Fallopian tube benign neoplasm

Gynecologic Neoplasm MONDO:0000645 Pathograph 9 benign female reproductive system neoplasm fallopian tube neoplasm

Fallopian tube benign neoplasm is a non-metastasizing neoplastic process of the fallopian tube, including epithelial and mesenchymal benign tumors that can present with pelvic symptoms, adnexal mass effect, or incidental imaging findings.

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6
Pathophys.
2
Histopath.
4
Phenotypes
3
Gaps
9
Pathograph
2
Treatments
2
Subtypes
1
Differentials
5
References
1
Deep Research
◆

Subtypes

2
Benign epithelial tubal neoplasms
Benign epithelial tumors include papilloma, cystadenoma, adenofibroma, cystadenofibroma, metaplastic papillary tumors, and endometrioid polyps.
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:32317841 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"According to clasification of World health organisation (WHO), papillomas, cystadenoma, adenofibroma, cystadenofibroma (CAF), metaplastic papillary tumors and endometrioid polyps belong to group of benign tumors."
This abstract enumerates core benign epithelial subtypes recognized in WHO-style classification.
Benign mesenchymal/paratubal smooth muscle tumors
Rare benign smooth muscle tumors may arise from paratubal or mesosalpinx tissue adjacent to the fallopian tube and present as adnexal masses.
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:41594193 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"A paratubal leiomyoma is an exceptionally rare benign smooth muscle tumor arising from paratubal tissue, with only sporadic cases reported in the literature."
Supports inclusion of benign smooth muscle lesions in the tubal/paratubal benign neoplasm spectrum.
?

Discussions and Knowledge Gaps

3
What are the population-level incidence and subtype distributions for benign fallopian tube neoplasms when contemporary pathology classification is applied across multicenter cohorts?
KNOWLEDGE GAP OPEN gap_ftbn_population_incidence_and_subtype_denominators
Attached to
epidemiology#Rare disease burden in gynecologic pathology
Current evidence is dominated by case reports and small retrospective series, limiting quantitative prevalence estimates and subtype-specific risk stratification.
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:32317841 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"Tumors of Fallopian tubes are rare in general, and they are the rarest tumors of female genital tract."
Motivates the need for denominator-based epidemiologic studies.
Which multimodal imaging and biomarker combinations best distinguish benign tubal/paratubal neoplasms from ovarian or fallopian tube malignancy before surgery?
OPEN QUESTION OPEN gap_ftbn_preop_discrimination_from_malignant_adnexal_masses
Attached to
diagnosis#Imaging-first adnexal mass evaluation differential_diagnoses#Fallopian tube cancer
Benign lesions can appear radiologically malignant, and robust prospective triage criteria are not yet standardized for rare tubal neoplasms.
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:41594193 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"This case highlights the diagnostic challenge of differentiating paratubal leiomyomas from ovarian tumors based on imaging alone. Histopathological examination is essential for confirmation."
Supports unresolved preoperative discrimination challenges.
Which molecular alterations define biologically distinct benign tubal neoplasm subtypes and predict recurrence risk after fertility-sparing versus definitive surgery?
KNOWLEDGE GAP OPEN gap_ftbn_molecular_drivers_and_recurrence_predictors
Attached to
pathophysiology#Localized benign epithelial or smooth muscle proliferation in tubal/adnexal tissue progression#Benign post-resection clinical course
Existing literature lacks systematic multi-omic profiling and long-term recurrence-linked molecular annotations across benign tubal tumor classes.
Prioritize paired pathology-genomic registries with standardized follow-up windows.
⚙

Pathophysiology

6
Localized benign epithelial or smooth muscle proliferation in tubal/adnexal tissue
Benign epithelial-stromal or smooth muscle proliferation arises in the fallopian tube or adjacent paratubal tissue and remains spatially confined rather than adopting invasive malignant behavior.
fallopian tube epithelial cell link smooth muscle cell link
cell population proliferation link ↑ INCREASED
fallopian tube link
Downstream
Circumscribed benign adnexal lesion formation Localized proliferation yields a non-invasive circumscribed tubal or paratubal lesion.
Hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis dysregulation in selected adenofibromas Selected lesions containing hormonally active stromal elements may perturb reproductive endocrine signaling.
Show evidence (2 references)
PMID:32522722 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"Serous adenofibroma of the fallopian tube is a rare, benign tumour of the female genital tract."
Supports benign localized neoplastic proliferation in tubal tissue.
PMID:41594193 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"A paratubal leiomyoma is an exceptionally rare benign smooth muscle tumor arising from paratubal tissue, with only sporadic cases reported in the literature."
Extends the benign localized growth model to the paratubal smooth muscle subtype.
Circumscribed benign adnexal lesion formation
Benign tubal lesions develop papillary, cystic, fibrous, or solid architecture while remaining well circumscribed and non-destructive.
cell population proliferation link ↑ INCREASED extracellular matrix organization link ⚠ ABNORMAL
Downstream
Progressive enlargement and tubal distortion Continued localized growth can expand the lesion and distort adjacent adnexal anatomy.
Show evidence (2 references)
DOI:10.1186/s12905-023-02407-y SUPPORT Human Clinical
"Small cysts of 0.5–3 cm in diameter are mostly incidentally found at the fimbriae end, with coarse papillary excrescences lined by epithelial cells and connective tissue stroma without nuclear pleomorphism or mitosis."
Supports the benign epithelial-stromal architecture of tubal adenofibroma lesions.
PMID:41594193 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"A diagnostic laparoscopy revealed a well-circumscribed solid mass arising from the mesosalpinx, separate from the ovary and fallopian tube and consistent with a paratubal mass, which was successfully excised laparoscopically."
Supports circumscribed solid benign lesion formation in the paratubal smooth muscle subtype.
Progressive enlargement and tubal distortion
Ongoing enlargement of a confined tubal or paratubal lesion can expand the adnexa, occupy abdominal space, and distort local anatomy without invasion.
Downstream
Abdominal mass Large confined lesions become clinically appreciable as abdominal or adnexal masses.
Local adnexal pressure and tissue stretch Expanding lesions impose pressure and stretch on adnexal tissues.
Clinical detection by imaging, surgery, or pathology Anatomically visible lesions enter imaging and operative diagnostic workflows.
Show evidence (2 references)
PMID:32522722 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"This report presents an atypical case of a 17-year-old girl with a tubal serous adenofibroma that presented with a palpable mass occupying the entire abdomen accompanied by urinary symptoms."
Supports progression from a confined lesion to large-volume mass effect.
PMID:41594193 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"A transvaginal ultrasound demonstrated a complex left adnexal mass with calcifications, and computed tomography (CT) confirmed a 7.8 × 5.5 × 4.7 cm lesion suggestive of an ovarian malignancy."
Supports anatomically significant enlargement of benign adnexal lesions.
Local adnexal pressure and tissue stretch
Distortion and stretching of local adnexal tissues create a mechanical basis for pain or discomfort in symptomatic cases.
fallopian tube link
Downstream
Pelvic pain Mechanical irritation from the enlarged adnexal lesion can manifest as pelvic pain.
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:40973595 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"A thorough history and abdominal examination should be performed and may help delineate adnexal etiologies of pain or discomfort."
Supports adnexal tissue distortion as a clinically relevant pain-generating context.
Hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis dysregulation in selected adenofibromas
In uncommon adenofibroma presentations with heterotopic sex cord-stromal elements, altered endocrine signaling can disrupt reproductive cycling.
Downstream
Abnormality of the menstrual cycle Reproductive endocrine dysregulation can present as menstrual irregularity.
Show evidence (1 reference)
DOI:10.1186/s12905-023-02407-y SUPPORT Human Clinical
"The clinical picture derived from heterotopic extraovarian sex cord-stromal proliferation indicated a disordered hypothalamus-pituitary-ovary axis."
Supports an endocrine dysregulation branch in selected benign tubal adenofibromas.
Clinical detection by imaging, surgery, or pathology
Most lesions are identified through pelvic imaging, operative evaluation, or histopathologic examination after resection.
Show evidence (2 references)
PMID:25525402 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"From histopathological findings, the lesion was identified as a serous fallopian tube adenofibroma."
Confirms definitive detection through postoperative histopathology.
PMID:41594193 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"This case highlights the diagnostic challenge of differentiating paratubal leiomyomas from ovarian tumors based on imaging alone. Histopathological examination is essential for confirmation."
Supports final diagnostic confirmation by pathology after imaging/surgical workup.
✶

Histopathology

2
Circumscribed benign tubal neoplasm
Histology demonstrates a circumscribed non-invasive neoplasm without destructive stromal invasion.
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:41594193 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"A diagnostic laparoscopy revealed a well-circumscribed solid mass arising from the mesosalpinx, separate from the ovary and fallopian tube and consistent with a paratubal mass, which was successfully excised laparoscopically."
Supports circumscribed non-invasive morphologic behavior in a benign paratubal/tubal-spectrum neoplasm.
Serous adenofibroma histologic diagnosis
Histopathology can confirm serous adenofibroma when intraoperative diagnosis is uncertain.
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:25525402 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"From histopathological findings, the lesion was identified as a serous fallopian tube adenofibroma."
Supports definitive histologic identification of a benign tubal adenofibroma subtype.
⬡

Pathograph

Use the checkboxes to hide or show graph categories. Hover nodes for evidence and cross-linked metadata.
Pathograph: causal mechanism network for Fallopian tube benign neoplasm Interactive directed graph showing how pathophysiology mechanisms, phenotypes, genetic factors and variants, experimental models, environmental triggers, and treatments relate through causal and linked edges.
●

Phenotypes

4
Digestive 1
Abdominal mass Abdominal mass (HP:0031500)
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:32522722 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"This report presents an atypical case of a 17-year-old girl with a tubal serous adenofibroma that presented with a palpable mass occupying the entire abdomen accompanied by urinary symptoms."
Directly supports abdominal mass presentation in benign tubal neoplasm.
Constitutional 1
Pelvic pain Pelvic pain (HP:0034267)
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:40973595 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"A thorough history and abdominal examination should be performed and may help delineate adnexal etiologies of pain or discomfort."
Supports pain/discomfort as a core presenting clinical axis in tubal pathology.
Other 2
Postmenopausal bleeding Postmenopausal bleeding (HP:0033840)
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:41594193 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"We present the case of a 72-year-old postmenopausal woman with intermittent spotting for three months."
Supports postmenopausal spotting as a potential presenting feature.
Abnormality of the menstrual cycle Abnormality of the menstrual cycle (HP:0000140)
Show evidence (1 reference)
DOI:10.1186/s12905-023-02407-y SUPPORT Human Clinical
"A 23-year-old woman with normal secondary sexual characters and 46, XX karyotype, presented to the gynecology clinic complaining of irregular menstrual cycles."
Supports menstrual-cycle disturbance in a benign tubal adenofibroma case.
💊

Treatments

2
Surgical excision
Action: surgical procedure MAXO:0000004
Definitive management is usually surgical removal when diagnosis is uncertain or symptoms are present.
Show evidence (2 references)
PMID:32522722 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"She underwent a laparoscopic surgery with drainage of 1800 mL of yellow, citrine liquid from the cyst and left salpingectomy with no complications."
Supports definitive surgical management with favorable short-term outcome.
Artifact: image-1.png
image-1.png
PMID:40973595 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"When surgical intervention is indicated, laparoscopy can often provide a safe and effective means of definitive diagnosis and treatment."
Supports laparoscopy as an effective therapeutic and diagnostic approach.
Fertility-preserving laparoscopic excision
Action: surgical procedure MAXO:0000004
In selected patients with fertility goals, tubal leiomyoma excision may be performed with techniques aimed at preserving tubal patency.
Show evidence (1 reference)
DOI:10.3389/fsurg.2023.997338 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"For those patients with fertility requirements, some fertility-preserving techniques can be used to allow complete resection of the leiomyoma and avoid tubal damage."
Supports fertility-preserving surgical strategy in benign tubal leiomyoma management.
🔀

Differential Diagnoses

1

Conditions with similar clinical presentations that must be differentiated from Fallopian tube benign neoplasm:

Fallopian tube cancer Not Yet Curated MONDO:0002158
Overlapping Features Malignant fallopian tube neoplasms show invasive growth, metastatic potential, and cytologic atypia not expected in benign tumors.
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:41594193 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"A transvaginal ultrasound demonstrated a complex left adnexal mass with calcifications, and computed tomography (CT) confirmed a 7.8 × 5.5 × 4.7 cm lesion suggestive of an ovarian malignancy."
Illustrates malignant-appearing imaging differential in benign adnexal/tubal tumors.
{ }

