Cystic echinococcosis is a helminthic disease caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus.
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name: Cystic echinococcosis
creation_date: '2026-01-26T15:56:41Z'
updated_date: '2026-04-11T01:06:52Z'
category: Infectious Disease
description: >-
Cystic echinococcosis is a helminthic disease caused by the larval stage of
Echinococcus granulosus.
disease_term:
term:
id: MONDO:0018408
label: cystic echinococcosis
preferred_term: Cystic echinococcosis
parents:
- Helminth infection
- Neglected tropical disease
infectious_agent:
- name: Echinococcus granulosus
infectious_agent_term:
preferred_term: Echinococcus granulosus
term:
id: NCBITaxon:6210
label: Echinococcus granulosus
description: Tapeworm whose larval stage causes cystic echinococcosis.
evidence:
- reference: PMID:27047771
reference_title: "Hepatic Echinococcal Cysts: A Review."
supports: SUPPORT
snippet: "Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a widely endemic helminthic disease caused by infection with metacestodes (larval stage) of the Echinococcus granulosus tapeworm."
explanation: The abstract identifies E. granulosus metacestodes as the cause of CE.
transmission:
- name: Dog-associated egg transmission
description: Tapeworm eggs from dogs and other canids can infect humans.
evidence:
- reference: PMID:40944955
reference_title: "Hydatid Disease."
supports: SUPPORT
snippet: "Dogs and other canids harboring gut-resident tapeworms readily transmit the tapeworm eggs (and subsequent formation of larval cysts) to humans in close contact with them."
explanation: The abstract describes transmission of eggs from dogs and other canids to humans.
pathophysiology:
- name: Hepatic cyst formation
description: Larval cysts commonly develop in the liver.
evidence:
- reference: PMID:27047771
reference_title: "Hepatic Echinococcal Cysts: A Review."
supports: SUPPORT
snippet: "Upon infection with CE, cyst formation mainly occurs in the liver (70%)."
explanation: The abstract reports predominant liver cyst formation.
phenotypes:
- name: Hepatic cysts
category: Hepatic
frequency: FREQUENT
phenotype_term:
preferred_term: Hepatic cysts
term:
id: HP:0001407
label: Hepatic cysts
evidence:
- reference: PMID:27047771
reference_title: "Hepatic Echinococcal Cysts: A Review."
supports: SUPPORT
snippet: "Upon infection with CE, cyst formation mainly occurs in the liver (70%)."
explanation: The abstract indicates liver cyst formation is common.
treatments:
- name: Benzimidazole chemotherapy
description: Benzimidazole carbamates are used as chemotherapy.
treatment_term:
preferred_term: Pharmacotherapy
term:
id: NCIT:C15986
label: Pharmacotherapy
evidence:
- reference: PMID:27047771
reference_title: "Hepatic Echinococcal Cysts: A Review."
supports: SUPPORT
snippet: "Treatment methods include chemotherapy with benzimidazole carbamates and/or surgical approaches, including percutaneous aspiration injection and reaspiration."
explanation: The abstract lists benzimidazole chemotherapy among treatments.
- name: Surgical and percutaneous approaches
description: Surgical approaches including percutaneous aspiration are used.
treatment_term:
preferred_term: surgical procedure
term:
id: MAXO:0000004
label: surgical procedure
evidence:
- reference: PMID:27047771
reference_title: "Hepatic Echinococcal Cysts: A Review."
supports: SUPPORT
snippet: "Treatment methods include chemotherapy with benzimidazole carbamates and/or surgical approaches, including percutaneous aspiration injection and reaspiration."
explanation: The abstract lists surgical and percutaneous approaches.
references:
- reference: DOI:10.1007/s11259-024-10375-3
title: Human and camel cystic echinococcosis – a polyclonal antibody-based sandwich ELISA for its serodiagnosis with molecular identification
found_in:
- Cystic_Echinococcosis-deep-research-falcon.md
findings:
- statement: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is an emergent neglected disease affecting human and animals in Egypt with a wide distribution and incidence.
supporting_text: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is an emergent neglected disease affecting human and animals in Egypt with a wide distribution and incidence.
evidence:
- reference: DOI:10.1007/s11259-024-10375-3
reference_title: Human and camel cystic echinococcosis – a polyclonal antibody-based sandwich ELISA for its serodiagnosis with molecular identification
supports: SUPPORT
evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
snippet: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is an emergent neglected disease affecting human and animals in Egypt with a wide distribution and incidence.
explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Cystic Echinococcosis.
- reference: DOI:10.1007/s11686-024-00840-z
title: Comparison of Methods in the Serologic Diagnosis of Cystic Echinococcosis
found_in:
- Cystic_Echinococcosis-deep-research-falcon.md
findings:
- statement: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is caused by the larval form of Echinococcus granulosus.
supporting_text: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is caused by the larval form of Echinococcus granulosus.
evidence:
- reference: DOI:10.1007/s11686-024-00840-z
reference_title: Comparison of Methods in the Serologic Diagnosis of Cystic Echinococcosis
supports: SUPPORT
evidence_source: OTHER
snippet: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is caused by the larval form of Echinococcus granulosus.
explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Cystic Echinococcosis.
