for patients with a predisposition to Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer syndrome (HBOC) is increasing as the identification of mutations is useful for diagnosis and disease management."
Show evidence (1 reference)
DOI:10.3390/cancers15133420 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"The use of multigene panel testing for patients with a predisposition to Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer syndrome (HBOC) is increasing as the identification of mutations is useful for diagnosis and disease management."
Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome.
Prophylactic Interventions for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Risks and Mortality in BRCA1/2 Carriers
1 finding
Hereditary breast and ovarian cancers (HBOCs) pose significant health risks worldwide and are mitigated by prophylactic interventions.
"Hereditary breast and ovarian cancers (HBOCs) pose significant health risks worldwide and are mitigated by prophylactic interventions."
Show evidence (1 reference)
"Hereditary breast and ovarian cancers (HBOCs) pose significant health risks worldwide and are mitigated by prophylactic interventions."
Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome.
BRCA and Beyond: Impact on Therapeutic Choices Across Cancer
1 finding
Identifying patients with gBRCAm is crucial to facilitate screening strategies, preventive measures and the usage of targeted therapeutics in their management.
"Identifying patients with gBRCAm is crucial to facilitate screening strategies, preventive measures and the usage of targeted therapeutics in their management."
Show evidence (1 reference)
DOI:10.3390/cancers17010008 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"Identifying patients with gBRCAm is crucial to facilitate screening strategies, preventive measures and the usage of targeted therapeutics in their management."
Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome.
The Molecular Detection of Germline Mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 Genes Associated with Breast and Ovarian Cancer in a Romanian Cohort of 616 Patients
1 finding
The objective of this study was to identify and classify the spectrum of mutations found in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes associated with breast and ovarian cancer in female patients in Romania.
"The objective of this study was to identify and classify the spectrum of mutations found in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes associated with breast and ovarian cancer in female patients in Romania."
Show evidence (1 reference)
DOI:10.3390/cimb46050281 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"The objective of this study was to identify and classify the spectrum of mutations found in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes associated with breast and ovarian cancer in female patients in Romania."
Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome.
Personalized Systemic Therapies in Hereditary Cancer Syndromes
1 finding
Hereditary cancer syndromes are inherited disorders caused by germline pathogenic variants (PVs) that lead to an increased risk of developing certain types of cancer, frequently at an earlier age than in the rest of the population.
"Hereditary cancer syndromes are inherited disorders caused by germline pathogenic variants (PVs) that lead to an increased risk of developing certain types of cancer, frequently at an earlier age than in the rest of the population."
Show evidence (1 reference)
DOI:10.3390/genes14030684 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"Hereditary cancer syndromes are inherited disorders caused by germline pathogenic variants (PVs) that lead to an increased risk of developing certain types of cancer, frequently at an earlier age than in the rest of the population."
Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome.
Genetic Basis of Breast and Ovarian Cancer: Approaches and Lessons Learnt from Three Decades of Inherited Predisposition Testing
1 finding
Genetic Basis of Breast and Ovarian Cancer: Approaches and Lessons Learnt from Three Decades of Inherited Predisposition Testing
"Germline variants occurring in BRCA1 and BRCA2 give rise to hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) syndrome, predisposing to breast, ovarian, fallopian tube, and peritoneal cancers marked by elevated incidences of genomic aberrations that correspond to poor prognoses."
Show evidence (1 reference)
"Germline variants occurring in BRCA1 and BRCA2 give rise to hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) syndrome, predisposing to breast, ovarian, fallopian tube, and peritoneal cancers marked by elevated incidences of genomic aberrations that correspond to poor prognoses."
Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome.
The BRCA1 c.4096+1G&gt;A Is a Founder Variant Which Originated in Ancient Times
1 finding
Approximately 30–50% of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) is due to the presence of germline pathogenic variants in the BRCA1 (OMIM 113705) and BRCA2 (OMIM 600185) onco-suppressor genes, which are involved in DNA damage response.
"Approximately 30–50% of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) is due to the presence of germline pathogenic variants in the BRCA1 (OMIM 113705) and BRCA2 (OMIM 600185) onco-suppressor genes, which are involved in DNA damage response."
Show evidence (1 reference)
DOI:10.3390/ijms242115507 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"Approximately 30–50% of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) is due to the presence of germline pathogenic variants in the BRCA1 (OMIM 113705) and BRCA2 (OMIM 600185) onco-suppressor genes, which are involved in DNA damage response."
Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome.
Human Fallopian Tube-Derived Organoids with TP53 and RAD51D Mutations Recapitulate an Early Stage High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer Phenotype In Vitro
1 finding
RAD51D mutations have been implicated in the transformation of normal fallopian tube epithelial (FTE) cells into high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC), one of the most prevalent and aggressive gynecologic malignancies.
"RAD51D mutations have been implicated in the transformation of normal fallopian tube epithelial (FTE) cells into high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC), one of the most prevalent and aggressive gynecologic malignancies."
Show evidence (1 reference)
DOI:10.3390/ijms25020886 SUPPORT In Vitro
"RAD51D mutations have been implicated in the transformation of normal fallopian tube epithelial (FTE) cells into high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC), one of the most prevalent and aggressive gynecologic malignancies."
Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome.
Comprehensive Clinical Genetics, Molecular and Pathological Evaluation Efficiently Assist Diagnostics and Therapy Selection in Breast Cancer Patients with Hereditary Genetic Background
1 finding
Using multigene panel testing for the diagnostic evaluation of patients with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) syndrome often identifies clinically actionable variants in genes with varying levels of penetrance.
"Using multigene panel testing for the diagnostic evaluation of patients with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) syndrome often identifies clinically actionable variants in genes with varying levels of penetrance."
Show evidence (1 reference)
DOI:10.3390/ijms252312546 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"Using multigene panel testing for the diagnostic evaluation of patients with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) syndrome often identifies clinically actionable variants in genes with varying levels of penetrance."
Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome.
Risk-Reducing Breast and Gynecological Surgery for BRCA Mutation Carriers: A Narrative Review
1 finding
This narrative review aims to clarify the role of breast and gynecological risk-reduction surgery in BRCA mutation carriers.
"This narrative review aims to clarify the role of breast and gynecological risk-reduction surgery in BRCA mutation carriers."
Show evidence (1 reference)
DOI:10.3390/jcm12041422 SUPPORT Other
"This narrative review aims to clarify the role of breast and gynecological risk-reduction surgery in BRCA mutation carriers."
Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome.