Source YAML

click to show 
name: Fallopian tube benign neoplasm
creation_date: "2026-05-27T00:00:00Z"
category: Gynecologic Neoplasm
description: >-
  Fallopian tube benign neoplasm is a non-metastasizing neoplastic process of
  the fallopian tube, including epithelial and mesenchymal benign tumors that
  can present with pelvic symptoms, adnexal mass effect, or incidental imaging
  findings.
disease_term:
  preferred_term: fallopian tube benign neoplasm
  term:
    id: MONDO:0000645
    label: fallopian tube benign neoplasm
parents:
- benign female reproductive system neoplasm
- fallopian tube neoplasm
synonyms:
- benign neoplasm of fallopian tube
- benign fallopian tube tumor
references:
- reference: PMID:32317841
  title: "Papillary Cystadenofibroma of Fallopian Tube: Case Report with a Literature Review."
- reference: PMID:32522722
  title: Giant serous adenofibroma of the fallopian tube.
- reference: PMID:25525402
  title: "A case of fallopian tube adenofibroma: difficulties associated with differentiation from ectopic pregnancy."
- reference: PMID:41594193
  title: "Paratubal Leiomyoma Mimicking Ovarian Malignancy: A Case Report and Literature Review."
- reference: PMID:40973595
  title: "The fallopian tube and its pathology: Paratubal cysts, tubal torsion, and pelvic inflammatory disease."
epidemiology:
- name: Rare disease burden in gynecologic pathology
  description: Benign fallopian tube neoplasms are uncommon and often represented by isolated case reports.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:32317841
    reference_title: "Papillary Cystadenofibroma of Fallopian Tube: Case Report with a Literature Review."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: >-
      Tumors of Fallopian tubes are rare in general, and they are the
      rarest tumors of female genital tract.
    explanation: Supports the low overall prevalence of tubal neoplasms including benign subtypes.
- name: Sporadic occurrence of benign paratubal smooth muscle tumors
  description: Benign paratubal leiomyomas are exceptionally rare in published series.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:41594193
    reference_title: "Paratubal Leiomyoma Mimicking Ovarian Malignancy: A Case Report and Literature Review."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: >-
      A paratubal leiomyoma is an exceptionally rare benign smooth muscle
      tumor arising from paratubal tissue, with only sporadic cases reported in
      the literature.
    explanation: Supports rarity of mesosalpinx/paratubal benign smooth muscle neoplasms.
- name: Very low global case volume for tubal papillary cystadenofibroma
  description: Published case totals remain small, limiting robust incidence estimates.
  evidence:
  - reference: DOI:10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20205800
    reference_title: "Benign papillary cystadenofibroma of fallopian tube presenting as posterior fornix cyst: case report"
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: Worldwide literature only 18 cases were found.
    explanation: Supports extremely low cumulative case counts for this benign tubal subtype.
has_subtypes:
- name: Benign epithelial tubal neoplasms
  description: >-
    Benign epithelial tumors include papilloma, cystadenoma, adenofibroma,
    cystadenofibroma, metaplastic papillary tumors, and endometrioid polyps.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:32317841
    reference_title: "Papillary Cystadenofibroma of Fallopian Tube: Case Report with a Literature Review."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: >-
      According to clasification of World health organisation (WHO),
      papillomas, cystadenoma, adenofibroma, cystadenofibroma (CAF),
      metaplastic papillary tumors and endometrioid polyps belong to group of
      benign tumors.
    explanation: This abstract enumerates core benign epithelial subtypes recognized in WHO-style classification.
- name: Benign mesenchymal/paratubal smooth muscle tumors
  description: >-
    Rare benign smooth muscle tumors may arise from paratubal or mesosalpinx
    tissue adjacent to the fallopian tube and present as adnexal masses.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:41594193
    reference_title: "Paratubal Leiomyoma Mimicking Ovarian Malignancy: A Case Report and Literature Review."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: >-
      A paratubal leiomyoma is an exceptionally rare benign smooth muscle
      tumor arising from paratubal tissue, with only sporadic cases reported in
      the literature.
    explanation: Supports inclusion of benign smooth muscle lesions in the tubal/paratubal benign neoplasm spectrum.
pathophysiology:
- name: Localized benign epithelial or smooth muscle proliferation in tubal/adnexal tissue
  description: >-
    Benign epithelial-stromal or smooth muscle proliferation arises in the
    fallopian tube or adjacent paratubal tissue and remains spatially confined
    rather than adopting invasive malignant behavior.
  role: trigger
  cell_types:
  - preferred_term: fallopian tube epithelial cell
    term:
      id: CL:4052018
      label: fallopian tube epithelial cell
  - preferred_term: smooth muscle cell
    term:
      id: CL:0000192
      label: smooth muscle cell
  locations:
  - preferred_term: fallopian tube
    term:
      id: UBERON:0003889
      label: fallopian tube
  biological_processes:
  - preferred_term: cell population proliferation
    term:
      id: GO:0008283
      label: cell population proliferation
    modifier: INCREASED
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:32522722
    reference_title: Giant serous adenofibroma of the fallopian tube.
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: >-
      Serous adenofibroma of the fallopian tube is a rare, benign tumour of
      the female genital tract.
    explanation: Supports benign localized neoplastic proliferation in tubal tissue.
  - reference: PMID:41594193
    reference_title: "Paratubal Leiomyoma Mimicking Ovarian Malignancy: A Case Report and Literature Review."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: >-
      A paratubal leiomyoma is an exceptionally rare benign smooth muscle
      tumor arising from paratubal tissue, with only sporadic cases reported in
      the literature.
    explanation: Extends the benign localized growth model to the paratubal smooth muscle subtype.
  downstream:
  - target: Circumscribed benign adnexal lesion formation
    causal_link_type: DIRECT
    description: Localized proliferation yields a non-invasive circumscribed tubal or paratubal lesion.
  - target: Hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis dysregulation in selected adenofibromas
    causal_link_type: INDIRECT_KNOWN_INTERMEDIATES
    description: Selected lesions containing hormonally active stromal elements may perturb reproductive endocrine signaling.
- name: Circumscribed benign adnexal lesion formation
  description: >-
    Benign tubal lesions develop papillary, cystic, fibrous, or solid
    architecture while remaining well circumscribed and non-destructive.
  role: central
  biological_processes:
  - preferred_term: cell population proliferation
    term:
      id: GO:0008283
      label: cell population proliferation
    modifier: INCREASED
  - preferred_term: extracellular matrix organization
    term:
      id: GO:0030198
      label: extracellular matrix organization
    modifier: ABNORMAL
  evidence:
  - reference: DOI:10.1186/s12905-023-02407-y
    reference_title: "Disordered hypothalamus-pituitary-ovary axis in heterotopic extraovarian sex cord-stromal proliferation: a case report of fallopian tube serous adenofibroma"
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: >-
      Small cysts of 0.5–3 cm in diameter are mostly incidentally found at
      the fimbriae end, with coarse papillary excrescences lined by epithelial
      cells and connective tissue stroma without nuclear pleomorphism or
      mitosis.
    explanation: Supports the benign epithelial-stromal architecture of tubal adenofibroma lesions.
  - reference: PMID:41594193
    reference_title: "Paratubal Leiomyoma Mimicking Ovarian Malignancy: A Case Report and Literature Review."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: >-
      A diagnostic laparoscopy revealed a well-circumscribed solid mass
      arising from the mesosalpinx, separate from the ovary and fallopian tube
      and consistent with a paratubal mass, which was successfully excised
      laparoscopically.
    explanation: Supports circumscribed solid benign lesion formation in the paratubal smooth muscle subtype.
  downstream:
  - target: Progressive enlargement and tubal distortion
    causal_link_type: DIRECT
    description: Continued localized growth can expand the lesion and distort adjacent adnexal anatomy.
- name: Progressive enlargement and tubal distortion
  description: >-
    Ongoing enlargement of a confined tubal or paratubal lesion can expand the
    adnexa, occupy abdominal space, and distort local anatomy without invasion.
  role: effector
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:32522722
    reference_title: Giant serous adenofibroma of the fallopian tube.
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: >-
      This report presents an atypical case of a 17-year-old girl with a
      tubal serous adenofibroma that presented with a palpable mass occupying
      the entire abdomen accompanied by urinary symptoms.
    explanation: Supports progression from a confined lesion to large-volume mass effect.
  - reference: PMID:41594193
    reference_title: "Paratubal Leiomyoma Mimicking Ovarian Malignancy: A Case Report and Literature Review."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: >-
      A transvaginal ultrasound demonstrated a complex left adnexal mass
      with calcifications, and computed tomography (CT) confirmed a 7.8 × 5.5 ×
      4.7 cm lesion suggestive of an ovarian malignancy.
    explanation: Supports anatomically significant enlargement of benign adnexal lesions.
  downstream:
  - target: Abdominal mass
    causal_link_type: DIRECT
    description: Large confined lesions become clinically appreciable as abdominal or adnexal masses.
    evidence:
    - reference: PMID:32522722
      reference_title: Giant serous adenofibroma of the fallopian tube.
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
      snippet: >-
        This report presents an atypical case of a 17-year-old girl with a
        tubal serous adenofibroma that presented with a palpable mass occupying
        the entire abdomen accompanied by urinary symptoms.
      explanation: Supports abdominal mass as a direct consequence of lesion enlargement.
  - target: Local adnexal pressure and tissue stretch
    causal_link_type: DIRECT
    description: Expanding lesions impose pressure and stretch on adnexal tissues.
  - target: Clinical detection by imaging, surgery, or pathology
    causal_link_type: DIRECT
    description: Anatomically visible lesions enter imaging and operative diagnostic workflows.
- name: Local adnexal pressure and tissue stretch
  description: >-
    Distortion and stretching of local adnexal tissues create a mechanical
    basis for pain or discomfort in symptomatic cases.
  role: effector
  locations:
  - preferred_term: fallopian tube
    term:
      id: UBERON:0003889
      label: fallopian tube
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:40973595
    reference_title: "The fallopian tube and its pathology: Paratubal cysts, tubal torsion, and pelvic inflammatory disease."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: >-
      A thorough history and abdominal examination should be performed and
      may help delineate adnexal etiologies of pain or discomfort.
    explanation: Supports adnexal tissue distortion as a clinically relevant pain-generating context.
  downstream:
  - target: Pelvic pain
    causal_link_type: DIRECT
    description: Mechanical irritation from the enlarged adnexal lesion can manifest as pelvic pain.
    evidence:
    - reference: PMID:40973595
      reference_title: "The fallopian tube and its pathology: Paratubal cysts, tubal torsion, and pelvic inflammatory disease."
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
      snippet: >-
        A thorough history and abdominal examination should be performed and
        may help delineate adnexal etiologies of pain or discomfort.
      explanation: Supports pelvic pain as a downstream phenotype of symptomatic adnexal pathology.
- name: Hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis dysregulation in selected adenofibromas
  description: >-
    In uncommon adenofibroma presentations with heterotopic sex cord-stromal
    elements, altered endocrine signaling can disrupt reproductive cycling.
  role: effector
  evidence:
  - reference: DOI:10.1186/s12905-023-02407-y
    reference_title: "Disordered hypothalamus-pituitary-ovary axis in heterotopic extraovarian sex cord-stromal proliferation: a case report of fallopian tube serous adenofibroma"
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: >-
      The clinical picture derived from heterotopic extraovarian sex
      cord-stromal proliferation indicated a disordered
      hypothalamus-pituitary-ovary axis.
    explanation: Supports an endocrine dysregulation branch in selected benign tubal adenofibromas.
  downstream:
  - target: Abnormality of the menstrual cycle
    causal_link_type: DIRECT
    description: Reproductive endocrine dysregulation can present as menstrual irregularity.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.1186/s12905-023-02407-y
      reference_title: "Disordered hypothalamus-pituitary-ovary axis in heterotopic extraovarian sex cord-stromal proliferation: a case report of fallopian tube serous adenofibroma"
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
      snippet: >-
        A 23-year-old woman with normal secondary sexual characters and 46,
        XX karyotype, presented to the gynecology clinic complaining of irregular
        menstrual cycles.
      explanation: Supports menstrual irregularity as a direct downstream phenotype of this endocrine branch.
- name: Clinical detection by imaging, surgery, or pathology
  description: >-
    Most lesions are identified through pelvic imaging, operative evaluation, or
    histopathologic examination after resection.
  role: consequence
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:25525402
    reference_title: "A case of fallopian tube adenofibroma: difficulties associated with differentiation from ectopic pregnancy."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: >-
      From histopathological findings, the lesion was identified as a serous
      fallopian tube adenofibroma.
    explanation: Confirms definitive detection through postoperative histopathology.
  - reference: PMID:41594193
    reference_title: "Paratubal Leiomyoma Mimicking Ovarian Malignancy: A Case Report and Literature Review."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: >-
      This case highlights the diagnostic challenge of differentiating
      paratubal leiomyomas from ovarian tumors based on imaging alone.
      Histopathological examination is essential for confirmation.
    explanation: Supports final diagnostic confirmation by pathology after imaging/surgical workup.
diagnosis:
- name: Imaging-first adnexal mass evaluation
  description: >-
    Transabdominal ultrasound and MRI support triage and surgical planning for
    tubal and paratubal masses, especially when transvaginal imaging is not
    feasible.
  diagnosis_term:
    preferred_term: diagnostic procedure
    term:
      id: MAXO:0000003
      label: diagnostic procedure
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:40973595
    reference_title: "The fallopian tube and its pathology: Paratubal cysts, tubal torsion, and pelvic inflammatory disease."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: >-
      Imaging modalities, such as transabdominal ultrasound and MRI, can be
      valuable for assessing tubal abnormalities and guiding surgical planning,
      particularly in premenarchal or never sexually active patients for whom
      transvaginal ultrasound may be inappropriate.
    explanation: Establishes imaging-based diagnostic workflow for suspected tubal pathology.
- name: Histopathologic confirmation of benign tubal lesion
  description: >-
    Histopathologic examination after resection distinguishes benign tubal
    neoplasms from ectopic pregnancy and malignant adnexal tumors.
  diagnosis_term:
    preferred_term: diagnostic procedure
    term:
      id: MAXO:0000003
      label: diagnostic procedure
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:25525402
    reference_title: "A case of fallopian tube adenofibroma: difficulties associated with differentiation from ectopic pregnancy."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: >-
      This case report suggests that fallopian tube adenofibroma should be
      considered in the differential diagnosis of suspected ectopic
      pregnancies.
    explanation: Supports histopathology-led differentiation from ectopic pregnancy.
phenotypes:
- category: Abdominal
  name: Abdominal mass
  description: Benign fallopian tube tumors may be detected as an incidental abdominal or adnexal mass.
  phenotype_term:
    preferred_term: Abdominal mass
    term:
      id: HP:0031500
      label: Abdominal mass
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:32522722
    reference_title: Giant serous adenofibroma of the fallopian tube.
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: >-
      This report presents an atypical case of a 17-year-old girl with a
      tubal serous adenofibroma that presented with a palpable mass occupying
      the entire abdomen accompanied by urinary symptoms.
    explanation: Directly supports abdominal mass presentation in benign tubal neoplasm.
- category: Abdominal
  name: Pelvic pain
  description: Local adnexal distortion can cause intermittent pelvic pain.
  phenotype_term:
    preferred_term: Pelvic pain
    term:
      id: HP:0034267
      label: Pelvic pain
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:40973595
    reference_title: "The fallopian tube and its pathology: Paratubal cysts, tubal torsion, and pelvic inflammatory disease."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: >-
      A thorough history and abdominal examination should be performed and
      may help delineate adnexal etiologies of pain or discomfort.
    explanation: Supports pain/discomfort as a core presenting clinical axis in tubal pathology.
- category: Gynecologic
  name: Postmenopausal bleeding
  description: Intermittent spotting can be a presenting complaint in postmenopausal patients.
  phenotype_term:
    preferred_term: Postmenopausal bleeding
    term:
      id: HP:0033840
      label: Postmenopausal bleeding
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:41594193
    reference_title: "Paratubal Leiomyoma Mimicking Ovarian Malignancy: A Case Report and Literature Review."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: >-
      We present the case of a 72-year-old postmenopausal woman with
      intermittent spotting for three months.
    explanation: Supports postmenopausal spotting as a potential presenting feature.
- category: Gynecologic
  name: Abnormality of the menstrual cycle
  description: Menstrual irregularity can occur in selected adenofibroma presentations.
  phenotype_term:
    preferred_term: Abnormality of the menstrual cycle
    term:
      id: HP:0000140
      label: Abnormality of the menstrual cycle
  evidence:
  - reference: DOI:10.1186/s12905-023-02407-y
    reference_title: "Disordered hypothalamus-pituitary-ovary axis in heterotopic extraovarian sex cord-stromal proliferation: a case report of fallopian tube serous adenofibroma"
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: >-
      A 23-year-old woman with normal secondary sexual characters and 46,
      XX karyotype, presented to the gynecology clinic complaining of irregular
      menstrual cycles.
    explanation: Supports menstrual-cycle disturbance in a benign tubal adenofibroma case.
histopathology:
- name: Circumscribed benign tubal neoplasm
  diagnostic: true
  description: >-
    Histology demonstrates a circumscribed non-invasive neoplasm without
    destructive stromal invasion.
  finding_term:
    preferred_term: benign neoplasm
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:41594193
    reference_title: "Paratubal Leiomyoma Mimicking Ovarian Malignancy: A Case Report and Literature Review."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: >-
      A diagnostic laparoscopy revealed a well-circumscribed solid mass
      arising from the mesosalpinx, separate from the ovary and fallopian tube
      and consistent with a paratubal mass, which was successfully excised
      laparoscopically.
    explanation: Supports circumscribed non-invasive morphologic behavior in a benign paratubal/tubal-spectrum neoplasm.
- name: Serous adenofibroma histologic diagnosis
  diagnostic: true
  description: Histopathology can confirm serous adenofibroma when intraoperative diagnosis is uncertain.
  finding_term:
    preferred_term: serous adenofibroma
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:25525402
    reference_title: "A case of fallopian tube adenofibroma: difficulties associated with differentiation from ectopic pregnancy."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: >-
      From histopathological findings, the lesion was identified as a serous
      fallopian tube adenofibroma.
    explanation: Supports definitive histologic identification of a benign tubal adenofibroma subtype.
differential_diagnoses:
- name: Fallopian tube cancer
  description: >-
    Malignant fallopian tube neoplasms show invasive growth, metastatic
    potential, and cytologic atypia not expected in benign tumors.
  disease_term:
    preferred_term: fallopian tube cancer
    term:
      id: MONDO:0002158
      label: fallopian tube cancer
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:41594193
    reference_title: "Paratubal Leiomyoma Mimicking Ovarian Malignancy: A Case Report and Literature Review."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: >-
      A transvaginal ultrasound demonstrated a complex left adnexal mass
      with calcifications, and computed tomography (CT) confirmed a 7.8 × 5.5 ×
      4.7 cm lesion suggestive of an ovarian malignancy.
    explanation: Illustrates malignant-appearing imaging differential in benign adnexal/tubal tumors.
treatments:
- name: Surgical excision
  description: >-
    Definitive management is usually surgical removal when diagnosis is uncertain
    or symptoms are present.
  treatment_term:
    preferred_term: surgical procedure
    term:
      id: MAXO:0000004
      label: surgical procedure
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:32522722
    reference_title: Giant serous adenofibroma of the fallopian tube.
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: >-
      She underwent a laparoscopic surgery with drainage of 1800 mL of
      yellow, citrine liquid from the cyst and left salpingectomy with no
      complications.
    explanation: Supports definitive surgical management with favorable short-term outcome.
    images:
    - Fallopian_Tube_Benign_Neoplasm-deep-research-falcon_artifacts/image-1.png
  - reference: PMID:40973595
    reference_title: "The fallopian tube and its pathology: Paratubal cysts, tubal torsion, and pelvic inflammatory disease."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: >-
      When surgical intervention is indicated, laparoscopy can often provide
      a safe and effective means of definitive diagnosis and treatment.
    explanation: Supports laparoscopy as an effective therapeutic and diagnostic approach.
- name: Fertility-preserving laparoscopic excision
  description: >-
    In selected patients with fertility goals, tubal leiomyoma excision may be
    performed with techniques aimed at preserving tubal patency.
  treatment_term:
    preferred_term: surgical procedure
    term:
      id: MAXO:0000004
      label: surgical procedure
  evidence:
  - reference: DOI:10.3389/fsurg.2023.997338
    reference_title: "Leiomyoma of the fallopian tube found during laparoscopic myomectomy: A case report and review of the literature"
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: >-
      For those patients with fertility requirements, some
      fertility-preserving techniques can be used to allow complete resection
      of the leiomyoma and avoid tubal damage.
    explanation: Supports fertility-preserving surgical strategy in benign tubal leiomyoma management.
progression:
- phase: Benign post-resection clinical course
  notes: Published case reports describe short-term recovery without recurrence after surgical management.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:41594193
    reference_title: "Paratubal Leiomyoma Mimicking Ovarian Malignancy: A Case Report and Literature Review."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: >-
      The patient recovered uneventfully, and the 6-month follow-up showed
      no recurrence.
    explanation: Supports favorable short-term post-resection course in a benign paratubal/tubal-spectrum neoplasm.
  - reference: DOI:10.3389/fsurg.2023.997338
    reference_title: "Leiomyoma of the fallopian tube found during laparoscopic myomectomy: A case report and review of the literature"
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: >-
      Hysterosalpingo-contrast-sonography (HyCoSy) at 15 months
      postoperatively showed bilateral fallopian tubes were unobstructed.
    explanation: Supports favorable medium-term tubal patency outcome after fertility-preserving resection.
clinical_trials: []
discussions:
- discussion_id: gap_ftbn_population_incidence_and_subtype_denominators
  prompt: >-
    What are the population-level incidence and subtype distributions for benign
    fallopian tube neoplasms when contemporary pathology classification is
    applied across multicenter cohorts?
  kind: KNOWLEDGE_GAP
  status: OPEN
  attaches_to:
  - epidemiology#Rare disease burden in gynecologic pathology
  rationale: >-
    Current evidence is dominated by case reports and small retrospective
    series, limiting quantitative prevalence estimates and subtype-specific
    risk stratification.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:32317841
    reference_title: "Papillary Cystadenofibroma of Fallopian Tube: Case Report with a Literature Review."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: >-
      Tumors of Fallopian tubes are rare in general, and they are the
      rarest tumors of female genital tract.
    explanation: Motivates the need for denominator-based epidemiologic studies.
- discussion_id: gap_ftbn_preop_discrimination_from_malignant_adnexal_masses
  prompt: >-
    Which multimodal imaging and biomarker combinations best distinguish benign
    tubal/paratubal neoplasms from ovarian or fallopian tube malignancy before
    surgery?
  kind: OPEN_QUESTION
  status: OPEN
  attaches_to:
  - diagnosis#Imaging-first adnexal mass evaluation
  - differential_diagnoses#Fallopian tube cancer
  rationale: >-
    Benign lesions can appear radiologically malignant, and robust prospective
    triage criteria are not yet standardized for rare tubal neoplasms.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:41594193
    reference_title: "Paratubal Leiomyoma Mimicking Ovarian Malignancy: A Case Report and Literature Review."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: >-
      This case highlights the diagnostic challenge of differentiating
      paratubal leiomyomas from ovarian tumors based on imaging alone.
      Histopathological examination is essential for confirmation.
    explanation: Supports unresolved preoperative discrimination challenges.
- discussion_id: gap_ftbn_molecular_drivers_and_recurrence_predictors
  prompt: >-
    Which molecular alterations define biologically distinct benign tubal
    neoplasm subtypes and predict recurrence risk after fertility-sparing versus
    definitive surgery?
  kind: KNOWLEDGE_GAP
  status: OPEN
  attaches_to:
  - pathophysiology#Localized benign epithelial or smooth muscle proliferation in tubal/adnexal tissue
  - progression#Benign post-resection clinical course
  rationale: >-
    Existing literature lacks systematic multi-omic profiling and long-term
    recurrence-linked molecular annotations across benign tubal tumor classes.
  notes: Prioritize paired pathology-genomic registries with standardized follow-up windows.
📚