- reference: DOI:10.1007/s44197-025-00429-3
title: 'Computed Tomography (CT) Patterns of Hepatic Cystic Echinococcosis (CE) Cysts: A 19-Year Retrospective Study at a Tertiary Center in Sana’a, Yemen'
found_in:
- Cystic_Echinococcosis-deep-research-falcon.md
findings:
- statement: 'Computed Tomography (CT) Patterns of Hepatic Cystic Echinococcosis (CE) Cysts: A 19-Year Retrospective Study at a Tertiary Center in Sana’a, Yemen'
supporting_text: 'Computed Tomography (CT) Patterns of Hepatic Cystic Echinococcosis (CE) Cysts: A 19-Year Retrospective Study at a Tertiary Center in Sana’a, Yemen'
- reference: DOI:10.1017/s0031182024001069
title: 'The burden and distribution of cystic echinococcosis in Bhutan: a retrospective study'
found_in:
- Cystic_Echinococcosis-deep-research-falcon.md
findings:
- statement: Cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by Echinococcus granulosus s.l. is a neglected zoonosis posing a significant public health challenge.
supporting_text: Cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by Echinococcus granulosus s.l. is a neglected zoonosis posing a significant public health challenge.
evidence:
- reference: DOI:10.1017/s0031182024001069
reference_title: 'The burden and distribution of cystic echinococcosis in Bhutan: a retrospective study'
supports: SUPPORT
evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
snippet: Cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by Echinococcus granulosus s.l. is a neglected zoonosis posing a significant public health challenge.
explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Cystic Echinococcosis.
- reference: DOI:10.1101/2024.09.12.24313559
title: Clinical management, epidemiology, and recurrence of human cystic echinococcosis in a secondary care level hospital in an endemic area of the Andes in Sicuani, Cusco, Peru
found_in:
- Cystic_Echinococcosis-deep-research-falcon.md
findings:
- statement: Peru has the highest incidence of human cystic echinococcosis (CE) in South America and most cases are reported in the Central and Southern Peruvian Andes, including the Cusco region.
supporting_text: Peru has the highest incidence of human cystic echinococcosis (CE) in South America and most cases are reported in the Central and Southern Peruvian Andes, including the Cusco region.
evidence:
- reference: DOI:10.1101/2024.09.12.24313559
reference_title: Clinical management, epidemiology, and recurrence of human cystic echinococcosis in a secondary care level hospital in an endemic area of the Andes in Sicuani, Cusco, Peru
supports: SUPPORT
evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
snippet: Peru has the highest incidence of human cystic echinococcosis (CE) in South America and most cases are reported in the Central and Southern Peruvian Andes, including the Cusco region.
explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Cystic Echinococcosis.
- reference: DOI:10.1159/000547623
title: 'The Role of Interventional Radiology for the Treatment of Liver CE and AE Lesions: Current Concepts'
found_in:
- Cystic_Echinococcosis-deep-research-falcon.md
findings:
- statement: Although they are evaluated in the same disease spectrum, the physiopathologies, diagnoses, treatment management strategies, and prognoses of AE and CE differ completely.
supporting_text: Although they are evaluated in the same disease spectrum, the physiopathologies, diagnoses, treatment management strategies, and prognoses of AE and CE differ completely.
evidence:
- reference: DOI:10.1159/000547623
reference_title: 'The Role of Interventional Radiology for the Treatment of Liver CE and AE Lesions: Current Concepts'
supports: SUPPORT
evidence_source: OTHER
snippet: Although they are evaluated in the same disease spectrum, the physiopathologies, diagnoses, treatment management strategies, and prognoses of AE and CE differ completely.
explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Cystic Echinococcosis.
- reference: DOI:10.1177/20499361231171478
title: 'Liver cystic echinococcosis: a parasitic review'
found_in:
- Cystic_Echinococcosis-deep-research-falcon.md
findings:
- statement: Liver cystic echinococcosis (CE), known as hydatid disease, is caused by the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato.
supporting_text: Liver cystic echinococcosis (CE), known as hydatid disease, is caused by the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato.
evidence:
- reference: DOI:10.1177/20499361231171478
reference_title: 'Liver cystic echinococcosis: a parasitic review'
supports: SUPPORT
evidence_source: OTHER
snippet: Liver cystic echinococcosis (CE), known as hydatid disease, is caused by the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato.
explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Cystic Echinococcosis.
- reference: DOI:10.1186/s12879-024-09539-y
title: Follow up study of symptomatic human cystic echinococcosis treatment with albendazole and praziquantel, in Uruguay
found_in:
- Cystic_Echinococcosis-deep-research-falcon.md
findings:
- statement: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a chronic disease considered a neglected one.
supporting_text: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a chronic disease considered a neglected one.
evidence:
- reference: DOI:10.1186/s12879-024-09539-y
reference_title: Follow up study of symptomatic human cystic echinococcosis treatment with albendazole and praziquantel, in Uruguay
supports: SUPPORT
evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
snippet: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a chronic disease considered a neglected one.
explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Cystic Echinococcosis.