Deep Research

1
Falcon
1. Disease Information
Edison Scientific Literature 89 citations 2026-04-05T16:56:24.014796

1. Disease Information

1.1 Concise overview (what is the disease?)

HBOC is a genetic condition characterized by increased risk for breast and ovarian cancers, often with earlier onset than sporadic cancers, and associated risks for other malignancies depending on the causal gene. HBOC is described as an autosomal dominant inherited disorder/cancer predisposition. (bouras2023overviewofthe pages 1-2, mastrodomenico2023personalizedsystemictherapies pages 1-2)

A large French cohort review states that HBOC accounts for ~10–15% of breast cancers and ~25% of ovarian cancers. (bouras2023overviewofthe pages 1-2)

1.2 Key identifiers

  • OMIM (genes): BRCA1 OMIM #113705, BRCA2 OMIM #612555 are explicitly cited in a 2023 HBOC cohort report. (bouras2023overviewofthe pages 1-2)
  • OMIM (syndrome entries): A review table lists familial HBOC syndrome entries MIM 604370 and MIM 612555. (bonetti2023omicssciencesand pages 2-3)

Not retrieved in the available evidence set: MONDO ID for HBOC, Orphanet disease ID, ICD-10/ICD-11 code, and MeSH identifier for the syndrome itself. These identifiers likely exist in aggregated resources (e.g., MONDO/Orphanet/MeSH), but were not directly extractable from the retrieved full-text snippets used here.