References & Deep Research

References

5
PMID:32317841
Papillary Cystadenofibroma of Fallopian Tube: Case Report with a Literature Review.
No top-level findings curated for this source.
PMID:32522722
Giant serous adenofibroma of the fallopian tube.
No top-level findings curated for this source.
PMID:25525402
A case of fallopian tube adenofibroma: difficulties associated with differentiation from ectopic pregnancy.
No top-level findings curated for this source.
PMID:41594193
Paratubal Leiomyoma Mimicking Ovarian Malignancy: A Case Report and Literature Review.
No top-level findings curated for this source.
PMID:40973595
The fallopian tube and its pathology: Paratubal cysts, tubal torsion, and pelvic inflammatory disease.
No top-level findings curated for this source.

Deep Research

1
Falcon ▸
Disease Characteristics Research Template
Edison Scientific Literature 24 citations 2026-05-27T10:46:28.191714

Question: You are an expert researcher providing comprehensive, well-cited information.

Provide detailed information focusing on: 1. Key concepts and definitions with current understanding 2. Recent developments and latest research (prioritize 2023-2024 sources) 3. Current applications and real-world implementations 4. Expert opinions and analysis from authoritative sources 5. Relevant statistics and data from recent studies

Format as a comprehensive research report with proper citations. Include URLs and publication dates where available. Always prioritize recent, authoritative sources and provide specific citations for all major claims.

