Cystic echinococcosis

name: Cystic echinococcosis
creation_date: '2026-01-26T15:56:41Z'
updated_date: '2026-04-11T01:06:52Z'
category: Infectious Disease
description: >-
  Cystic echinococcosis is a helminthic disease caused by the larval stage of
  Echinococcus granulosus.
disease_term:
  term:
    id: MONDO:0018408
    label: cystic echinococcosis
  preferred_term: Cystic echinococcosis
parents:
- Helminth infection
- Neglected tropical disease
infectious_agent:
- name: Echinococcus granulosus
  infectious_agent_term:
    preferred_term: Echinococcus granulosus
    term:
      id: NCBITaxon:6210
      label: Echinococcus granulosus
  description: Tapeworm whose larval stage causes cystic echinococcosis.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:27047771
    reference_title: "Hepatic Echinococcal Cysts: A Review."
    supports: SUPPORT
    snippet: "Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a widely endemic helminthic disease caused by infection with metacestodes (larval stage) of the Echinococcus granulosus tapeworm."
    explanation: The abstract identifies E. granulosus metacestodes as the cause of CE.
transmission:
- name: Dog-associated egg transmission
  description: Tapeworm eggs from dogs and other canids can infect humans.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:40944955
    reference_title: "Hydatid Disease."
    supports: SUPPORT
    snippet: "Dogs and other canids harboring gut-resident tapeworms readily transmit the tapeworm eggs (and subsequent formation of larval cysts) to humans in close contact with them."
    explanation: The abstract describes transmission of eggs from dogs and other canids to humans.
pathophysiology:
- name: Hepatic cyst formation
  description: Larval cysts commonly develop in the liver.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:27047771
    reference_title: "Hepatic Echinococcal Cysts: A Review."
    supports: SUPPORT
    snippet: "Upon infection with CE, cyst formation mainly occurs in the liver (70%)."
    explanation: The abstract reports predominant liver cyst formation.
phenotypes:
- name: Hepatic cysts
  category: Hepatic
  frequency: COMMON
  phenotype_term:
    preferred_term: Hepatic cysts
    term:
      id: HP:0001407
      label: Hepatic cysts
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:27047771
    reference_title: "Hepatic Echinococcal Cysts: A Review."
    supports: SUPPORT
    snippet: "Upon infection with CE, cyst formation mainly occurs in the liver (70%)."
    explanation: The abstract indicates liver cyst formation is common.
treatments:
- name: Benzimidazole chemotherapy
  description: Benzimidazole carbamates are used as chemotherapy.
  treatment_term:
    preferred_term: pharmacotherapy
    term:
      id: MAXO:0000058
      label: pharmacotherapy
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:27047771
    reference_title: "Hepatic Echinococcal Cysts: A Review."
    supports: SUPPORT
    snippet: "Treatment methods include chemotherapy with benzimidazole carbamates and/or surgical approaches, including percutaneous aspiration injection and reaspiration."
    explanation: The abstract lists benzimidazole chemotherapy among treatments.
- name: Surgical and percutaneous approaches
  description: Surgical approaches including percutaneous aspiration are used.
  treatment_term:
    preferred_term: surgical procedure
    term:
      id: MAXO:0000004
      label: surgical procedure
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:27047771
    reference_title: "Hepatic Echinococcal Cysts: A Review."
    supports: SUPPORT
    snippet: "Treatment methods include chemotherapy with benzimidazole carbamates and/or surgical approaches, including percutaneous aspiration injection and reaspiration."
    explanation: The abstract lists surgical and percutaneous approaches.
references:
- reference: DOI:10.1007/s11259-024-10375-3
  title: Human and camel cystic echinococcosis – a polyclonal antibody-based sandwich ELISA for its serodiagnosis with molecular identification
  found_in:
  - Cystic_Echinococcosis-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is an emergent neglected disease affecting human and animals in Egypt with a wide distribution and incidence.
    supporting_text: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is an emergent neglected disease affecting human and animals in Egypt with a wide distribution and incidence.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.1007/s11259-024-10375-3
      reference_title: Human and camel cystic echinococcosis – a polyclonal antibody-based sandwich ELISA for its serodiagnosis with molecular identification
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
      snippet: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is an emergent neglected disease affecting human and animals in Egypt with a wide distribution and incidence.
      explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Cystic Echinococcosis.
- reference: DOI:10.1007/s11686-024-00840-z
  title: Comparison of Methods in the Serologic Diagnosis of Cystic Echinococcosis
  found_in:
  - Cystic_Echinococcosis-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is caused by the larval form of Echinococcus granulosus.
    supporting_text: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is caused by the larval form of Echinococcus granulosus.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.1007/s11686-024-00840-z
      reference_title: Comparison of Methods in the Serologic Diagnosis of Cystic Echinococcosis
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: OTHER
      snippet: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is caused by the larval form of Echinococcus granulosus.
      explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Cystic Echinococcosis.