1.3 Synonyms and alternative names

Commonly used names in the retrieved literature include: * Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer (HBOC) syndrome (mcdevitt2024emqnbestpractice pages 1-2, bouras2023overviewofthe pages 1-2) * BRCA-associated hereditary breast/ovarian cancer (tan2024brcaandbeyond pages 2-4) * Hereditary breast–ovarian cancer syndrome (kostov2022hereditarygynecologiccancer pages 5-6)

1.4 Evidence provenance (patient-level vs aggregated)

The knowledge summarized here is derived from a mixture of: * Aggregated disease-level resources (reviews, best-practice guidelines, meta-analyses) (mcdevitt2024emqnbestpractice pages 1-2, sun2024efficacyandsafety pages 1-2) * Large clinical cohorts and retrospective/prospective series (e.g., French 4,630-case panel cohort; Hungarian 513-case program; Romanian 616-case cohort; 2024 implementation cohorts) (bouras2023overviewofthe pages 1-2, nagy2024comprehensiveclinicalgenetics pages 1-2, grigore2024themoleculardetection pages 1-2, assad2024uptakeofscreening pages 1-3)


2. Etiology

2.1 Disease causal factors

Primary causal mechanism (genetic): HBOC is most frequently caused by heterozygous germline P/LP variants in BRCA1/BRCA2, tumor-suppressor genes essential for homologous recombination (HR) DNA double-strand break repair. (barili2024geneticbasisof pages 1-2, mastrodomenico2023personalizedsystemictherapies pages 2-3)

Other genes (expanded HBOC spectrum): Multigene testing increasingly identifies clinically actionable variants in other genes (e.g., PALB2, RAD51C, RAD51D, TP53, and additional moderate-penetrance genes). (bouras2023overviewofthe pages 1-2, nagy2024comprehensiveclinicalgenetics pages 1-2, mcdevitt2024emqnbestpractice pages 2-3)

2.2 Risk factors

Genetic risk factors

  • BRCA1/2 pathogenic variants: confer high lifetime breast/ovarian cancer risks, with quantitative estimates varying by cohort and ancestry (see Section 9). (barili2024geneticbasisof pages 1-2, ho2024agespecificbreastand pages 1-2)
  • Variant-level heterogeneity / penetrance variability: 2024 work proposes a class of reduced penetrance pathogenic variants in BRCA1/2 that confer moderately increased risk, affecting counseling and prevention. (speiser2023primarypreventionand pages 2-3)

Environmental and demographic risk modifiers

Evidence in the retrieved set is limited for specific environmental exposures; however, a meta-analysis synthesis reported a behavioral association: ≥10 lb weight loss between ages 18–30 was associated with 34% lower breast cancer risk in one included study. (liu2023prophylacticinterventionsfor pages 16-17)

2.3 Protective factors

  • Risk-reducing surgeries are the most strongly supported protective interventions (see Prevention). (liu2023prophylacticinterventionsfor pages 1-2, inzoli2024uptakeofrisk‐reducing pages 1-2)
  • Chemoprevention evidence is less consistent in pooled analyses; a 2023 synthesis found a pooled chemoprevention effect that did not reach statistical significance. (liu2023prophylacticinterventionsfor pages 16-17)

2.4 Gene–environment interactions

Specific gene–environment interaction evidence (e.g., formal GxE interaction terms) was not directly retrieved from the evidence set.


3. Phenotypes (clinical presentation)

3.1 Core tumor phenotypes and subtype features

Breast cancer

  • Breast cancer is the predominant phenotype; breast cancer risk increases from the mid-20s in BRCA carriers in one clinical testing summary. (list2021oncogenedxbrca1and pages 1-3)
  • Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC): BRCA1-associated breast cancers are frequently triple-negative; one radiology review reports ~70% of BRCA1 carriers’ breast cancers are triple-negative vs ~10–20% in the general population. (katabathina2017imagingandscreening pages 1-2)

Ovarian cancer / extrauterine pelvic serous cancers

  • High-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) is the most common ovarian manifestation in HBOC and is described as often originating from the fimbrial end of the fallopian tube. (katabathina2017imagingandscreening pages 1-2)
  • A 2024 review notes HGSC accounts for ~65–75% of ovarian cancers in the general population but ~90% of epithelial ovarian cancers in BRCA1/2 carriers. (gootzen2024riskreducingsalpingectomywith pages 1-2)

Fallopian tube precursor lesions

  • Serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma (STIC) is described as the proposed HGSC precursor, typically located in the distal/fimbriated tube. (gootzen2024riskreducingsalpingectomywith pages 1-2)
  • A 2023 prospective RRSO cohort using SEE-FIM identified STIC, STILs, and frequent p53 signatures in mutation carriers (p53 signature in ~32.4%). (feng2023riskreducingsalpingooophorectomyamong pages 1-3)