- reference: DOI:10.1186/s13071-025-06900-1
title: Design and evaluation of a novel direct hemagglutination test based on a recombinant protein for diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis
found_in:
- Cystic_Echinococcosis-deep-research-falcon.md
findings:
- statement: Cystic echinococcosis (CE), one of the most important parasitic diseases, threatens global health for animals and, occasionally, humans.
supporting_text: Cystic echinococcosis (CE), one of the most important parasitic diseases, threatens global health for animals and, occasionally, humans.
evidence:
- reference: DOI:10.1186/s13071-025-06900-1
reference_title: Design and evaluation of a novel direct hemagglutination test based on a recombinant protein for diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis
supports: SUPPORT
evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
snippet: Cystic echinococcosis (CE), one of the most important parasitic diseases, threatens global health for animals and, occasionally, humans.
explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Cystic Echinococcosis.
- reference: DOI:10.3329/bjz.v53i1.82673
title: 'Understanding Echinococcosis: A review of its epidemiological outlook'
found_in:
- Cystic_Echinococcosis-deep-research-falcon.md
findings:
- statement: 'Understanding Echinococcosis: A review of its epidemiological outlook'
supporting_text: Echinococcosis is an ignored silent cyclozoonotic illness in many resource-poor pastoral regions impacting a variety of animal species, such as wildlife and cattle, causes of substantial morbidity and mortality and it also has zoonotic implications.
evidence:
- reference: DOI:10.3329/bjz.v53i1.82673
reference_title: 'Understanding Echinococcosis: A review of its epidemiological outlook'
supports: SUPPORT
evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
snippet: Echinococcosis is an ignored silent cyclozoonotic illness in many resource-poor pastoral regions impacting a variety of animal species, such as wildlife and cattle, causes of substantial morbidity and mortality and it also has zoonotic implications.
explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Cystic Echinococcosis.
- reference: DOI:10.3390/pathogens13060477
title: Evaluation of the Local and Peripheral Immune Responses in Patients with Cystic Echinococcosis
found_in:
- Cystic_Echinococcosis-deep-research-falcon.md
findings:
- statement: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) cysts may persist for decades because of immune modulation mechanisms.
supporting_text: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) cysts may persist for decades because of immune modulation mechanisms.
evidence:
- reference: DOI:10.3390/pathogens13060477
reference_title: Evaluation of the Local and Peripheral Immune Responses in Patients with Cystic Echinococcosis
supports: SUPPORT
evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
snippet: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) cysts may persist for decades because of immune modulation mechanisms.
explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Cystic Echinococcosis.
- reference: DOI:10.3390/tropicalmed9020036
title: 'Cystic Echinococcosis in the Early 2020s: A Review'
found_in:
- Cystic_Echinococcosis-deep-research-falcon.md
findings:
- statement: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonosis caused by metacestodes, the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus.
supporting_text: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonosis caused by metacestodes, the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus.
evidence:
- reference: DOI:10.3390/tropicalmed9020036
reference_title: 'Cystic Echinococcosis in the Early 2020s: A Review'
supports: SUPPORT
evidence_source: OTHER
snippet: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonosis caused by metacestodes, the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus.
explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Cystic Echinococcosis.
- reference: DOI:10.3390/tropicalmed9040087
title: 'Global, Regional and National Burden of Human Cystic Echinococcosis from 1990 to 2019: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019'
found_in:
- Cystic_Echinococcosis-deep-research-falcon.md
findings:
- statement: 'Global, Regional and National Burden of Human Cystic Echinococcosis from 1990 to 2019: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019'
supporting_text: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a neglected tropical parasitic disease that poses huge disease, social and economic burdens worldwide; however, there has been little knowledge on the global morbidity, mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of CE until now.
evidence:
- reference: DOI:10.3390/tropicalmed9040087
reference_title: 'Global, Regional and National Burden of Human Cystic Echinococcosis from 1990 to 2019: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019'
supports: SUPPORT
evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
snippet: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a neglected tropical parasitic disease that poses huge disease, social and economic burdens worldwide; however, there has been little knowledge on the global morbidity, mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of CE until now.
explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Cystic Echinococcosis.
- reference: DOI:10.3390/tropicalmed9070163
title: 'The Diagnostic Challenge of Cystic Echinococcosis in Humans: First Assessment of Underreporting Rates in Mongolia'
found_in:
- Cystic_Echinococcosis-deep-research-falcon.md
findings:
- statement: Cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus, is significantly underreported in Mongolia due to geographical remoteness, a lack of early diagnostics, and poor clinical management.
supporting_text: Cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus, is significantly underreported in Mongolia due to geographical remoteness, a lack of early diagnostics, and poor clinical management.
evidence:
- reference: DOI:10.3390/tropicalmed9070163
reference_title: 'The Diagnostic Challenge of Cystic Echinococcosis in Humans: First Assessment of Underreporting Rates in Mongolia'
supports: SUPPORT
evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
snippet: Cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus, is significantly underreported in Mongolia due to geographical remoteness, a lack of early diagnostics, and poor clinical management.
explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Cystic Echinococcosis.