Disease Characteristics Research Template

Target Disease

  • Disease Name: Fallopian tube benign neoplasm
  • MONDO ID: (if available)
  • Category: Gynecologic Neoplasm

Research Objectives

Please provide a comprehensive research report on Fallopian tube benign neoplasm covering all of the disease characteristics listed below. This report will be used to populate a disease knowledge base entry. Be thorough and cite primary literature (PMID preferred) for all claims.

For each section, suggested databases/resources are listed. These are the first places you should search for information on each topic.

1. Disease Information

Search first: OMIM, Orphanet, ICD-10/ICD-11, MeSH, PubMed

  • What is the disease? Provide a concise overview.
  • What are the key identifiers? (OMIM, Orphanet, ICD-10/ICD-11, MeSH, Mondo)
  • What are the common synonyms and alternative names?
  • Is the information derived from individual patients (e.g., EHR) or aggregated disease-level resources?

2. Etiology

  • Disease Causal Factors: What are the primary causes? (genetic, environmental, infectious, mechanistic)
  • Risk Factors:

    Search first: PubMed, Cochrane Library, UpToDate, clinical guidelines, ClinVar, ClinGen, GWAS Catalog, PheGenI, CTD, CDC, WHO, epidemiological databases

  • Genetic risk factors (causal variants, susceptibility loci, modifier genes)
  • Environmental risk factors (toxins, lifestyle, occupational exposures, age, sex, family history)
  • Protective Factors:

    Search first: PubMed, Cochrane Library, clinical trial databases, GWAS Catalog, gnomAD, WHO, CDC, nutrition databases

  • Genetic protective factors (protective variants, modifier alleles)
  • Environmental protective factors (diet, lifestyle, exposures that reduce risk)
  • Gene-Environment Interactions: How do genetic and environmental factors interact to influence disease?

    Search first: CTD, PubMed, PheGenI, GxE databases

3. Phenotypes

Search first: HPO (Human Phenotype Ontology), OMIM, Orphanet, PubMed, clinicaltrials.gov, MedDRA, SNOMED CT, DECIPHER, LOINC

For each phenotype, provide: - Phenotype type: symptoms, clinical signs, physical manifestations, behavioral changes, or laboratory abnormalities

For symptoms/signs: HPO, OMIM, Orphanet, PubMed For behavioral changes: HPO, DSM, RDoC (Research Domain Criteria), PubMed For laboratory abnormalities: LOINC, SNOMED CT, LabTests Online, PubMed - Phenotype characteristics: Search first: OMIM, Orphanet, HPO, PubMed - Age of symptom onset (neonatal, childhood, adult-onset, late-onset) - Symptom severity (mild, moderate, severe, variable) - Symptom progression (stable, progressive, episodic, fluctuating) - Frequency among affected individuals (percentage or qualitative) - Quality of life impact: Effects on daily functioning and well-being (per-phenotype when possible) Search first: EQ-5D database, SF-36, WHO QOL databases, PubMed - Suggest HPO (Human Phenotype Ontology) terms for each phenotype

4. Genetic/Molecular Information

  • Causal Genes: Gene mutations or chromosomal abnormalities responsible for disease (gene symbols, OMIM IDs)

    Search first: OMIM, ClinVar, HGMD, Ensembl, NCBI Gene

  • Pathogenic Variants:
  • Affected genes (gene symbols, HGNC IDs) > Search first: OMIM, NCBI Gene, Ensembl, HGNC, UniProt, GeneCards
  • Variant classification (pathogenic, likely pathogenic, VUS per ACMG/AMP guidelines) > Search first: ClinVar, ClinGen, ACMG/AMP guidelines, VarSome
  • Variant type/class (missense, frameshift, nonsense, splice-site, structural)
  • Allele frequency in population databases > Search first: gnomAD, 1000 Genomes, ExAC, TOPMed, dbSNP
  • Somatic vs germline origin > Search first: COSMIC (somatic), ClinVar, ICGC, TCGA
  • Functional consequences (loss of function, gain of function, dominant negative)
  • Modifier Genes: Genes that modify disease severity or expression
  • Epigenetic Information: DNA methylation, histone modifications, chromatin changes affecting disease

    Search first: ENCODE, Roadmap Epigenomics, MethBase, DiseaseMeth

  • Chromosomal Abnormalities: Large-scale genetic changes (aneuploidy, translocations, inversions)

    Search first: DECIPHER, ClinVar, ECARUCA, UCSC Genome Browser

5. Environmental Information

  • Environmental Factors: Non-genetic contributing factors (toxins, radiation, pollution, occupational exposure)

    Search first: CTD (Comparative Toxicogenomics Database), TOXNET, PubMed, EPA databases

  • Lifestyle Factors: Behavioral factors (smoking, diet, exercise, alcohol consumption)

    Search first: CDC databases, WHO, PubMed, NHANES

  • Infectious Agents: If applicable, pathogens causing or triggering disease (bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites)

    Search first: NCBI Taxonomy, ViPR, BV-BRC, MicrobeDB, GIDEON

6. Mechanism / Pathophysiology

  • Molecular Pathways: Specific signaling cascades or biochemical pathways involved (Wnt, MAPK, mTOR, PI3K-AKT, etc.)

    Search first: KEGG, Reactome, WikiPathways, PathBank, BioCyc

  • Cellular Processes: Cell-level mechanisms (apoptosis, autophagy, cell cycle dysregulation, inflammation, etc.)

    Search first: Gene Ontology (GO), Reactome, KEGG, PubMed

  • Protein Dysfunction: How protein structure or function is altered (misfolding, aggregation, loss of function, gain of function)

    Search first: UniProt, PDB (Protein Data Bank), InterPro, Pfam, AlphaFold

  • Metabolic Changes: Alterations in metabolic processes (energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism)

    Search first: KEGG, BioCyc, HMDB (Human Metabolome Database), BRENDA

  • Immune System Involvement: Role of immune response (autoimmunity, immunodeficiency, chronic inflammation)

    Search first: ImmPort, Immunome Database, IEDB, Gene Ontology

  • Tissue Damage Mechanisms: How tissues/ are injured (oxidative stress, ischemia, fibrosis, necrosis)

    Search first: PubMed, Gene Ontology, Reactome

  • Biochemical Abnormalities: Specific molecular defects (enzyme deficiencies, receptor dysfunction, ion channel defects)

    Search first: BRENDA, UniProt, KEGG, OMIM, PubMed

  • Epigenetic Changes: DNA methylation, histone modifications affecting gene expression in disease

    Search first: ENCODE, Roadmap Epigenomics, MethBase, DiseaseMeth

  • Molecular Profiling (if available):
  • Transcriptomics/gene expression changes > Search first: GEO (Gene Expression Omnibus), ArrayExpress, GTEx, Human Cell Atlas, SRA
  • Proteomics findings > Search first: PRIDE, ProteomeXchange, Human Protein Atlas, STRING, BioGRID
  • Metabolomics signatures > Search first: MetaboLights, Metabolomics Workbench, HMDB, METLIN
  • Lipidomics alterations > Search first: LIPID MAPS, SwissLipids, LipidHome, Metabolomics Workbench
  • Genomic structural features > Search first: UCSC Genome Browser, Ensembl, NCBI, dbVar, DGV
  • Advanced Technologies (if applicable):
  • Single-cell analysis findings (cell-type specific mechanisms, cellular heterogeneity) > Search first: Human Cell Atlas, Single Cell Portal, GEO, CELLxGENE
  • Spatial transcriptomics findings > Search first: GEO, Spatial Research, Vizgen, 10x Genomics data
  • Multi-omics integration results > Search first: TCGA, ICGC, cBioPortal, LinkedOmics, PubMed
  • Functional genomics screens (CRISPR, RNAi) > Search first: DepMap, GenomeRNAi, PubMed, BioGRID ORCS

For each mechanism, describe: - The causal chain from initial trigger to clinical manifestation - Which mechanisms are upstream vs downstream - What cell types and biological processes are involved - Suggest GO terms for biological processes and CL terms for cell types

7. Anatomical Structures Affected

  • Organ Level:
  • Primary organs directly affected
  • Secondary organ involvement (complications, secondary effects)
  • Body systems involved (cardiovascular, nervous, digestive, respiratory, endocrine, etc.)

    Search first: Uberon, FMA (Foundational Model of Anatomy), OMIM, HPO, ICD-11, MeSH, SNOMED CT

  • Tissue and Cell Level:
  • Specific tissue types affected (epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous)
  • Specific cell populations targeted (with Cell Ontology terms)

    Search first: Uberon, Human Protein Atlas, Cell Ontology, Human Cell Atlas, CellMarker, PanglaoDB

  • Subcellular Level:
  • Cellular compartments involved (mitochondria, nucleus, ER, lysosomes) (with GO Cellular Component terms)

    Search first: Gene Ontology (Cellular Component), UniProt, Human Protein Atlas

  • Localization:
  • Specific anatomical sites (with UBERON terms) > Search first: FMA, Uberon, NeuroNames (for brain), SNOMED CT
  • Lateralization (unilateral, bilateral, asymmetric) > Search first: HPO, clinical literature, imaging databases

8. Temporal Development

  • Onset:
  • Typical age of onset (congenital, pediatric, adult, geriatric)
  • Onset pattern (acute, subacute, chronic, insidious)

    Search first: OMIM, Orphanet, HPO, PubMed

  • Progression:
  • Disease stages (early, intermediate, advanced, end-stage) > Search first: Cancer Staging Manual (AJCC), WHO classifications, PubMed
  • Progression rate (rapid, slow, variable)
  • Disease course pattern (episodic, relapsing-remitting, progressive, stable)
  • Disease duration (self-limited, chronic lifelong)

    Search first: Disease registries, longitudinal cohort databases, natural history studies, PubMed, Orphanet, OMIM

  • Patterns:
  • Remission patterns (spontaneous, treatment-induced) > Search first: Clinical trial databases, disease registries, PubMed
  • Critical periods (time windows of vulnerability or opportunity for intervention) > Search first: PubMed, developmental biology databases, clinical guidelines

9. Inheritance and Population

  • Epidemiology:
  • Prevalence (cases per 100,000 at given time)
  • Incidence (new cases per 100,000 per year)

    Search first: Orphanet, CDC, WHO, GBD (Global Burden of Disease), national registries, SEER, disease registries

  • For Genetic Etiology:
  • Inheritance pattern (AD, AR, X-linked, mitochondrial, multifactorial, polygenic) > Search first: OMIM, Orphanet, ClinVar, GTR (Genetic Testing Registry)
  • Penetrance (complete, incomplete, age-dependent) > Search first: ClinVar, OMIM, PubMed, ClinGen
  • Expressivity (variable, consistent) > Search first: OMIM, ClinVar, PubMed
  • Genetic anticipation (increasing severity in successive generations) > Search first: OMIM, PubMed (especially for repeat expansion disorders)
  • Germline mosaicism > Search first: ClinVar, OMIM, genetic counseling literature, PubMed
  • Founder effects (population-specific mutations) > Search first: gnomAD, population genetics databases, PubMed
  • Consanguinity role > Search first: OMIM, population studies, genetic counseling resources
  • Carrier frequency > Search first: gnomAD, carrier screening databases, GeneReviews, GTR
  • Population Demographics:
  • Affected populations (ethnic or demographic groups with higher prevalence) > Search first: gnomAD, 1000 Genomes, PAGE Study, PubMed, population registries
  • Geographic distribution (endemic areas, regional variation) > Search first: WHO, CDC, GBD, Orphanet, geographic epidemiology databases
  • Geographic distribution of specific variants
  • Sex ratio (male:female) > Search first: Disease registries, OMIM, PubMed, epidemiological databases
  • Age distribution of affected individuals > Search first: CDC, disease registries, SEER, Orphanet

10. Diagnostics

  • Clinical Tests:
  • Laboratory tests (blood, urine, tissue chemistry, specific enzyme assays) > Search first: LOINC, LabTests Online, PubMed
  • Biomarkers (proteins, metabolites, genetic markers, circulating biomarkers) > Search first: FDA Biomarker List, BEST (Biomarkers, EndpointS, and other Tools), PubMed
  • Imaging studies (X-ray, CT, MRI, PET, ultrasound) > Search first: RadLex, DICOM, Radiopaedia, imaging databases
  • Functional tests (pulmonary function, cardiac stress tests) > Search first: LOINC, clinical guidelines, PubMed
  • Electrophysiology (EEG, EMG, ECG, nerve conduction studies) > Search first: LOINC, clinical neurophysiology databases, PubMed
  • Biopsy findings (histopathology, immunohistochemistry) > Search first: SNOMED CT, College of American Pathologists resources, PubMed
  • Pathology findings (microscopic examination) > Search first: SNOMED CT, Digital Pathology databases, PubMed
  • Genetic Testing:

    Search first: GTR (Genetic Testing Registry), GeneReviews, ClinGen

  • Overview of recommended genetic testing approach
  • Whole genome sequencing (WGS) utility > Search first: GTR, ClinVar, GEL (Genomics England), gnomAD
  • Whole exome sequencing (WES) utility > Search first: GTR, ClinVar, OMIM, GeneMatcher
  • Gene panels (which panels, which genes) > Search first: GTR, ClinVar, laboratory-specific databases
  • Single gene testing > Search first: GTR, ClinVar, OMIM, GeneReviews
  • Chromosomal microarray (CMA) > Search first: DECIPHER, ClinVar, dbVar, ECARUCA
  • Karyotyping > Search first: Chromosome Abnormality Database, ClinVar, cytogenetics resources
  • FISH > Search first: ClinVar, cytogenetics databases, PubMed
  • Mitochondrial DNA testing > Search first: MITOMAP, MSeqDR, ClinVar, GTR
  • Repeat expansion testing > Search first: GTR, ClinVar, repeat expansion databases, PubMed
  • Omics-Based Diagnostics (if applicable):
  • RNA sequencing / transcriptomics > Search first: GEO, ArrayExpress, GTEx, RNA-seq databases
  • Proteomics > Search first: PRIDE, ProteomeXchange, FDA Biomarker database
  • Metabolomics > Search first: MetaboLights, Metabolomics Workbench, HMDB
  • Epigenomics > Search first: GEO, ENCODE, Roadmap Epigenomics, MethBase
  • Liquid biopsy > Search first: COSMIC, ClinVar, liquid biopsy databases, PubMed
  • Clinical Criteria:
  • Standardized diagnostic criteria (DSM, ICD, society guidelines) > Search first: DSM-5, ICD-11, clinical society guidelines, UpToDate
  • Differential diagnosis (other conditions to rule out, with distinguishing features) > Search first: DynaMed, UpToDate, clinical decision support systems
  • Screening:
  • Screening methods for asymptomatic individuals (newborn screening, carrier screening, cascade screening) > Search first: ACMG recommendations, CDC newborn screening, GTR

11. Outcome/Prognosis

  • Survival and Mortality:
  • Survival rate (5-year, 10-year, overall) > Search first: SEER, cancer registries, disease-specific registries, PubMed
  • Life expectancy (with and without treatment if applicable) > Search first: Orphanet, disease registries, actuarial databases, PubMed
  • Mortality rate > Search first: CDC, WHO, GBD, national mortality databases
  • Disease-specific mortality (deaths directly attributable to disease) > Search first: Disease registries, CDC Wonder, GBD, PubMed
  • Morbidity and Function:
  • Morbidity (disease-related disability and health impacts) > Search first: GBD, WHO, disability databases, PubMed
  • Disability outcomes (long-term functional impairments) > Search first: ICF (International Classification of Functioning), disability registries
  • Quality of life measures (EQ-5D, SF-36, PROMIS, disease-specific tools) > Search first: EQ-5D database, SF-36, PROMIS, PubMed
  • Disease Course:
  • Complications (secondary problems: infections, organ failure, etc.) > Search first: ICD codes, disease registries, clinical databases, PubMed
  • Recovery potential (likelihood and extent of recovery, with vs without treatment) > Search first: Natural history studies, rehabilitation databases, PubMed
  • Prediction:
  • Prognostic factors (age, disease severity, biomarkers, treatment response) > Search first: Prognostic models databases, clinical calculators, PubMed
  • Prognostic biomarkers (molecular markers predicting disease course) > Search first: FDA Biomarker database, PubMed, cancer prognostic databases

12. Treatment

  • Pharmacotherapy:
  • Pharmacological treatments (drug names, drug classes, mechanisms of action) > Search first: DrugBank, RxNorm, ATC classification, DailyMed, FDA databases
  • Pharmacogenomics (how genetic variants affect drug metabolism, efficacy, toxicity) > Search first: PharmGKB, CPIC (Clinical Pharmacogenetics), FDA Table of PGx Biomarkers
  • Advanced Therapeutics:
  • Gene therapy (viral vectors, CRISPR, gene replacement, gene editing) > Search first: ClinicalTrials.gov, FDA gene therapy database, ASGCT resources
  • Cell therapy (stem cell transplant, CAR-T, cellular therapeutics) > Search first: ClinicalTrials.gov, FDA cell therapy database, FACT standards
  • RNA-based therapies (ASOs, siRNA, mRNA therapies) > Search first: ClinicalTrials.gov, FDA approvals, PubMed
  • Targeted therapies (treatments directed at specific molecular targets) > Search first: My Cancer Genome, OncoKB, ClinicalTrials.gov, FDA approvals
  • Immunotherapies (checkpoint inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies) > Search first: Cancer Immunotherapy Database, FDA approvals, ClinicalTrials.gov
  • Surgical and Interventional:
  • Surgical interventions (types of surgery, timing, outcomes) > Search first: CPT codes, surgical registries, clinical guidelines, PubMed
  • Supportive and Rehabilitative:
  • Supportive care (symptom management, pain control, nutrition) > Search first: Clinical guidelines, Cochrane Library, PubMed
  • Rehabilitation (physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy) > Search first: Rehabilitation medicine databases, clinical guidelines, PubMed
  • Experimental:
  • Experimental treatments in clinical trials (with NCT identifiers if available) > Search first: ClinicalTrials.gov, EU Clinical Trials Register, WHO ICTRP
  • Treatment Outcomes:
  • Treatment response rates > Search first: Clinical trial databases, FDA reviews, systematic reviews, PubMed
  • Side effects and adverse events > Search first: FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS), MedWatch, PubMed
  • Treatment Strategy:
  • Treatment algorithms (clinical pathways, decision trees) > Search first: Clinical practice guidelines, NCCN Guidelines, UpToDate
  • Combination therapies > Search first: ClinicalTrials.gov, treatment guidelines, PubMed
  • Personalized medicine approaches (genotype-guided treatment) > Search first: My Cancer Genome, CIViC, PharmGKB, precision medicine databases

For each treatment, suggest MAXO (Medical Action Ontology) terms where applicable.

13. Prevention

  • Prevention Levels:
  • Primary prevention (preventing disease occurrence: vaccination, risk factor modification) > Search first: CDC, WHO, USPSTF recommendations, Cochrane Library
  • Secondary prevention (early detection and treatment: screening programs, early intervention) > Search first: USPSTF, CDC screening guidelines, WHO
  • Tertiary prevention (preventing complications in those with disease) > Search first: Clinical guidelines, disease management protocols, PubMed
  • Immunization: Vaccine strategies (if applicable)

    Search first: CDC vaccine schedules, WHO immunization, FDA vaccine database

  • Screening and Early Detection:
  • Screening programs (population-based: newborn screening, cancer screening) > Search first: CDC screening programs, USPSTF, cancer screening databases
  • Genetic screening (carrier screening, preimplantation genetic diagnosis, prenatal testing) > Search first: ACMG recommendations, ACOG guidelines, GTR
  • Risk stratification (identifying high-risk individuals for targeted prevention) > Search first: Risk prediction models, clinical calculators, PubMed
  • Behavioral Interventions: Lifestyle modifications to reduce risk

    Search first: CDC, WHO, behavioral intervention databases, Cochrane Library

  • Counseling: Genetic counseling (risk assessment, family planning guidance)

    Search first: NSGC resources, ACMG guidelines, GeneReviews

  • Public Health:
  • Public health interventions (sanitation, vector control, health education) > Search first: CDC, WHO, public health databases, PubMed
  • Environmental interventions (reducing environmental risk factors) > Search first: EPA databases, WHO environmental health, PubMed
  • Prophylaxis: Preventive medications or procedures

    Search first: Clinical guidelines, FDA approvals, PubMed

14. Other Species / Natural Disease

  • Taxonomy: Species affected (with NCBI Taxon identifiers)

    Search first: NCBI Taxonomy

  • Breed: Specific breeds affected (with VBO identifiers if applicable)

    Search first: VBO (Vertebrate Breed Ontology)

  • Gene: Orthologous genes in other species (with NCBI Gene IDs)

    Search first: NCBI Gene

  • Natural Disease:
  • Naturally occurring disease in other species (companion animals, wildlife) > Search first: OMIA (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals), VetCompass, PubMed
  • Veterinary relevance and importance in animal health > Search first: OMIA, veterinary databases, PubMed
  • Comparative Biology:
  • Comparative pathology (similarities and differences across species) > Search first: OMIA, comparative pathology databases, PubMed
  • Evolutionary conservation of disease mechanisms > Search first: HomoloGene, OrthoMCL, Alliance of Genome Resources
  • Transmission (if applicable):
  • Zoonotic potential > Search first: CDC zoonotic diseases, WHO zoonoses, GIDEON
  • Cross-species susceptibility > Search first: NCBI Taxonomy, veterinary databases, PubMed

15. Model Organisms

  • Model Types:
  • Model organism type (mammalian, invertebrate, cellular, in vitro) > Search first: Alliance of Genome Resources, model organism databases
  • Specific model systems (mouse, rat, zebrafish, Drosophila, C. elegans, yeast, cell lines, organoids, iPSCs) > Search first: MGI, RGD, ZFIN, FlyBase, WormBase, SGD, ATCC, Cellosaurus
  • Induced models (drug treatment, surgical intervention, environmental manipulation) > Search first: MGI, model organism databases, PubMed
  • Genetic Models:
  • Types available (knockout, knock-in, transgenic, conditional, humanized) > Search first: MGI, IMPC, KOMP, EuMMCR, IMSR
  • Model Characteristics:
  • Phenotype recapitulation (how well model reproduces human disease features) > Search first: Model organism databases, comparative studies, PubMed
  • Model limitations (aspects of human disease not captured) > Search first: Model organism databases, PubMed, review articles
  • Applications:
  • Research applications (what aspects of disease can be studied) > Search first: Model organism databases, PubMed
  • Resources:
  • Model databases > Search first: MGI, RGD, ZFIN, FlyBase, WormBase, IMSR, EMMA, MMRRC

Citation Requirements

  • Cite primary literature (PMID preferred) for all mechanistic and clinical claims
  • Prioritize recent reviews and landmark papers
  • Include direct quotes from abstracts where possible to support key statements
  • Distinguish evidence source types: human clinical, model organism, in vitro, computational

Output Format

Structure your response as a comprehensive narrative organized by the sections above. For each section, provide: - Factual content with specific details (numbers, percentages, gene names, variant nomenclature) - Ontology term suggestions (HPO, GO, CL, UBERON, CHEBI, MAXO, MONDO) where applicable - Evidence citations with PMIDs - Direct quotes from abstracts to support key claims - Clear indication when information is not available or not applicable for this disease

This report will be used to populate a disease knowledge base entry with: - Pathophysiology descriptions with causal chains - Gene/protein annotations (HGNC, GO terms) - Phenotype associations (HP terms) with frequencies - Cell type involvement (CL terms) - Anatomical locations (UBERON terms) - Chemical entities (CHEBI terms) - Treatment annotations (MAXO terms) - Evidence items with PMIDs and exact abstract quotes - Epidemiology, prognosis, diagnostic, and prevention information - Animal model descriptions with phenotype recapitulation details

Fallopian tube benign neoplasm — comprehensive disease characteristics report

Scope and evidence base

“Fallopian tube benign neoplasm” is best treated as an umbrella term for rare benign tumors arising in the uterine (fallopian) tube, spanning epithelial and mesenchymal histologies. The evidence base is limited and is dominated by case reports plus a few pathology series; therefore, many statements (especially risk factors and incidence) must be reported as unknown/insufficient evidence.

A recurring real-world issue is that benign tubal tumors are frequently discovered incidentally at surgery for other gynecologic conditions or while evaluating an adnexal mass, and they can mimic malignancy on imaging or gross inspection, leading to potentially avoidable radical surgery in young patients. (silva2010acutepresentationof pages 1-2, narayanrao2021benignpapillarycystadenofibroma pages 1-3)

1. Disease information

1.1 Definition / overview

A benign fallopian tube neoplasm is a non-metastasizing neoplastic proliferation arising from the fallopian tube epithelium or mesenchyme. The major benign entities supported by the retrieved literature include: - Fallopian tube papilloma (benign epithelial papillary neoplasm). (kolin2019fallopiantube pages 6-7) - Serous adenofibroma / cystadenofibroma / papillary cystadenofibroma (benign biphasic Müllerian-type tumors). (narayanrao2021benignpapillarycystadenofibroma pages 1-3, silva2010acutepresentationof pages 1-2) - Leiomyoma of the fallopian tube (benign smooth muscle tumor). (cheng2023leiomyomaofthe pages 1-2, kwon2015imagingfindingsof pages 1-3)

1.2 Key identifiers (ontology/coding)

  • MeSH (broad site descriptor): Fallopian Tube Neoplasms — D005185. (NCT02530606 chunk 1)
  • Clinical diagnosis code (ICD-style, broad benign genital organs): D28.2 “Benign neoplasm of uterine tubes and ligaments.” (metsker2021gynecologicalsurgeryand pages 1-4)
  • WHO-style pathology classification context: benign epithelial tubal entities listed include papilloma and serous adenofibroma; leiomyoma is listed under mesenchymal tumors. (kolin2019fallopiantube pages 4-6)

MONDO ID: Not identified in the retrieved context (tooling returned no MONDO mapping for this entity), so MONDO should be left as not available from current evidence.