Male phenotypes and additional cancers

  • Male implications are under-recognized; a 2024 JAMA Oncology review states approximately half of BRCA1/2 PV carriers are male, but men undergo cancer genetic testing far less frequently (RR 0.10, 95% CI 0.05–0.23 vs women). (cheng2024brca1brca2and pages 1-3)
  • BRCA2-associated risks include male breast, prostate, and pancreatic cancers (quantitative estimates vary by source; see Section 9). (mastrodomenico2023personalizedsystemictherapies pages 1-2, list2021oncogenedxbrca1and pages 1-3)

3.2 Suggested HPO terms (examples)

The retrieved evidence supports mapping at least the following phenotypes to HPO: * Breast carcinoma (from evidence of breast cancer risk) (barili2024geneticbasisof pages 1-2, list2021oncogenedxbrca1and pages 1-3) * Ovarian carcinoma / epithelial ovarian cancer (gootzen2024riskreducingsalpingectomywith pages 1-2) * High-grade serous carcinoma (ovary) (katabathina2017imagingandscreening pages 1-2, gootzen2024riskreducingsalpingectomywith pages 1-2) * Triple-negative breast cancer (katabathina2017imagingandscreening pages 1-2) * Fallopian tube carcinoma; primary peritoneal carcinoma (mastrodomenico2023personalizedsystemictherapies pages 1-2, katabathina2017imagingandscreening pages 1-2) * Male breast cancer; prostate cancer; pancreatic cancer (mastrodomenico2023personalizedsystemictherapies pages 1-2, cheng2024brca1brca2and pages 1-3) * Contralateral breast cancer (list2021oncogenedxbrca1and pages 1-3) * STIC (as precursor lesion; while not strictly an HPO phenotype, it can be captured as a pathologic finding) (gootzen2024riskreducingsalpingectomywith pages 1-2)

Frequency among affected individuals: numeric phenotype frequencies are sparse in the retrieved set beyond TNBC (~70% of BRCA1-associated breast cancers) and HGSC predominance (~90% of EOC in BRCA carriers). (katabathina2017imagingandscreening pages 1-2, gootzen2024riskreducingsalpingectomywith pages 1-2)

Quality-of-life impact: evidence is indirect; risk management is characterized as burdensome and lifelong by qualitative work, supporting QoL/psychosocial impact. (bonetti2023omicssciencesand pages 2-3)


4. Genetic / Molecular Information

4.1 Causal genes

Core causal genes and testing panel genes include: * BRCA1/BRCA2 (high penetrance) (barili2024geneticbasisof pages 1-2) * Other high/moderate penetrance genes reported in clinical panels: PALB2, TP53, RAD51C, RAD51D, BRIP1, ATM, CHEK2, and others depending on panel composition. (mcdevitt2024emqnbestpractice pages 2-3, nagy2024comprehensiveclinicalgenetics pages 1-2, bouras2023overviewofthe pages 1-2)

4.2 Pathogenic variant classes and interpretation

  • A 2024 review reports ClinVar counts (Dec 2023): ~4,300 BRCA1 and ~5,200 BRCA2 pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants; ~80% truncating, ~10% missense, ~10% CNVs. (barili2024geneticbasisof pages 2-4)
  • Variant interpretation challenges include VUS: a best-practice review notes ClinVar contains ~37% BRCA1 and ~45% BRCA2 unique variants classified as VUS, motivating functional assays to improve classification. (sirera2020novelapproachesfor pages 25-30)
  • 2024 clinical cohort work explicitly used ACMG criteria for variant interpretation in hereditary cancer panel testing. (nagy2024comprehensiveclinicalgenetics pages 2-4)

4.3 Somatic vs germline

EMQN best-practice guidance emphasizes both tumor (somatic) and germline BRCA testing to inform PARP inhibitor eligibility; ovarian tumor testing detects BRCA1/2 pathogenic variants in ~15% of patients, ~7% somatic-only. (mcdevitt2024emqnbestpractice pages 3-4)