CE is defined as human infection by the larval stage of E. granulosus s.l. producing unilocular, fluid-filled hydatid cysts that most often localize in liver and lungs; cyst rupture can disseminate protoscolices and trigger allergic/anaphylactic reactions. (jahan2025understandingechinococcosisa pages 3-7, akbulut2025hydatiddisease pages 6-8)
Information in this report is derived from aggregated disease-level resources (reviews, burden analyses) and multiple primary clinical/epidemiologic studies; several surveillance estimates explicitly note under-ascertainment when relying on surgical case series alone. (bold2024thediagnosticchallenge pages 5-7, bold2024thediagnosticchallenge pages 1-2)
Evidence from recent reviews and national studies supports the following as key risk factors: - Rural residence and dog ownership (higher exposure probability); drinking commercially sourced water was associated with lower infection risk in pooled evidence summarized in a 2024 review. (hogea2024cysticechinococcosisin pages 6-7) - Practices enabling dog infection and environmental egg contamination: dog access to infected offal and feeding dogs raw offal are repeatedly emphasized as key drivers of transmission; insufficient dog deworming is highlighted as a persistence factor in endemic settings. (jahan2025understandingechinococcosisa pages 7-10, tenzin2024theburdenand pages 2-3) - Bhutan risk context: rural living, dog ownership, feeding dogs, home slaughtering, being a farmer, and unsafe drinking water were identified as relevant risk exposures in Bhutan’s national retrospective assessment. (tenzin2024theburdenand pages 2-3)
Direct quantitative protective-factor evidence was limited in retrieved sources; however, reduced exposure to infected dogs/offal and improved sanitation are consistently framed as protective measures (see Prevention section). (hogea2024cysticechinococcosisin pages 6-7)
No validated human host genetic susceptibility or explicit gene–environment interaction findings were identified in the retrieved evidence.
Suggested HPO terms (non-exhaustive; mapped to typical CE manifestations): - Abdominal pain HP:0002027 - Hepatomegaly HP:0002240 - Liver cysts HP:0001407 - Pulmonary cysts HP:0033149 (or related pulmonary lesion terms depending on ontology version) - Eosinophilia HP:0001880 - Anaphylaxis HP:0100845
Phenotype timing: disease is typically chronic/insidious with prolonged asymptomatic periods. (akbulut2025hydatiddisease pages 6-8)
Specific QoL instrument results (e.g., SF-36/EQ-5D) were not present in the retrieved evidence; nevertheless, CE contributes to substantial morbidity and prolonged hospitalization in national series (e.g., >47% hospitalized >4 days in Bhutan). (tenzin2024theburdenand pages 1-2)
Not applicable in the Mendelian sense: CE is not a human genetic disease.
The retrieved evidence included mention that isolates can be identified as E. granulosus s.l. genotypes via PCR-based methods in research settings, but systematic genotype–phenotype associations in humans were not extracted here. (mehdi2025designandevaluation pages 8-9)
No ClinVar/ClinGen/OMIM-style host causal variants were identified in the retrieved evidence.
Environmental contamination with parasite eggs is central; exposures are linked to rural pastoral settings, dog ownership, and slaughter/offal-handling practices. (jahan2025understandingechinococcosisa pages 3-7, tenzin2024theburdenand pages 2-3)
A 2024 human study analyzing tissue and blood immune responses reported that CE lesions can persist for decades due to immune modulation. In pericyst and adjacent liver tissue, aggregates of CD3+ T cells (predominantly CD4+) and B-cell aggregates were observed; monocytes/granulocytes were rare. Tissue cytokine staining showed scarce Th2 cytokines (IL-4/IL-13) but moderate IFN-γ. In contrast, peripheral whole-blood stimulation with parasite antigen B (AgB) showed increased IL-4 responses in CE patients (p=0.003 in larger cohort confirmation), while IFN-γ responses were similar between cases and controls. (petrone2024evaluationofthe pages 1-2, petrone2024evaluationofthe pages 7-9)
Suggested ontology mappings: - GO biological processes: immune response (GO:0006955); T cell activation (GO:0042110); cytokine-mediated signaling pathway (GO:0019221); response to interferon-gamma (GO:0034341); type 2 immune response (GO:0042092). - Cell Ontology (CL) terms (examples): CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell (CL:0000624); B cell (CL:0000236); fibroblast (CL:0000057) (for pericyst/adventitia context).
No transcriptomic/proteomic/metabolomic datasets were directly extracted from the retrieved human CE evidence.
Suggested UBERON terms (examples): liver (UBERON:0002107), lung (UBERON:0002048), spleen (UBERON:0002106).
Not directly addressed in retrieved evidence.
Key recent burden statistics include: - GBD 2019 analysis (published 2024): global ASIR changed from 2.65/100,000 (1990) to 2.60/100,000 (2019) with EAPC −0.18%; deaths and DALYs declined overall 1990–2019, but projections suggest ASIR declines while ASMR and age-standardized DALY rates may rise 2020–2030. (tian2024globalregionaland pages 1-2) - GBD 2021 figures cited in a 2025 textbook chapter: 148,521 new cases, 633,404 prevalent cases, 1,364 deaths, 105,072 DALYs with age-standardized incidence 1.82/100,000 and prevalence 7.69/100,000. (akbulut2025hydatiddisease pages 6-8) - Bhutan national retrospective burden (published 2024; 2015–2019): average annual incidence 4.4/100,000; estimated ~39 DALYs/year for treatment-seeking cases and possibly ~80 DALYs/year including non-treatment-seeking cases; liver 78%, lungs 13%. (tenzin2024theburdenand pages 1-2) - Mongolia underreporting (published 2024): predicted diagnosed burden 15.9/100,000 vs surgical-case prevalence 2.2/100,000 (i.e., surgical cases represent ~one-eighth of diagnosed burden). (bold2024thediagnosticchallenge pages 5-7, bold2024thediagnosticchallenge pages 1-2) - Population ultrasound screening synthesis (2024 review): pooled sample 130,093, 2,077 CE cases, with mean prevalence around 0.0160 (95% CI 0.0153–0.0166) in collated studies. (hogea2024cysticechinococcosisin pages 6-7)
Not applicable.