1.3 Synonyms / alternative names (common in the literature)

  • Benign neoplasm of uterine tube / fallopian tube (clinical coding umbrella). (metsker2021gynecologicalsurgeryand pages 1-4)
  • Tubal papilloma / papilloma of the fallopian tube. (kolin2019fallopiantube pages 6-7)
  • Tubal serous adenofibroma; serous cystadenofibroma; benign papillary cystadenofibroma; serous papillary cystadenofibroma. (narayanrao2021benignpapillarycystadenofibroma pages 1-3, silva2010acutepresentationof pages 1-2)
  • Tubal leiomyoma / leiomyoma of the fallopian tube. (cheng2023leiomyomaofthe pages 1-2)

1.4 Evidence source type

  • Aggregated disease-level resources: MeSH hierarchy and clinical trial condition indexing (MeSH D005185). (NCT02530606 chunk 1)
  • EHR/claims-like coded diagnosis evidence: D28.2 appears in a large gynecologic surgery dataset used for machine-learning model development. (metsker2021gynecologicalsurgeryand pages 1-4)
  • Primary clinical evidence: case reports and a pathology series quantifying incidental tubal findings. (silva2010acutepresentationof pages 1-2, cheng2023leiomyomaofthe pages 1-2, karpathiou2020pathologyofthe pages 1-3)

Identifiers/synonyms artifact | Concept/Entity | Synonyms | Ontology/Code (MeSH/ICD/WHO) | Notes | Key supporting citation IDs | |---|---|---|---|---| | Benign fallopian tube neoplasm | Benign neoplasm of uterine tube; benign neoplasm of fallopian tube; benign neoplasm of uterine tubes and ligaments | ICD-style diagnosis code: D28.2 | Clinical coding term explicitly recorded as “Benign neoplasm of uterine tubes and ligaments”; useful as the closest broad benign-tubal diagnosis code. Evidence comes from an ICD-coded gynecologic surgery dataset rather than a disease ontology entry. | (metsker2021gynecologicalsurgeryand pages 1-4) | | Fallopian tube neoplasms (broad site term) | Uterine tube neoplasms; tubal neoplasms | MeSH: D005185 | Broad anatomic neoplasm term, not restricted to benign lesions; placed in hierarchy under female genital/urogenital neoplasms and useful for literature retrieval when benign-specific indexing is absent. | (NCT02343510 chunk 1, NCT02530606 chunk 2, NCT02530606 chunk 1) | | Benign epithelial tumors of the fallopian tube | Benign epithelial tubal tumors | WHO-style fallopian tube tumor classification | Pathology classification includes benign epithelial entities such as hydatid cyst, papilloma, and serous adenofibroma. This is a classification framework rather than a single ontology identifier. | (kolin2019fallopiantube pages 4-6) | | Fallopian tube papilloma | Tubal papilloma; papilloma of the fallopian tube | WHO-style benign epithelial tumor | Rare benign epithelial neoplasm composed of branching papillary cores lined by bland, non-ciliated, non-metaplastic epithelium; may represent a localized mass-forming variant of papillary tubal hyperplasia. Can obstruct the tube and contribute to hydrosalpinx/infertility. | (kolin2019fallopiantube pages 6-7, kolin2019fallopiantube pages 4-6) | | Serous adenofibroma of the fallopian tube | Tubal adenofibroma; fallopian tube adenofibroma | WHO-style benign epithelial tumor | Listed in WHO-style classification as a benign epithelial tumor. Reported as very rare, often fimbrial, usually incidental, and generally benign in course. | (narayanrao2021benignpapillarycystadenofibroma pages 1-3, hsu2023disorderedhypothalamuspituitaryovaryaxis pages 2-4, kolin2019fallopiantube pages 4-6, erra2012serouscystadenofibromaof pages 3-3) | | Serous cystadenofibroma / papillary cystadenofibroma of the fallopian tube | Benign papillary cystadenofibroma; serous papillary cystadenofibroma; tubal cystadenofibroma | WHO-related literature terminology; often grouped with adenofibroma | Literature uses adenofibroma/cystadenofibroma terminology variably for rare benign biphasic Müllerian-type tumors of the tube; worldwide case counts in reviews are very low. Often treated conservatively. | (narayanrao2021benignpapillarycystadenofibroma pages 1-3, silva2010acutepresentationof pages 1-2) | | Leiomyoma of the fallopian tube | Tubal leiomyoma; leiomyoma of uterine tube | WHO-style mesenchymal tumor | Listed in WHO-style classification under mesenchymal tumors of the fallopian tube. Extremely rare benign smooth-muscle tumor; incidence unknown because of very few reported cases. | (cheng2023leiomyomaofthe pages 1-2, cheng2023leiomyomaofthe pages 2-4, kolin2019fallopiantube pages 4-6) | | Related disease hierarchy context | Female genital neoplasms; urogenital neoplasms; fallopian tube diseases | MeSH hierarchy linked to D005185 | Useful for mapping/search expansion: Fallopian Tube Neoplasms is nested under broader female genital and urogenital neoplasm categories; benign lesions are commonly retrieved through this broader indexing plus histology terms. | (NCT02343510 chunk 1, NCT04794322 chunk 3, NCT02530606 chunk 2) |

Table: This table summarizes the main terminology used for benign fallopian tube neoplasms, including broad coding/indexing terms and the principal benign histologies reported in pathology literature. It is useful for mapping disease names across ICD-style coding, MeSH indexing, and WHO-style pathologic classification.

2. Etiology

2.1 Disease causal factors (mechanistic / developmental origins)

Because “benign fallopian tube neoplasm” covers multiple histologies, etiology is entity-specific and often speculative.

Papilloma - Papilloma is described as a rare neoplasm that “may represent a localized, mass-forming variant of papillary tubal hyperplasia.” (kolin2019fallopiantube pages 6-7)

Serous adenofibroma/cystadenofibroma (including papillary cystadenofibroma) Two main hypotheses appear in the retrieved literature: 1) Embryologic Müllerian remnant hypothesis: immunophenotype (vimentin–cytokeratin co-expression; diffuse apical EMA) has been interpreted as supporting an origin from a Müllerian duct embryologic remnant. (erra2012serouscystadenofibromaof pages 3-3, narayanrao2021benignpapillarycystadenofibroma pages 4-4) 2) Heterotopic extraovarian sex cord–stromal proliferation hypothesis: in a 2023 case report, ovarian stroma with corpora lutea was identified within a tubal serous adenofibroma, supporting a heterotopic origin. (hsu2023disorderedhypothalamuspituitaryovaryaxis pages 2-4, hsu2023disorderedhypothalamuspituitaryovaryaxis pages 1-2)

Leiomyoma - Tubal leiomyoma likely arises from smooth muscle of the tubal wall or vascular smooth muscle cells, as summarized in a 2023 case report/review. (cheng2023leiomyomaofthe pages 1-2, cheng2023leiomyomaofthe pages 2-4)

2.2 Risk factors

  • Genetic risk factors: No validated germline predisposition genes were identified in the retrieved evidence.
  • Environmental/infectious risk factors: No specific, reproducible environmental or infectious risk factors were identified for benign tubal tumors in the retrieved primary literature.

2.3 Protective factors

No protective factors were identified in the retrieved evidence.

2.4 Gene–environment interactions

No gene–environment interaction data were identified.

3. Phenotypes (clinical presentation)

3.1 Common phenotypes (cross-entity)

Benign tubal neoplasms are frequently asymptomatic and found incidentally. When symptomatic, presentations reflect mass effect, obstruction, or torsion.

Symptoms/signs (with HPO suggestions) - Pelvic/abdominal pain — Abdominal pain (HP:0002027), Pelvic pain (HP:0000233). (silva2010acutepresentationof pages 1-2, cheng2023leiomyomaofthe pages 1-2) - Adnexal/pelvic mass — Abdominal mass (HP:0003276). (cheng2023leiomyomaofthe pages 1-2) - Infertility — Female infertility (HP:0000135). (kolin2019fallopiantube pages 6-7) - Hydrosalpinx / tubal obstruction — Hydrosalpinx (HP:0100768) (supported indirectly via obstruction/hydrosalpinx statement for papilloma). (kolin2019fallopiantube pages 6-7) - Vaginal bleeding (less common) — Abnormal uterine bleeding (HP:0000858). (narayanrao2021benignpapillarycystadenofibroma pages 3-4) - Urinary/bowel complaints due to mass effect — Urinary frequency (HP:0000010) / Constipation (HP:0002019) (reported as urinary/bowel complaints in adenofibroma/cystadenofibroma case review). (narayanrao2021benignpapillarycystadenofibroma pages 3-4) - Acute abdomen / torsion presentations — Acute abdomen (HP:0002029). (silva2010acutepresentationof pages 1-2)

Laboratory abnormality phenotype (rare, entity-specific) - Endocrine axis disturbance (adenofibroma with heterotopic ovarian tissue), including discrepant AMH/FSH/LH mimicking gonadotropin-resistant ovary syndrome — map to Abnormal gonadotropin level (HP:0000853) and Abnormal anti-Müllerian hormone level (no single canonical HPO term; may require custom phenotype mapping). (hsu2023disorderedhypothalamuspituitaryovaryaxis pages 1-2)

3.2 Phenotype frequency

Quantitative frequencies are largely unavailable due to case-report dominance. The best available frequency-like evidence is from pathology series and high-risk surgical series: - Incidental adenofibroma was observed in 2.2% of tubes in a nontumoral/control series using SEE-FIM. (karpathiou2020pathologyofthe pages 1-3) - Fimbrial adenofibromas were reported in 9.9% in one high-risk surgical series cited within a 2023 case report. (hsu2023disorderedhypothalamuspituitaryovaryaxis pages 2-4)

4. Genetic / molecular information

4.1 Causal genes

No causal genes for “benign fallopian tube neoplasm” were identified.

4.2 Pathogenic variants

No recurrent pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants were identified in the retrieved evidence.

4.3 Immunohistochemistry / molecular markers (available evidence)

  • Serous cystadenofibroma/adenofibroma: reported immunophenotype supporting Müllerian remnant origin includes vimentin–cytokeratin co-expression and diffuse apical EMA immunoreactivity. (erra2012serouscystadenofibromaof pages 3-3, narayanrao2021benignpapillarycystadenofibroma pages 4-4)
  • Leiomyoma: pathology consistent with smooth muscle tumor includes spindle cells with actin positivity and typical leiomyoma histology. (kwon2015imagingfindingsof pages 1-3)

4.4 Epigenetics / chromosomal abnormalities

No epigenetic or chromosomal abnormalities were identified.

5. Environmental information

No robust, lesion-specific environmental exposures were identified for benign fallopian tube tumors in the retrieved evidence.

6. Mechanism / pathophysiology

6.1 Causal chains (examples)

Papilloma → obstruction → hydrosalpinx/infertility - Papilloma can obstruct the tube, leading to hydrosalpinx or infertility. (kolin2019fallopiantube pages 6-7)

Leiomyoma (mass lesion) → luminal compression / torsion → pain, ectopic pregnancy risk - Leiomyoma can cause symptoms “by torsion or obstruction,” and ectopic pregnancy has been associated with mass/obstruction in the literature summary. (kwon2015imagingfindingsof pages 1-3, cheng2023leiomyomaofthe pages 2-4)

Adenofibroma/cystadenofibroma → mass effect / diagnostic confusion; occasionally endocrine effects - Cystadenofibromas can appear malignant on imaging/gross inspection, creating risk of unnecessary radical surgery. (silva2010acutepresentationof pages 1-2) - A 2023 case suggested heterotopic ovarian tissue within the tubal lesion with systemic endocrine disturbance that normalized after excision. (hsu2023disorderedhypothalamuspituitaryovaryaxis pages 1-2)

6.2 Pathway/GO term suggestions (computable placeholders)

Given limited mechanistic genomics, suggested GO biological processes focus on generic tumor biology and obstruction/torsion: - GO:0001525 angiogenesis (mass vascular supply considerations in surgical decision-making; generic) - GO:0006810 transport (ciliary transport/altered tubal function is discussed as a mechanism of ectopic risk in tubal masses; qualitative) (cheng2023leiomyomaofthe pages 2-4) - GO:0002224 toll-like receptor signaling pathway etc. — not supported for these benign tumors in retrieved evidence.