4.4 Modifier genes / polygenic risk

EMQN notes polygenic risk scores (e.g., PRS313 in BOADICEA/CanRisk) exist but require further validation before routine use. (mcdevitt2024emqnbestpractice pages 1-2)

4.5 Epigenetic information

Noncoding mechanisms can contribute: a BRCA1 deep promoter variant (c.-107A>T) is described as causing promoter methylation (“secondary epimutation”) and reduced expression. (barili2024geneticbasisof pages 2-4)

4.6 Chromosomal abnormalities

Large rearrangements (CNVs) are an important component; EMQN requires CNV analysis at minimum and notes FFPE CNV calling challenges. (mcdevitt2024emqnbestpractice pages 3-4)


5. Environmental Information

The retrieved evidence base is limited on specific environmental toxins/infections for HBOC. Lifestyle/weight change evidence is noted under Etiology (Section 2). (liu2023prophylacticinterventionsfor pages 16-17)


6. Mechanism / Pathophysiology

6.1 Causal chain (conceptual)

  1. Germline heterozygous loss-of-function in BRCA1/BRCA2 (tumor suppressors). (barili2024geneticbasisof pages 1-2)
  2. In tumors, biallelic inactivation via loss of the remaining wild-type allele (“second hit”) produces BRCA deficiency and homologous recombination deficiency (HRD). (elze2024genomicinstabilityin pages 1-2)
  3. HRD shifts repair toward error-prone pathways, producing genomic instability scars measurable by LOH/LST/TAI signatures. (elze2024genomicinstabilityin pages 1-2, barili2024geneticbasisof pages 19-22)
  4. Resulting genomic instability contributes to carcinogenesis, notably breast cancer and HGSC; and creates vulnerabilities to platinum chemotherapy and PARP inhibitors (synthetic lethality). (mastrodomenico2023personalizedsystemictherapies pages 2-3, elze2024genomicinstabilityin pages 1-2)

6.2 Molecular pathways and terms

HR/HRD and genomic scars: JNCI 2024 defines HRD features such as large-scale state transitions, genomic loss-of-heterozygosity and telomeric allelic imbalance. (elze2024genomicinstabilityin pages 1-2)

PARP synthetic lethality: PARP inhibitors inhibit catalytic PARylation and trap PARP on DNA, converting persistent SSBs into DSBs at replication forks; HR-deficient cells cannot repair these DSBs effectively, causing cell death. (mastrodomenico2023personalizedsystemictherapies pages 2-3)

Ontology suggestions (best-effort): * GO Biological Process: homologous recombination; DNA double-strand break repair (supported by BRCA1/2 HR role) (barili2024geneticbasisof pages 1-2) * Cell Ontology (CL): mammary epithelial cell (murine mammary organoid model); fallopian tube epithelial cell (FTE) (najafabadi2023atranscriptionalresponse pages 1-2, dai2024humanfallopiantubederived pages 1-2)

6.3 Tissue-of-origin in ovarian cancer

The fallopian tube origin hypothesis is supported by STIC precursor lesions in the distal tube; a 2024 review states STICs are characterized by aberrant p53 and Ki-67 immunohistochemistry and that no precursor lesions have been identified in ovaries. (gootzen2024riskreducingsalpingectomywith pages 1-2)


7. Anatomical Structures Affected

7.1 Organ level (primary)

  • Breast (UBERON: breast)
  • Ovary (UBERON: ovary)
  • Fallopian tube (fimbrial end) (UBERON: fallopian tube) (katabathina2017imagingandscreening pages 1-2, gootzen2024riskreducingsalpingectomywith pages 1-2)
  • Peritoneum (primary peritoneal carcinoma in spectrum) (mastrodomenico2023personalizedsystemictherapies pages 1-2)

7.2 Tissue/cell level

  • Mammary epithelial compartment (mouse mammary organoid evidence) (najafabadi2023atranscriptionalresponse pages 1-2)
  • Fallopian tube epithelium (FTE organoid and STIC precursor evidence) (dai2024humanfallopiantubederived pages 1-2, gootzen2024riskreducingsalpingectomywith pages 1-2)

7.3 Subcellular level

Mechanistically centered on nuclear DNA repair processes (homologous recombination, DNA damage response; PARP at DNA damage sites). (mastrodomenico2023personalizedsystemictherapies pages 2-3)