A 2024 head-to-head evaluation in 74 suspected CE sera reported: - ELISA: sensitivity 85.42%, specificity 88.46%. - IFA: sensitivity 83.33%, specificity 88.46%. - Fumouze IHA: sensitivity 70.83%, specificity 96.15%. - Siemens IHA: sensitivity 66.67%, specificity reported ~92.31% in the study summary. - Western blot: sensitivity 72.92%, specificity 88.46%. These findings support combining tests and interpreting serology alongside imaging due to false negatives/positives. (erganis2024comparisonofmethods pages 4-6)
In Mongolia’s underreporting analysis, practical diagnostic constraints were emphasized; RDTs for active cysts were reported with sensitivity 74% and specificity 96%, contrasted with ELISA 69% sensitivity / 96% specificity in that local context. (bold2024thediagnosticchallenge pages 7-8)
Emerging molecular diagnostics include: - Multiplex qPCR (QPCR-Echino): ongoing diagnostic clinical study aims to assess sensitivity of Echinococcus DNA detection in operating specimens/biopsies/puncture fluids and plasma (NCT05824442; start 2023-10-24). (NCT05824442 chunk 1) - ddPCR for circulating cfDNA: exploratory interventional study evaluating ddPCR sensitivity for plasma E. granulosus s.l. cfDNA detection in untreated hepatic CE, with sensitivity stratified by cyst stage (NCT05769790; start 2022-03-21; primary completion estimated 2024-03). (NCT05769790 chunk 1)
Detailed differential diagnosis lists were not available in the retrieved evidence; in practice, staging-compatible imaging patterns plus serology/molecular confirmation are used to distinguish CE from non-parasitic cysts and other hepatic/pulmonary lesions.
In Bhutan, >47% of patients were hospitalized for >4 days, and most were treated surgically (>82%). (tenzin2024theburdenand pages 1-2)
Suggested MAXO terms (examples): albendazole therapy (MAXO term for antiparasitic drug therapy), praziquantel therapy.
A 2025 interventional radiology review emphasizes stage-specific percutaneous management: - CE1/CE3a: PAIR or catheterization; reported success up to 96% and recurrence as low as 4% overall. A meta-analysis cited found percutaneous therapy vs surgery for CE1/CE3a had lower mortality (0.1% vs 0.7%), fewer major complications (7.9% vs 25.1%), fewer minor complications (13.1% vs 33%), lower recurrence (1.6% vs 6.3%), and shorter hospital stay (2.4 vs 15 days). (akhan2025theroleof pages 6-8) - CE2/CE3b: Mo-CAT long-term series (132 cysts) reported 0 mortality, major complications 10%, recurrence 4.5%, mean hospital stay 3.8 days, mean follow-up 52 months. (akhan2025theroleof pages 6-8) A table summarizing stage-specific recurrence bands (<5% for CE1/CE3a; <5–7% for CE2/CE3b) is available in the cited review. (akhan2025theroleof media 3452c1f5)
Surgery remains necessary for complicated disease (e.g., rupture into peritoneal/pleural cavities, complex biliary communication, infected cysts, or when percutaneous resources are unavailable). (akhan2025theroleof pages 2-4)
A 2024 review synthesizing prevention measures emphasizes: - Preventing canid access to infected offal. - Controlling stray dogs and discouraging home slaughter. - Regular deworming of dogs with praziquantel. - Improved sanitation and public education to reduce fecal–oral exposure. - Sheep vaccination is described as used in Argentina and China (recombinant vaccine) as part of control strategies. (hogea2024cysticechinococcosisin pages 6-7)
Ultrasound-based population screening is used in endemic programs and can detect early-stage hepatic cysts; this is also relevant for burden estimation given long asymptomatic periods. (hogea2024cysticechinococcosisin pages 6-7)
Long-term follow-up after treatment is emphasized; for example, pharmacologically treated cohorts were followed for ≥5 years under WHO-IWGE guidance in Uruguay, and percutaneous therapy reviews advocate long-term monitoring (≥10 years). (rosa2024followupstudy pages 1-2, akhan2025theroleof pages 4-6)
CE is a One Health problem affecting humans, livestock production, and the food chain; economic burden estimates include treatment and livestock losses. (hogea2024cysticechinococcosisin pages 6-7)
Specific laboratory model organism systems for CE pathogenesis and therapy testing were not directly described in the retrieved evidence. The literature does reference experimental and animal-model immunology observations (e.g., sheep tissue regulatory cytokines), but detailed model cataloging (mouse strains, in vitro systems, etc.) was not available in the extracted full texts. (petrone2024evaluationofthe pages 2-3)
The following structured tables are provided for knowledge-base ingestion.