- reference: DOI:10.1007/s44197-025-00429-3
  title: 'Computed Tomography (CT) Patterns of Hepatic Cystic Echinococcosis (CE) Cysts: A 19-Year Retrospective Study at a Tertiary Center in Sana’a, Yemen'
  found_in:
  - Cystic_Echinococcosis-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: 'Computed Tomography (CT) Patterns of Hepatic Cystic Echinococcosis (CE) Cysts: A 19-Year Retrospective Study at a Tertiary Center in Sana’a, Yemen'
    supporting_text: 'Computed Tomography (CT) Patterns of Hepatic Cystic Echinococcosis (CE) Cysts: A 19-Year Retrospective Study at a Tertiary Center in Sana’a, Yemen'
- reference: DOI:10.1017/s0031182024001069
  title: 'The burden and distribution of cystic echinococcosis in Bhutan: a retrospective study'
  found_in:
  - Cystic_Echinococcosis-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: Cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by Echinococcus granulosus s.l. is a neglected zoonosis posing a significant public health challenge.
    supporting_text: Cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by Echinococcus granulosus s.l. is a neglected zoonosis posing a significant public health challenge.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.1017/s0031182024001069
      reference_title: 'The burden and distribution of cystic echinococcosis in Bhutan: a retrospective study'
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
      snippet: Cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by Echinococcus granulosus s.l. is a neglected zoonosis posing a significant public health challenge.
      explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Cystic Echinococcosis.
- reference: DOI:10.1101/2024.09.12.24313559
  title: Clinical management, epidemiology, and recurrence of human cystic echinococcosis in a secondary care level hospital in an endemic area of the Andes in Sicuani, Cusco, Peru
  found_in:
  - Cystic_Echinococcosis-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: Peru has the highest incidence of human cystic echinococcosis (CE) in South America and most cases are reported in the Central and Southern Peruvian Andes, including the Cusco region.
    supporting_text: Peru has the highest incidence of human cystic echinococcosis (CE) in South America and most cases are reported in the Central and Southern Peruvian Andes, including the Cusco region.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.1101/2024.09.12.24313559
      reference_title: Clinical management, epidemiology, and recurrence of human cystic echinococcosis in a secondary care level hospital in an endemic area of the Andes in Sicuani, Cusco, Peru
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
      snippet: Peru has the highest incidence of human cystic echinococcosis (CE) in South America and most cases are reported in the Central and Southern Peruvian Andes, including the Cusco region.
      explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Cystic Echinococcosis.
- reference: DOI:10.1159/000547623
  title: 'The Role of Interventional Radiology for the Treatment of Liver CE and AE Lesions: Current Concepts'
  found_in:
  - Cystic_Echinococcosis-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: Although they are evaluated in the same disease spectrum, the physiopathologies, diagnoses, treatment management strategies, and prognoses of AE and CE differ completely.
    supporting_text: Although they are evaluated in the same disease spectrum, the physiopathologies, diagnoses, treatment management strategies, and prognoses of AE and CE differ completely.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.1159/000547623
      reference_title: 'The Role of Interventional Radiology for the Treatment of Liver CE and AE Lesions: Current Concepts'
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: OTHER
      snippet: Although they are evaluated in the same disease spectrum, the physiopathologies, diagnoses, treatment management strategies, and prognoses of AE and CE differ completely.
      explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Cystic Echinococcosis.
- reference: DOI:10.1177/20499361231171478
  title: 'Liver cystic echinococcosis: a parasitic review'
  found_in:
  - Cystic_Echinococcosis-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: Liver cystic echinococcosis (CE), known as hydatid disease, is caused by the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato.
    supporting_text: Liver cystic echinococcosis (CE), known as hydatid disease, is caused by the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.1177/20499361231171478
      reference_title: 'Liver cystic echinococcosis: a parasitic review'
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: OTHER
      snippet: Liver cystic echinococcosis (CE), known as hydatid disease, is caused by the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato.
      explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Cystic Echinococcosis.
- reference: DOI:10.1186/s12879-024-09539-y
  title: Follow up study of symptomatic human cystic echinococcosis treatment with albendazole and praziquantel, in Uruguay
  found_in:
  - Cystic_Echinococcosis-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a chronic disease considered a neglected one.
    supporting_text: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a chronic disease considered a neglected one.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.1186/s12879-024-09539-y
      reference_title: Follow up study of symptomatic human cystic echinococcosis treatment with albendazole and praziquantel, in Uruguay
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
      snippet: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a chronic disease considered a neglected one.
      explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Cystic Echinococcosis.