8. Temporal Development

8.1 Onset

  • Breast cancer risk in BRCA carriers is described as increasing from the mid-20s; ovarian risk begins in the mid-30s and rises markedly in later decades. (list2021oncogenedxbrca1and pages 1-3)

8.2 Progression

HGSC and extrauterine pelvic serous carcinomas are typically aggressive; ovarian cancer is often diagnosed late in the general population (advanced stage common), motivating preventive surgery. (inzoli2024uptakeofrisk‐reducing pages 1-2)


9. Inheritance and Population

9.1 Inheritance pattern

Autosomal dominant inheritance is repeatedly stated for HBOC. (bouras2023overviewofthe pages 1-2, mastrodomenico2023personalizedsystemictherapies pages 1-2)

9.2 Carrier prevalence / population frequency

  • BRCA1/2 P/LPV prevalence is estimated at ~1:400–1:500 in non-Ashkenazi populations in one review, and ~1:400 in another; Ashkenazi Jewish prevalence is much higher (reported ~1:40) due to founder mutations. (mastrodomenico2023personalizedsystemictherapies pages 1-2, barili2024geneticbasisof pages 1-2)
  • A 2024 male-focused review reports population prevalence around 1 in 250 (with ancestry variation). (cheng2024brca1brca2and pages 1-3)
  • A 2024 Portuguese/Brazilian admixture study cites global carrier prevalence estimates of BRCA1 0.079% and BRCA2 0.124% and provides open databases of variants. (andaluz2024usingportuguesebrca pages 1-3)

9.3 Penetrance / risk estimates (selected)

Risk estimates vary across studies and populations; examples: * By age 70, breast cancer risk: ~60–66% BRCA1, ~55–61% BRCA2; ovarian cancer risk: ~41–58% BRCA1, ~15–16.5% BRCA2 (2024 review). (barili2024geneticbasisof pages 1-2) * Asian family study (Malaysia/Singapore) provides ethnicity- and region-specific cumulative risks by age 80 (e.g., Singapore BRCA1 breast ~57–61%, ovarian ~42%; BRCA2 breast ~43–47%, ovarian ~20%). (ho2024agespecificbreastand pages 1-2)

9.4 Founder effects and population-specific variants

  • Brazil: BRCA1 c.5266dupC accounts for 26.8% of pathogenic BRCA1 mutations in clinically selected HBOC patients; across screened Brazilian patients, frequency ~2% (120/6008). BRCA2 c.156_157insAlu accounts for 9.6% of reported BRCA2 pathogenic mutations in Brazilian literature. (ribeiro2024systematicreviewof pages 1-2)
  • Portugal: among Portuguese PV carriers, 59.5% carried three founder PVs (BRCA1 c.2037delinsCC; BRCA1 c.3331_3334del; BRCA2 c.156_157insAlu). (andaluz2024usingportuguesebrca pages 1-3)
  • Tuscany (Italy): BRCA1 c.4096+1G>A founder variant estimated MRCA ~155 generations (~3000 years) ago. (aretini2023thebrca1c.4096+1g>a pages 1-2)

10. Diagnostics

10.1 Genetic testing (current approach)

Panel testing is now routine in many settings due to cost decreases and expanded clinical actionability. EMQN 2024 provides best-practice laboratory guidance for HBOC genetic testing and emphasizes somatic + germline workflows, minimum-gene expectations (BRCA1/2 and PALB2 at minimum), and mandatory CNV analysis capability. (mcdevitt2024emqnbestpractice pages 2-3, mcdevitt2024emqnbestpractice pages 3-4)

Detection rates and yield examples: * French 13-gene panel cohort (n=4,630): 528 P/LP variants detected; BRCA1 and BRCA2 together comprised ~75% of P/LP findings; retesting BRCA-negative cases with expanded panels yielded clinically relevant findings in 5%. (bouras2023overviewofthe pages 1-2) * Hungarian hereditary cancer panel: extended panel doubled detection vs BRCA1/2-only (20.7% vs 12.1%). (nagy2024comprehensiveclinicalgenetics pages 2-4)