| Category | Item | Details | Study/Source | Setting | Years | Quantitative metrics | Publication year | URL | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Identifier / classification | ICD-10 | Echinococcosis is classified under ICD-10 code block B67.; Mongolia study used B67.1–B67.9* for case capture | Bold et al. | Mongolia hospital reporting / surveillance methods | 2006–2016 case capture; published 2024 | ICD-10 range B67.1–B67.9 used to identify CE records | 2024 | https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9070163 | (bold2024thediagnosticchallenge pages 2-4) |
| Identifier / classification | Disease name / synonym | Cystic echinococcosis (CE); related common name hydatid disease / hydatid cyst disease | Akbulut; Govindasamy et al. | General disease overview | Published 2023–2025 | CE described as hydatid disease caused by larval Echinococcus | 2025; 2023 | https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-97277-5; https://doi.org/10.1177/20499361231171478 | (akbulut2025hydatiddisease pages 6-8, akbulut2025hydatiddisease pages 11-13) |
| Identifier / classification | Causative agent | Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (larval/metacestode stage in humans) | Akbulut; Jahan et al. | General disease overview | Published 2025 | Humans are accidental intermediate hosts infected by eggs from canid feces | 2025 | https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-97277-5; https://doi.org/10.3329/bjz.v53i1.82673 | (akbulut2025hydatiddisease pages 6-8, jahan2025understandingechinococcosisa pages 3-7) |
| Identifier / classification | MeSH / controlled vocabulary related term | Closely aligned controlled-vocabulary term used in literature: Echinococcosis / Hydatid Disease; exact MeSH identifier not extracted in retrieved evidence | Recent reviews/books | General | Published 2023–2025 | Controlled-vocabulary style naming consistent across sources, but MeSH ID not directly reported in retrieved context | 2023–2025 | https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9020036; https://doi.org/10.1177/20499361231171478 | (hogea2024cysticechinococcosisin pages 16-17, akbulut2025hydatiddisease pages 11-13) |
| Classification | WHO-IWGE cyst stage groups | Active: CE1, CE2; Transitional: CE3a, CE3b; Inactive: CE4, CE5 | Akbulut | General clinical classification | Published 2025 | WHO-IWGE stage grouping guides treatment selection | 2025 | https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-97277-5 | (akbulut2025hydatiddisease pages 8-11) |
| Epidemiology / burden | Global burden (GBD 2019) | Human CE burden remained high globally with only slight ASIR decline | Tian et al. | Global | 1990–2019 | ASIR 2.65/100,000 (1990) to 2.60/100,000 (2019); EAPC −0.18%; deaths, DALYs, ASMR declined overall; projected ASIR decline but ASMR and age-standardized DALY rise through 2030 | 2024 | https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9040087 | (tian2024globalregionaland pages 1-2) |
| Epidemiology / burden | Global burden (GBD 2021 figures cited in book excerpt) | Updated global CE burden from GBD 2021 | Akbulut | Global | 2021 | 148,521 new cases, 633,404 prevalent cases, 1,364 deaths, 105,072 DALYs; age-standardized incidence 1.82/100,000 and prevalence 7.69/100,000 | 2025 | https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-97277-5 | (akbulut2025hydatiddisease pages 6-8, akbulut2025hydatiddisease pages 8-11) |
| Epidemiology / burden | Global pooled ultrasound prevalence | Population-based ultrasound data compiled across continents | Hogea et al. | Multi-continent pooled survey data | Not uniform; review published 2024 | 130,093 individuals screened; 2,077 CE patients; mean prevalence ~0.0160 (95% CI 0.0153–0.0166) | 2024 | https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9020036 | (hogea2024cysticechinococcosisin pages 6-7) |
| Epidemiology / burden | Bhutan national retrospective study | First burden/distribution estimate from hospital data | Tenzin et al. | Bhutan | 2015–2019 | 159 cases; average annual incidence 4.4/100,000; estimated burden ~39 DALYs/year for treatment-seeking cases and ~80 DALYs/year including non-treatment-seeking cases; liver 78%, lungs 13% | 2024 | https://doi.org/10.1017/s0031182024001069 | (tenzin2024theburdenand pages 1-2) |
| Epidemiology / burden | Bhutan demographic/risk pattern | Higher incidence in women and farmers; central/western districts most affected | Tenzin et al. | Bhutan | 2015–2019 | Female incidence 6.11/100,000 vs male 2.79/100,000; majority farmers; >82% surgical treatment | 2024 | https://doi.org/10.1017/s0031182024001069 | (tenzin2024theburdenand pages 3-3, tenzin2024theburdenand pages 4-5) |
| Epidemiology / burden | Mongolia underreporting estimate | Surgical reporting captures only a fraction of diagnosed CE | Bold et al. | Mongolia | Surgical data 2006–2016; extrapolated prevalence for 2018 / diagnosed burden | Predicted diagnosed burden 15.9/100,000 vs surgical 2.2/100,000; non-surgical 13.6/100,000; surgical cases represent about one-eighth of diagnosed cases | 2024 | https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9070163 | (bold2024thediagnosticchallenge pages 5-7, bold2024thediagnosticchallenge pages 1-2) |
| Epidemiology / burden | Mongolia management gaps | Underreporting linked to weak reporting and low staging use | Bold et al. | Mongolia | Published 2024 | Cyst classification usage and disease monitoring scored 1.86–1.95; ultrasound availability relatively strong (3.60–3.97) | 2024 | https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9070163 | (bold2024thediagnosticchallenge pages 7-8, bold2024thediagnosticchallenge pages 5-7) |
| Epidemiology / burden | Endemic community burden | In highly exposed rural communities CE incidence/prevalence can be much higher than global averages | Jahan et al.; Tian et al. | Endemic rural hotspots globally | Various; published 2024–2025 | Incidence may range from <1 to >200/100,000 in highly exposed rural communities; hotspot prevalence may reach 5–10% | 2025; 2024 | https://doi.org/10.3329/bjz.v53i1.82673; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9040087 | (jahan2025understandingechinococcosisa pages 3-7, tian2024globalregionaland pages 1-2) |
Table: This table compiles key disease identifiers, terminology, classification, and recent epidemiology/burden estimates for cystic echinococcosis. It is useful as a quick reference for mapping the disease concept and anchoring a knowledge-base entry with current quantitative data.