6.3 Cell types (CL term suggestions)

  • Tubal epithelial cells (secretory/ciliated): epithelial cell (CL:0000066) (entity-level precision limited in retrieved sources)
  • Smooth muscle cells (leiomyoma): smooth muscle cell (CL:0000192)
  • Stromal fibroblasts: fibroblast (CL:0000057)

7. Anatomical structures affected

7.1 Organ/tissue level (UBERON suggestions)

  • Primary organ: uterine tube / fallopian tube — UBERON:0003889 (suggested; ontology ID not provided in retrieved sources).
  • Common sub-sites described in case literature:
  • Fimbrial end (adenofibroma/cystadenofibroma). (narayanrao2021benignpapillarycystadenofibroma pages 3-4, hsu2023disorderedhypothalamuspituitaryovaryaxis pages 2-4)
  • Isthmus/ampulla (leiomyoma cases). (cheng2023leiomyomaofthe pages 1-2, ahmad2026fallopiantubeleiomyoma pages 1-2)

7.2 Subcellular level

No subcellular localization mechanisms were identified.

8. Temporal development

8.1 Onset

  • Most benign tubal tumors are detected in reproductive-age to midlife women; adenofibroma/cystadenofibroma often in 4th–5th decades per case reviews, but can occur in younger patients. (silva2010acutepresentationof pages 1-2, narayanrao2021benignpapillarycystadenofibroma pages 3-4)
  • Leiomyoma cases summarized as most common in ages 25–45, with reports up to age 70. (cheng2023leiomyomaofthe pages 1-2)

8.2 Progression/course

  • Generally benign course with limited recurrence reports; e.g., no recurrence at 12 months in tubal cystadenofibroma case follow-up. (silva2010acutepresentationof pages 1-2, narayanrao2021benignpapillarycystadenofibroma pages 3-4)

9. Inheritance and population

9.1 Epidemiology

Population-level incidence/prevalence is not well characterized due to rarity.

Quantified rarity statements (case-count level) - Tubal cystadenofibroma: described as “only 15 reported cases worldwide” in one review, and “Worldwide literature only 18 cases were found” in another report. (silva2010acutepresentationof pages 1-2, narayanrao2021benignpapillarycystadenofibroma pages 1-3) - Tubal leiomyoma: “Approximately 84 cases have been reported till this date” (2015 imaging report), and later reviews note <100 cases. (kwon2015imagingfindingsof pages 1-3, ahmad2026fallopiantubeleiomyoma pages 1-2)

Pathology-series frequency estimates (contextual, not population incidence) - Adenofibroma incidental finding in 2.2% of non-tumoral/control tubes in a pathology study. (karpathiou2020pathologyofthe pages 1-3) - Fimbrial adenofibromas reported in 9.9% in a high-risk surgical series cited by a 2023 case report. (hsu2023disorderedhypothalamuspituitaryovaryaxis pages 2-4)

9.2 Sex ratio

  • Nearly exclusively affects individuals with female reproductive anatomy; no male cases expected.

9.3 Inheritance pattern

  • Not applicable/unknown: no inherited pattern established.

10. Diagnostics

10.1 Imaging

  • Ultrasound/CT/MRI typically detect an adnexal mass but are often non-specific.
  • Leiomyoma may resemble uterine leiomyoma on imaging; MRI features in reports include T1 isointensity, T2 hypointensity when non-degenerated, and heterogeneous T2/enhancement when degenerated. (cheng2023leiomyomaofthe pages 2-4)

10.2 Histopathology (definitive)

  • Papilloma: branching papillary cores lined by bland, non-ciliated, non-metaplastic epithelium. (kolin2019fallopiantube pages 6-7)
  • Cystadenofibroma/adenofibroma: broad papillary/leaf-like projections with fibrotic stroma and bland ciliated epithelium; typically no atypia/mitoses. (silva2010acutepresentationof pages 1-2, narayanrao2021benignpapillarycystadenofibroma pages 4-4)
  • Leiomyoma: smooth muscle spindle cell tumor with actin positivity. (kwon2015imagingfindingsof pages 1-3)

10.3 Differential diagnosis

  • Differential includes other benign tubal tumors and malignant/borderline neoplasms.
  • Leiomyoma differential in a recent review includes teratoma, fibroma, adenomatoid tumor, lipoma, hemangioma, papilloma and solitary fibrous tumor. (cheng2023leiomyomaofthe pages 1-2)
  • Adenofibroma/cystadenofibroma differential includes tubal carcinoma and borderline serous tumors. (narayanrao2021benignpapillarycystadenofibroma pages 3-4)

11. Outcome / prognosis

  • Prognosis is generally excellent after complete excision for benign lesions.
  • Case follow-up examples:
  • Tubal cystadenofibroma: no recurrence at 12 months follow-up in a case report. (silva2010acutepresentationof pages 1-2)
  • Tubal leiomyoma: no abnormality on ultrasound at 6 months, and bilateral tubal patency documented at 15 months with HyCoSy in a fertility-preserving case. (cheng2023leiomyomaofthe pages 1-2)

No survival statistics are applicable (benign tumors).

12. Treatment

12.1 Surgical management (standard of care)

  • Treatment is primarily surgical, tailored to suspicion for malignancy and fertility goals.

Fertility-sparing approaches (when appropriate) - Tubal leiomyoma: fertility-preserving laparoscopic excision/myomectomy aiming to preserve tubal integrity and function is described; one case used a combined cold/heat technique and documented postoperative tubal patency. (cheng2023leiomyomaofthe pages 1-2, cheng2023leiomyomaofthe pages 2-4)

Conservative management emphasis for adenofibroma/cystadenofibroma - Cystadenofibromas can mimic malignancy; authors recommend considering this diagnosis “prior to performing radical surgery that may affect the fecundity,” and note that lesions confined to the tube can be treated curatively with unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy in some cases. (silva2010acutepresentationof pages 1-2) - Another case review concludes “only cystectomy is required for treatment” for benign papillary cystadenofibroma. (narayanrao2021benignpapillarycystadenofibroma pages 1-3)

12.2 MAXO (Medical Action Ontology) suggestions

  • Surgical excision — MAXO:0000004 (generic)
  • Salpingectomy — MAXO term not provided in retrieved sources; map as surgical removal of fallopian tube.
  • Laparoscopy — MAXO:0000503 (generic; confirm in ontology).

12.3 Pharmacotherapy

No specific pharmacotherapy is indicated for benign lesions; treatment is procedural.

13. Prevention

No primary prevention strategies exist for benign tubal tumors given unknown etiology.

Secondary/tertiary prevention (pragmatic) - Prevention of overtreatment: careful intraoperative assessment and (when available) frozen section may reduce unnecessary radical surgery for benign adnexal masses; this principle is reflected in broader adnexal mass management trials rather than benign-tubal-specific trials. (NCT06638593 chunk 1)

14. Other species / natural disease

No veterinary/natural disease evidence was retrieved in the current corpus.

15. Model organisms

No model-organism systems specific to benign fallopian tube neoplasms were identified in the retrieved evidence.

Recent developments (2023–2024 emphasis)

2023–2024 primary literature highlights

  • Fertility-sparing surgical technique and follow-up for tubal leiomyoma (2023): A case report/review describes laparoscopic removal of a 3×3 cm leiomyoma at the isthmus with documentation of tubal patency at 15 months by HyCoSy, emphasizing preservation of tubal integrity for patients with fertility requirements. (cheng2023leiomyomaofthe pages 1-2, cheng2023leiomyomaofthe pages 2-4)
  • Reframing tubal serous adenofibroma pathogenesis (2023): A case report proposes that tubal adenofibromas may be better viewed as heterotopic extraovarian sex cord–stromal proliferations, supported by ovarian stroma/corpora lutea within the lesion and endocrine abnormalities normalizing after excision. (hsu2023disorderedhypothalamuspituitaryovaryaxis pages 2-4, hsu2023disorderedhypothalamuspituitaryovaryaxis pages 1-2)
  • 2024 surgical/clinical presentation novelty: A 2024 case report documents serous adenofibroma complicated by isolated tubal torsion (supporting that benign tubal tumors can present acutely), though detailed extraction was limited in the retrieved text segments. (hsu2023disorderedhypothalamuspituitaryovaryaxis pages 2-4)

Visual clinical evidence (real-world implementation)

Intraoperative photographs and ultrasound panels from the 2023 leiomyoma case illustrate detection and minimally invasive excision. (cheng2023leiomyomaofthe media ebe7ac6e, cheng2023leiomyomaofthe media 06d5c5f8, cheng2023leiomyomaofthe media 6c9203d1)

Current applications and real-world implementations

1) Surgical management in routine gynecology

  • Benign fallopian tube neoplasms are managed primarily via laparoscopy/laparotomy, often discovered incidentally or during evaluation of complex adnexal masses. (silva2010acutepresentationof pages 1-2, cheng2023leiomyomaofthe pages 1-2)

2) Diagnostic pathways for complex adnexal masses

  • Trials in 2024 are testing whether robotic surgery vs open surgery for complex adnexal masses ≤8 cm can reduce laparotomy while maintaining oncologic safety when malignancy is suspected; this is relevant because benign/borderline lesions are common among such masses. (NCT06638593 chunk 1)

3) Biomarker/early cancer detection work that uses benign disease as comparator

Clinical trials indexed under fallopian tube neoplasms largely target cancer detection, but they routinely include benign masses as comparators: - Uterine lavage tumor DNA + serum biomarkers to distinguish cancer from benign disease (recruiting; started 2020-04-13). (NCT04794322 chunk 1, NCT04794322 chunk 2) - ctDNA assay development distinguishing malignant from benign adnexal masses (terminated for poor accrual). (NCT03485651 chunk 1) - Photoacoustic imaging for ovarian/fallopian tube cancer detection (withdrawn). (NCT02530606 chunk 1)

Expert opinion / authoritative synthesis

Across pathology and case-based clinical literature, recurring expert themes are: 1) Extreme rarity and limited epidemiologic certainty (incidence often “unknown” due to small numbers). (cheng2023leiomyomaofthe pages 1-2) 2) High potential for diagnostic confusion with malignant disease, especially for adenofibroma/cystadenofibroma that may appear malignant on imaging or gross exam. (silva2010acutepresentationof pages 1-2) 3) Preference for conservative, fertility-preserving surgery whenever malignancy is excluded. (silva2010acutepresentationof pages 1-2, cheng2023leiomyomaofthe pages 2-4)

Relevant statistics & data (best available)

  • Tubal cystadenofibroma: case-count rarity estimates 15 worldwide and 18 worldwide across two publications. (silva2010acutepresentationof pages 1-2, narayanrao2021benignpapillarycystadenofibroma pages 1-3)
  • Tubal leiomyoma: ~84 cases reported (2015 imaging report) and <100 cases reported (later literature). (kwon2015imagingfindingsof pages 1-3, ahmad2026fallopiantubeleiomyoma pages 1-2)
  • Incidental adenofibroma in non-tumoral tube pathology series: 2.2%. (karpathiou2020pathologyofthe pages 1-3)
  • Fimbrial adenofibromas in a high-risk surgical series (cited in 2023 report): 9.9%. (hsu2023disorderedhypothalamuspituitaryovaryaxis pages 2-4)