Technical confirmation methods: One large cohort confirmed P/LP calls via Sanger for SNVs/indels, MLPA for CNVs, and PCR/RT-PCR for complex/splice variants. (bouras2023overviewofthe pages 2-4)

10.2 Tumor testing for therapy selection

EMQN notes ovarian tumor testing identifies BRCA1/2 pathogenic variants in ~15% of patients (including ~7% somatic-only), informing PARP inhibitor eligibility. (mcdevitt2024emqnbestpractice pages 3-4)

10.3 Imaging/screening diagnostics

A radiology review notes BRCA-associated breast cancers may appear well circumscribed and can mimic benign lesions, supporting careful biopsy of detected lesions. (katabathina2017imagingandscreening pages 1-2)


11. Outcome / Prognosis

Direct survival/prognosis statistics for HBOC carriers as a group were not comprehensively retrieved; however: * BRCA-associated ovarian tumors (HGSC) are described as sensitive to platinum and PARP inhibitors, influencing outcomes. (katabathina2017imagingandscreening pages 1-2, elze2024genomicinstabilityin pages 1-2)


12. Treatment

12.1 Targeted therapy: PARP inhibitors

PARP inhibitors exploit HRD synthetic lethality in BRCA-deficient tumors. (mastrodomenico2023personalizedsystemictherapies pages 2-3)

Breast cancer (adjuvant; 2024 review reporting OlympiA outcomes): 1 year of adjuvant olaparib improved 4-year iDFS 82.7% vs 75.4% (HR 0.63) and 4-year OS 89.8% vs 86.4% (HR 0.68; p=0.009) at median 3.5-year follow-up. (tan2024brcaandbeyond pages 2-4)

Breast cancer (metastatic): * OlympiAD: olaparib vs chemotherapy median PFS 7.0 vs 4.2 months (HR 0.58); ORR 59.9% vs 28.8%; OS not statistically significant (median OS 19.3 vs 17.1 months; HR 0.90). (tan2024brcaandbeyond pages 2-4) * EMBRACA: talazoparib PFS 8.6 vs 5.6 months (HR 0.54); ORR 62.6% vs 27.2%; no significant OS benefit. (tan2024brcaandbeyond pages 2-4)

Ovarian cancer maintenance (2024 meta-analysis): pooled improvements vs placebo: PFS HR 0.398, OS HR 0.677, with increased toxicities (any-grade TEAEs RR 1.046; grade ≥3 RR 2.931). (sun2024efficacyandsafety pages 1-2)

12.2 Platinum chemotherapy

HRD/BRCA1/2 deficiency predicts increased sensitivity to platinum agents across tumor types. (elze2024genomicinstabilityin pages 1-2)

12.3 Ongoing and example clinical trials (NCT)

Interventional studies retrieved include: * NCT03344965 (Olaparib in metastatic breast cancer) (arun2024brcamutatedbreastcancer pages 6-7) * NCT03150576 (PARTNER; neoadjuvant olaparib + chemotherapy in TNBC; gBRCA wild-type population) (abraham2024thepartnertrial pages 1-4) * Risk-management/education/decision-support trials include NCT04683068, NCT06914726, NCT00673335 (beamer2019hereditarybreastand pages 1-3)


13. Prevention

Key prevention approaches are summarized in artifact-01 and include: * RRSO: mortality and ovarian cancer risk reduction with variable uptake (liu2023prophylacticinterventionsfor pages 1-2, assad2024uptakeofscreening pages 1-3, inzoli2024uptakeofrisk‐reducing pages 1-2) * Risk-reducing mastectomy: large breast cancer risk reduction; uptake variable (bertozzi2023riskreducingbreastand pages 6-7, assad2024uptakeofscreening pages 1-3) * Intensified surveillance: annual MRI with supplemental imaging per programmatic models (speiser2023primarypreventionand pages 2-3, assad2024uptakeofscreening pages 1-3)


14. Other Species / Natural Disease

No naturally occurring non-human HBOC syndrome evidence was retrieved; however, the genes and pathways are evolutionarily conserved and modeled in mice and organoids (see Model Organisms).