| Domain | Modality / strategy | WHO-IWGE stage / indication | When used | Key performance / outcomes | Source (year) | URL | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diagnosis | Ultrasound (US) | All suspected abdominal/hepatic CE; staging into CE1–CE5 | First-line imaging; classification and treatment planning | Primary imaging modality for CE; pooled population screening review compiled 130,093 screened individuals with 2,077 CE cases; WHO-IWGE staging used for management decisions rather than a single sensitivity estimate (hogea2024cysticechinococcosisin pages 6-7, akbulut2025hydatiddisease pages 8-11) | Hogea et al. 2024; Akbulut 2025 | https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9020036 ; https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-97277-5 | (hogea2024cysticechinococcosisin pages 6-7, akbulut2025hydatiddisease pages 8-11) |
| Diagnosis | CT | Complex hepatic CE; calcified cysts; preoperative mapping; complications | Second-line / complementary imaging | Useful for calcified walls (especially CE5), anatomy, and complications; Yemen retrospective CT series found CE1 38.56% and CE3 34.02% among 1,669 cysts, with mass effect 38%, intrabiliary rupture 4%, intraperitoneal rupture 1.4% (akbulut2025hydatiddisease pages 8-11) | Akbulut 2025; Al-Shehari et al. 2025 | https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-97277-5 ; https://doi.org/10.1007/s44197-025-00429-3 | (akbulut2025hydatiddisease pages 8-11) |
| Diagnosis | MRI / MRCP | Soft-tissue definition; biliary tree involvement | Complementary imaging when US/CT insufficient | Superior soft-tissue characterization; MRCP/ERCP useful for biliary communication assessment (akbulut2025hydatiddisease pages 8-11) | Akbulut 2025 | https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-97277-5 | (akbulut2025hydatiddisease pages 8-11) |
| Diagnosis | PET/CT | Selected cases to assess lesion activity / treatment follow-up | Specialized follow-up, especially activity assessment | PET/CT metabolic activity correlates with serology and may help guide benzimidazole duration; negative PET/CT plus low serology may support stopping therapy (akbulut2025hydatiddisease pages 11-13) | Akbulut 2025 | https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-97277-5 | (akbulut2025hydatiddisease pages 11-13) |
| Diagnosis | ELISA (IgG) serology | Adjunct across stages; best interpreted with imaging | Supportive diagnosis, especially liver CE; screening/confirmation workflows | In comparative study of 74 sera: positivity 58.1% (43/74); sensitivity 85.42%; specificity 88.46%. Highest sensitivity among compared assays in that study (erganis2024comparisonofmethods pages 4-6, erganis2024comparisonofmethods pages 1-2) | Erganis et al. 2024 | https://doi.org/10.1007/s11686-024-00840-z | (erganis2024comparisonofmethods pages 4-6, erganis2024comparisonofmethods pages 1-2) |
| Diagnosis | Indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) | Adjunct serology | Alternative serology / confirmatory combination | Positivity 56.7% (42/74); sensitivity 83.33%; specificity 88.46% (erganis2024comparisonofmethods pages 4-6) | Erganis et al. 2024 | https://doi.org/10.1007/s11686-024-00840-z | (erganis2024comparisonofmethods pages 4-6) |
| Diagnosis | Indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA) – Fumouze | Adjunct serology | Practical routine serology | Positivity 47.3% (35/74); sensitivity 70.83%; specificity 96.15%; highest specificity in the comparison study (erganis2024comparisonofmethods pages 4-6, erganis2024comparisonofmethods pages 1-2) | Erganis et al. 2024 | https://doi.org/10.1007/s11686-024-00840-z | (erganis2024comparisonofmethods pages 4-6, erganis2024comparisonofmethods pages 1-2) |
| Diagnosis | Indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA) – Siemens | Adjunct serology | Practical routine serology | Positivity 44.6% (33/74); sensitivity 66.67%; specificity reported inconsistently in excerpts, likely ~92.31% in full study; lower sensitivity than ELISA/IFA (erganis2024comparisonofmethods pages 4-6, erganis2024comparisonofmethods pages 6-8) | Erganis et al. 2024 | https://doi.org/10.1007/s11686-024-00840-z | (erganis2024comparisonofmethods pages 4-6, erganis2024comparisonofmethods pages 6-8) |