- reference: DOI:10.1186/s13071-025-06900-1
  title: Design and evaluation of a novel direct hemagglutination test based on a recombinant protein for diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis
  found_in:
  - Cystic_Echinococcosis-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: Cystic echinococcosis (CE), one of the most important parasitic diseases, threatens global health for animals and, occasionally, humans.
    supporting_text: Cystic echinococcosis (CE), one of the most important parasitic diseases, threatens global health for animals and, occasionally, humans.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.1186/s13071-025-06900-1
      reference_title: Design and evaluation of a novel direct hemagglutination test based on a recombinant protein for diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
      snippet: Cystic echinococcosis (CE), one of the most important parasitic diseases, threatens global health for animals and, occasionally, humans.
      explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Cystic Echinococcosis.
- reference: DOI:10.3329/bjz.v53i1.82673
  title: 'Understanding Echinococcosis: A review of its epidemiological outlook'
  found_in:
  - Cystic_Echinococcosis-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: 'Understanding Echinococcosis: A review of its epidemiological outlook'
    supporting_text: Echinococcosis is an ignored silent cyclozoonotic illness in many resource-poor pastoral regions impacting a variety of animal species, such as wildlife and cattle, causes of substantial morbidity and mortality and it also has zoonotic implications.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.3329/bjz.v53i1.82673
      reference_title: 'Understanding Echinococcosis: A review of its epidemiological outlook'
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
      snippet: Echinococcosis is an ignored silent cyclozoonotic illness in many resource-poor pastoral regions impacting a variety of animal species, such as wildlife and cattle, causes of substantial morbidity and mortality and it also has zoonotic implications.
      explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Cystic Echinococcosis.
- reference: DOI:10.3390/pathogens13060477
  title: Evaluation of the Local and Peripheral Immune Responses in Patients with Cystic Echinococcosis
  found_in:
  - Cystic_Echinococcosis-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) cysts may persist for decades because of immune modulation mechanisms.
    supporting_text: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) cysts may persist for decades because of immune modulation mechanisms.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.3390/pathogens13060477
      reference_title: Evaluation of the Local and Peripheral Immune Responses in Patients with Cystic Echinococcosis
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
      snippet: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) cysts may persist for decades because of immune modulation mechanisms.
      explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Cystic Echinococcosis.
- reference: DOI:10.3390/tropicalmed9020036
  title: 'Cystic Echinococcosis in the Early 2020s: A Review'
  found_in:
  - Cystic_Echinococcosis-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonosis caused by metacestodes, the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus.
    supporting_text: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonosis caused by metacestodes, the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.3390/tropicalmed9020036
      reference_title: 'Cystic Echinococcosis in the Early 2020s: A Review'
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: OTHER
      snippet: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonosis caused by metacestodes, the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus.
      explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Cystic Echinococcosis.
- reference: DOI:10.3390/tropicalmed9040087
  title: 'Global, Regional and National Burden of Human Cystic Echinococcosis from 1990 to 2019: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019'
  found_in:
  - Cystic_Echinococcosis-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: 'Global, Regional and National Burden of Human Cystic Echinococcosis from 1990 to 2019: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019'
    supporting_text: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a neglected tropical parasitic disease that poses huge disease, social and economic burdens worldwide; however, there has been little knowledge on the global morbidity, mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of CE until now.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.3390/tropicalmed9040087
      reference_title: 'Global, Regional and National Burden of Human Cystic Echinococcosis from 1990 to 2019: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019'
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
      snippet: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a neglected tropical parasitic disease that poses huge disease, social and economic burdens worldwide; however, there has been little knowledge on the global morbidity, mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of CE until now.
      explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Cystic Echinococcosis.
- reference: DOI:10.3390/tropicalmed9070163
  title: 'The Diagnostic Challenge of Cystic Echinococcosis in Humans: First Assessment of Underreporting Rates in Mongolia'
  found_in:
  - Cystic_Echinococcosis-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: Cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus, is significantly underreported in Mongolia due to geographical remoteness, a lack of early diagnostics, and poor clinical management.
    supporting_text: Cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus, is significantly underreported in Mongolia due to geographical remoteness, a lack of early diagnostics, and poor clinical management.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.3390/tropicalmed9070163
      reference_title: 'The Diagnostic Challenge of Cystic Echinococcosis in Humans: First Assessment of Underreporting Rates in Mongolia'
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
      snippet: Cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus, is significantly underreported in Mongolia due to geographical remoteness, a lack of early diagnostics, and poor clinical management.
      explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Cystic Echinococcosis.