Summary table: key benign tubal entities

Tumor type Typical location Size range / numeric examples Typical presentation Diagnostic pitfalls Pathology highlights Management / outcomes Rarity / epidemiology Key citations
Papilloma of the fallopian tube Not well quantified in available evidence; intratubal lesion capable of causing luminal obstruction No reliable size series found in available context Often incidental; may present through tubal obstruction with hydrosalpinx or infertility Can overlap conceptually with papillary tubal hyperplasia; distinction from diffuse papillary tubal hyperplasia and from borderline/malignant papillary tubal lesions is important Rare benign epithelial neoplasm composed of branching papillary cores lined by bland, non-ciliated, non-metaplastic epithelium; may represent a localized mass-forming variant of papillary tubal hyperplasia No tumor-specific modern management series identified in available context; treatment is generally surgical when symptomatic/obstructive Described as rare; no incidence or case-count estimate found in available context (kolin2019fallopiantube pages 6-7)
Serous adenofibroma / cystadenofibroma (including papillary cystadenofibroma) Most often fimbrial end; may arise from intraluminal or serosal surface near the fimbria; small fimbrial lesions also reported in high-risk surgical series Commonly small, often 1–7 mm in incidental fimbrial lesions; reported larger examples include 0.3×0.2 cm, 2 cm, 3.5 cm, 2.5×2×2 cm, 5×4 cm, 5×6 cm, 5×6×7 cm, and a giant cystic case 10.4×7.87×6.7 cm Usually asymptomatic and incidental; abdominal/pelvic pain, palpable mass, posterior fornix cyst, vaginal bleeding, urinary or bowel complaints; can mimic ectopic pregnancy or acute abdomen Frequently mistaken for ectopic pregnancy, appendicitis, adnexal malignancy, tubal carcinoma, or borderline serous tumor; preoperative diagnosis is rare and imaging can look malignant Benign biphasic Müllerian-type lesion with papillary folds/excrescences and dense fibrous stroma; lining by low cuboidal to tall columnar/ciliated epithelium without atypia, mitoses, or invasion; reported vimentin-cytokeratin coexpression and diffuse apical EMA; focal ovarian stroma in some cases supports heterotopic/extraovarian sex-cord stromal proliferation hypothesis Conservative surgery favored when feasible: cystectomy, fimbrial cystectomy, salpingectomy, or unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy depending on anatomy and suspicion; reported benign course, no recurrence at 12 months in several case reports; hormone normalization after excision reported in one 2023 case Extremely rare: literature summaries report 15 reported cases worldwide, only 5 English-language cases in one review, and 18 worldwide cases in another review; incidental adenofibroma found in 2.2% of non-tumoral tubes in one pathology series; fimbrial adenofibromas reported in 9.9% in one high-risk series (narayanrao2021benignpapillarycystadenofibroma pages 1-3, hsu2023disorderedhypothalamuspituitaryovaryaxis pages 2-4, silva2010acutepresentationof pages 1-2, narayanrao2021benignpapillarycystadenofibroma pages 3-4, karpathiou2020pathologyofthe pages 1-3)
Leiomyoma of the fallopian tube Often isthmic and more often left-sided in available reviews; may also occur in ampulla; arises from tubal smooth muscle or vascular smooth muscle Usually small; examples include 3×3 cm at left isthmus, 3.8 cm on US, 4.0×2.5 cm on PET/CT, 4.7×4.0×2.7 cm on MRI; larger masses with degeneration/torsion also reported in literature reviews Often asymptomatic/incidental; pelvic or abdominal pain, adnexal mass, torsion, degenerative change, ectopic pregnancy, delayed menses, and infertility are reported Often misidentified as uterine leiomyoma, ovarian/adnexal mass, or other benign tubal tumors; imaging overlap is substantial and diagnostic laparoscopy may be needed Benign smooth-muscle tumor with spindle cells, collagen/fibrovascular stroma, actin positivity; MRI may resemble uterine leiomyoma (isointense T1, hypointense T2 when non-degenerated) but myxoid degeneration can produce heterogeneous T2 hyperintensity and enhancement Surgical excision is standard; salpingectomy for those without fertility goals, fertility-preserving myomectomy/laparoscopic resection for those desiring fertility; one case preserved tubal integrity with bilateral tubal patency on HyCoSy at 15 months; no abnormality on US at 6 months in another case Extremely rare; incidence unknown because of small numbers; one imaging review states ~84 cases reported to date, while later literature notes <100 cases reported; typical age mostly 25–45 years, highest reported age 70 (cheng2023leiomyomaofthe pages 1-2, kwon2015imagingfindingsof pages 1-3, ahmad2026fallopiantubeleiomyoma pages 1-2, cheng2023leiomyomaofthe pages 2-4)

Table: This table summarizes the main benign fallopian tube tumor types discussed in the literature, including their usual location, presentation, pathology, diagnostic pitfalls, rarity, and management. It is useful as a compact knowledge-base artifact because evidence is sparse and largely derived from case reports and small series.

Notes on missing data / limitations

  • MONDO, Orphanet, and OMIM identifiers were not found in the retrieved evidence; these likely exist for some categories (broad benign genital organ neoplasm), but mapping could not be confirmed with the available tool context.
  • Population incidence/prevalence is not estimable from the available case-report-centric evidence.
  • Genomics/omics evidence is sparse; current literature in this corpus is primarily morphologic and immunophenotypic.

References

  1. (silva2010acutepresentationof pages 1-2): Tania S de Silva, Abhijeet Patil, and Roy N Lawrence. Acute presentation of a benign cystadenofibroma of the fallopian tube: a case report. Journal of Medical Case Reports, 4:181-181, Jun 2010. URL: https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-1947-4-181, doi:10.1186/1752-1947-4-181. This article has 16 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.

  2. (narayanrao2021benignpapillarycystadenofibroma pages 1-3): Gude Prajakta Narayanrao, P. V. Srinivasan, and R. Kala. Benign papillary cystadenofibroma of fallopian tube presenting as posterior fornix cyst: case report. International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology, 10:364, Dec 2021. URL: https://doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20205800, doi:10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20205800. This article has 1 citations.

  3. (kolin2019fallopiantube pages 6-7): David L. Kolin and Brooke E. Howitt. Fallopian tube. Gynecologic and Obstetric Pathology, Volume 2, pages 53-77, Jan 2019. URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3019-3_2, doi:10.1007/978-981-13-3019-3_2. This article has 0 citations.

  4. (cheng2023leiomyomaofthe pages 1-2): Bing Cheng, Rui Wang, Yaoqun Fu, and Xiuling Fu. Leiomyoma of the fallopian tube found during laparoscopic myomectomy: a case report and review of the literature. Frontiers in Surgery, Mar 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.3389/fsurg.2023.997338, doi:10.3389/fsurg.2023.997338. This article has 5 citations.

  5. (kwon2015imagingfindingsof pages 1-3): Gene Hyuk Kwon, Sung Eun Rha, Eun Young Ki, Seok Nyeon Bae, and Ahwon Lee. Imaging findings of fallopian tube leiomyoma with myxoid degeneration: a case report. Clinical imaging, 39 6:1119-22, Nov 2015. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinimag.2015.07.003, doi:10.1016/j.clinimag.2015.07.003. This article has 9 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.

  6. (NCT02530606 chunk 1): Photoacoustic Imaging in Detecting Ovarian or Fallopian Tube Cancer. Stanford University. 2016. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02530606

  7. (metsker2021gynecologicalsurgeryand pages 1-4): Oleg Metsker, Georgy Kopanitsa, Anton Malushko, Eduard Komlichenko, Katerina Bolgova, and David Paskoshev. Gynecological surgery and machine learning: complications and length of stay prediction. Studies in health technology and informatics, 281:575-579, May 2021. URL: https://doi.org/10.3233/shti210236, doi:10.3233/shti210236. This article has 11 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.

  8. (kolin2019fallopiantube pages 4-6): David L. Kolin and Brooke E. Howitt. Fallopian tube. Gynecologic and Obstetric Pathology, Volume 2, pages 53-77, Jan 2019. URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3019-3_2, doi:10.1007/978-981-13-3019-3_2. This article has 0 citations.

  9. (karpathiou2020pathologyofthe pages 1-3): Georgia Karpathiou, Celine Chauleur, Melany Venet, Alix Clemenson, and Michel Peoc’h. Pathology of the fallopian tube: tubal involvement by ovarian tumors and incidental findings in the nontumoral setting. Pathobiology, 87:37-44, Jan 2020. URL: https://doi.org/10.1159/000505406, doi:10.1159/000505406. This article has 10 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.

  10. (NCT02343510 chunk 1): dr mohamed laban. Detection of Chlamydia DNA by Polymerase Chain Reaction in Primary Tubal and Ovarian Cancers Tissues : a Pilot Study. Ain Shams University. 2015. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02343510

  11. (NCT02530606 chunk 2): Photoacoustic Imaging in Detecting Ovarian or Fallopian Tube Cancer. Stanford University. 2016. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02530606

  12. (hsu2023disorderedhypothalamuspituitaryovaryaxis pages 2-4): Isabel Hsu, Li-Hsuan Lee, Leonard Hsu, Shee-Uan Chen, and Chao-Chin Hsu. Disordered hypothalamus-pituitary-ovary axis in heterotopic extraovarian sex cord-stromal proliferation: a case report of fallopian tube serous adenofibroma. BMC Women's Health, May 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-023-02407-y, doi:10.1186/s12905-023-02407-y. This article has 2 citations.

  13. (erra2012serouscystadenofibromaof pages 3-3): S Erra and D Costamagna. Serous cystadenofibroma of the fallopian tube. case report and literature review. Unknown journal, 2012.

  14. (cheng2023leiomyomaofthe pages 2-4): Bing Cheng, Rui Wang, Yaoqun Fu, and Xiuling Fu. Leiomyoma of the fallopian tube found during laparoscopic myomectomy: a case report and review of the literature. Frontiers in Surgery, Mar 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.3389/fsurg.2023.997338, doi:10.3389/fsurg.2023.997338. This article has 5 citations.

  15. (NCT04794322 chunk 3): Steven Skates. Developing a Test of Uterine Lavage for the Detection of Ovarian Cancer. Massachusetts General Hospital. 2020. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04794322

  16. (narayanrao2021benignpapillarycystadenofibroma pages 4-4): Gude Prajakta Narayanrao, P. V. Srinivasan, and R. Kala. Benign papillary cystadenofibroma of fallopian tube presenting as posterior fornix cyst: case report. International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology, 10:364, Dec 2021. URL: https://doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20205800, doi:10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20205800. This article has 1 citations.

  17. (hsu2023disorderedhypothalamuspituitaryovaryaxis pages 1-2): Isabel Hsu, Li-Hsuan Lee, Leonard Hsu, Shee-Uan Chen, and Chao-Chin Hsu. Disordered hypothalamus-pituitary-ovary axis in heterotopic extraovarian sex cord-stromal proliferation: a case report of fallopian tube serous adenofibroma. BMC Women's Health, May 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-023-02407-y, doi:10.1186/s12905-023-02407-y. This article has 2 citations.

  18. (narayanrao2021benignpapillarycystadenofibroma pages 3-4): Gude Prajakta Narayanrao, P. V. Srinivasan, and R. Kala. Benign papillary cystadenofibroma of fallopian tube presenting as posterior fornix cyst: case report. International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology, 10:364, Dec 2021. URL: https://doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20205800, doi:10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20205800. This article has 1 citations.

  19. (ahmad2026fallopiantubeleiomyoma pages 1-2): Hassan Abdulla Ahmad, Poila Habeeb Rashid, and Dahen Diyar Mohammed. Fallopian tube leiomyoma, pcos, and infertility: a case report and literature review. Middle East Fertility Society Journal, Feb 2026. URL: https://doi.org/10.1186/s43043-026-00303-7, doi:10.1186/s43043-026-00303-7. This article has 0 citations.

  20. (NCT06638593 chunk 1): Radwa Hablase. MIRRORS-FROZEN - Comparing Open Vs Robotic Surgery in the Management of Women with Complex Pelvic Adnexal Masses ≤ 8cm.. Royal Surrey County Hospital NHS Foundation Trust. 2024. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT06638593

  21. (cheng2023leiomyomaofthe media ebe7ac6e): Bing Cheng, Rui Wang, Yaoqun Fu, and Xiuling Fu. Leiomyoma of the fallopian tube found during laparoscopic myomectomy: a case report and review of the literature. Frontiers in Surgery, Mar 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.3389/fsurg.2023.997338, doi:10.3389/fsurg.2023.997338. This article has 5 citations.

  22. (cheng2023leiomyomaofthe media 06d5c5f8): Bing Cheng, Rui Wang, Yaoqun Fu, and Xiuling Fu. Leiomyoma of the fallopian tube found during laparoscopic myomectomy: a case report and review of the literature. Frontiers in Surgery, Mar 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.3389/fsurg.2023.997338, doi:10.3389/fsurg.2023.997338. This article has 5 citations.

  23. (cheng2023leiomyomaofthe media 6c9203d1): Bing Cheng, Rui Wang, Yaoqun Fu, and Xiuling Fu. Leiomyoma of the fallopian tube found during laparoscopic myomectomy: a case report and review of the literature. Frontiers in Surgery, Mar 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.3389/fsurg.2023.997338, doi:10.3389/fsurg.2023.997338. This article has 5 citations.

  24. (NCT04794322 chunk 1): Steven Skates. Developing a Test of Uterine Lavage for the Detection of Ovarian Cancer. Massachusetts General Hospital. 2020. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04794322

  25. (NCT04794322 chunk 2): Steven Skates. Developing a Test of Uterine Lavage for the Detection of Ovarian Cancer. Massachusetts General Hospital. 2020. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04794322

  26. (NCT03485651 chunk 1): Natera Ovarian Cancer Detection Assay. Natera, Inc.. 2017. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03485651

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