15. Model Organisms and Experimental Models

15.1 Mouse and organoid models

  • Brca2mut/WT mouse mammary organoids: replication stress triggers a transcriptional response and selective expansion of HR-negative luminal cells; CRISPR deletion of Tspan8/Thrsp prevents expansion. (Najafabadi 2023, Nature Communications; DOI https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-40956-w; publication Aug 2023) (najafabadi2023atranscriptionalresponse pages 1-2)
  • HGSOC GEMM (fallopian tube epithelium): Myc + Trp53-R270H under Ovgp1 promoter; lethal cancer at mean ~14.5 months latency; relevant to HGSOC biology including cases without HR mutations. (Blackman 2024, Cancer Research Communications; DOI https://doi.org/10.1158/2767-9764.CRC-24-0144; publication Sep 2024) (blackman2024mycissufficient pages 1-3)

15.2 Human and patient-derived organoids

  • Human FTE organoids (TP53 + RAD51D): co-deletion models early-stage HGSOC phenotypes and shows heightened sensitivity to platinum and PARPi. (Dai 2024, IJMS; DOI https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25020886; publication Jan 2024) (dai2024humanfallopiantubederived pages 1-2)
  • Ovarian cancer patient-derived organoids (PDOs): establishment success 54% (7/13); organoids preserve histology, IHC, variants (including BRCA1) and CNVs; used for drug-response testing; cryopreservation slowed regrowth 14 vs 10 days (P<0.01). (Chang 2024, Cell Transplantation; DOI https://doi.org/10.1177/09636897241281869; publication Jan 2024) (chang2024ovariancancerpatientderived pages 1-2)

15.3 Model limitations (selected)

The HGSOC GEMM highlights limitations such as differences in mouse anatomy (ovarian bursa) and challenges modeling metastasis. (blackman2024mycissufficient pages 20-21)


Direct abstract quotes supporting key claims (selected)

  • EMQN best practice (HBOC testing complexity and changes): the past decade brought “significant changes to hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) diagnostic testing with new treatments, testing methods and strategies…” (McDevitt 2024; DOI https://doi.org/10.1038/s41431-023-01507-5) (mcdevitt2024emqnbestpractice pages 1-2)
  • PARP synthetic lethality mechanism in HRD: “PARP inhibitors act both by inhibiting catalytic activity and by trapping PARP on DNA… producing synthetic lethality in HR-deficient (e.g., BRCA-mutant) cells.” (Mastrodomenico 2023; DOI https://doi.org/10.3390/genes14030684) (mastrodomenico2023personalizedsystemictherapies pages 2-3)

Evidence gaps and notes for knowledge-base curation

  1. Ontology identifiers (MONDO/Orphanet/MeSH/ICD) for HBOC syndrome were not found in the retrieved full-text evidence and should be pulled directly from those resources.
  2. Many penetrance estimates exist; this report intentionally cites only values explicitly present in retrieved evidence. (barili2024geneticbasisof pages 1-2, ho2024agespecificbreastand pages 1-2)
  3. Environmental risk factors and formal GxE interactions were minimally represented in the retrieved evidence.

Key recent authoritative sources (with URLs and publication dates)

  • McDevitt et al. EMQN best practice guidelines — Mar 2024 — https://doi.org/10.1038/s41431-023-01507-5 (mcdevitt2024emqnbestpractice pages 1-2)
  • Cheng et al. BRCA1/2 male risks and management — Sep 2024 — https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2024.2185 (cheng2024brca1brca2and pages 1-3)
  • Ho et al. Asian age-specific BRCA risks (Lancet Reg Health WP) — Mar 2024 — https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanwpc.2024.101017 (ho2024agespecificbreastand pages 1-2)
  • Barili et al. Inherited predisposition testing review — Feb 2024 — https://doi.org/10.3390/genes15020219 (barili2024geneticbasisof pages 1-2)
  • Sun & Liu PARPi maintenance meta-analysis — Sep 2024 — https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2024.1460285 (sun2024efficacyandsafety pages 1-2)
  • Assad et al. Real-world uptake of risk management — Apr 2024 — https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-024-07283-0 (assad2024uptakeofscreening pages 1-3)
  • Ribeiro et al. Brazil HBOC systematic review — Mar 2024 — https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-024-01767-x (ribeiro2024systematicreviewof pages 1-2)

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