| Diagnosis | Western blot (WB) | Confirmatory serology | Confirmation of equivocal serology / species banding | Positivity 51.3% (38/74); sensitivity 72.92%; specificity 88.46%; near-100% specificity is cited in review/book context for confirmatory use, but head-to-head study showed lower real-world specificity (erganis2024comparisonofmethods pages 4-6, akbulut2025hydatiddisease pages 11-13) | Erganis et al. 2024; Akbulut 2025 | https://doi.org/10.1007/s11686-024-00840-z ; https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-97277-5 | (erganis2024comparisonofmethods pages 4-6, akbulut2025hydatiddisease pages 11-13) |
| Diagnosis | Rapid diagnostic test (RDT) for active cysts | Active cysts, especially field/rural use | Point-of-care option where access is limited | Mongolia review context reported sensitivity 74% and specificity 96% for active cyst RDTs; contrasted with ELISA 69% sensitivity / 96% specificity in the cited local context (bold2024thediagnosticchallenge pages 7-8) | Bold et al. 2024 | https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9070163 | (bold2024thediagnosticchallenge pages 7-8) |
| Diagnosis | Sandwich ELISA for circulating antigen | Investigational / research-supported serodiagnosis | Serum antigen detection | Human sensitivity 98.25% (56/57) and specificity 100% in a human/camel study; requires further external validation before routine adoption (mehdi2025designandevaluation pages 8-9) | Maher et al. 2024 | https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-024-10375-3 | (mehdi2025designandevaluation pages 8-9) |
| Diagnosis | Multiplex quantitative PCR (QPCR-Echino) | Confirmed CE/AE; tissue, puncture fluid, plasma | Investigational molecular diagnosis | Prospective diagnostic study, enrollment 43; designed to evaluate sensitivity of Echinococcus DNA detection in tissue/plasma, especially useful when routine diagnosis is difficult or immunocompromise present (NCT05824442 chunk 1) | NCT05824442 (2023 record) | https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05824442 | (NCT05824442 chunk 1) |
| Diagnosis | ddPCR for circulating cell-free DNA | Untreated hepatic CE, stage-stratified | Investigational liquid biopsy | Exploratory multicenter study, enrollment ~20; primary endpoint is ddPCR sensitivity for plasma cfDNA detection, including stratification by active vs inactive cyst stage (NCT05769790 chunk 1) | NCT05769790 (2022 record) | https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05769790 | (NCT05769790 chunk 1) |
| Treatment | Watch-and-wait | CE4–CE5 (inactive cysts) | Observation for inactive uncomplicated cysts | Standard stage-based strategy; inactive cysts are generally managed with observation rather than intervention (akbulut2025hydatiddisease pages 8-11, akhan2025theroleof pages 2-4) | Akbulut 2025; Akhan & Ciftci 2025 | https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-97277-5 ; https://doi.org/10.1159/000547623 | (akbulut2025hydatiddisease pages 8-11, akhan2025theroleof pages 2-4) |
| Treatment | Albendazole (ABZ) monotherapy | Mainly small uncomplicated CE1 / CE3a; adjunct peri-procedurally | First-line benzimidazole; also pre/post surgery or percutaneous treatment | First-line dose 10–15 mg/kg/day with fatty meal; in Uruguay cohort of adults completing 5-year follow-up, ABZ-alone achieved 93.75% success (32 patients), 0 deaths (akbulut2025hydatiddisease pages 11-13, rosa2024followupstudy pages 1-2) | Akbulut 2025; Rosa et al. 2024 | https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-97277-5 ; https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-024-09539-y | (akbulut2025hydatiddisease pages 11-13, rosa2024followupstudy pages 1-2) |
| Treatment | Albendazole + praziquantel (PZQ) | Selected difficult / multi-cyst or perioperative cases | Combination pharmacotherapy when surgery impractical or adjunct desired | Uruguay cohort: 100% success in 4 patients receiving ABZ/PZQ, with 5-year follow-up; evidence is small and non-randomized (rosa2024followupstudy pages 1-2) | Rosa et al. 2024 | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-024-09539-y | (rosa2024followupstudy pages 1-2) |
| Treatment | PAIR (puncture–aspiration–injection–reaspiration) | CE1, CE3a | Preferred percutaneous therapy for uncomplicated active/transitional liver cysts | Review reports percutaneous success rates up to 96% and recurrence as low as 4% overall for liver CE; meta-analysis for CE1/CE3a found mortality 0.1% vs 0.7% for surgery, major complications 7.9% vs 25.1%, minor complications 13.1% vs 33%, recurrence 1.6% vs 6.3%, hospital stay 2.4 vs 15 days (percutaneous vs surgery) (akhan2025theroleof pages 1-2, akhan2025theroleof pages 6-8) | Akhan & Ciftci 2025 | https://doi.org/10.1159/000547623 | (akhan2025theroleof pages 1-2, akhan2025theroleof pages 6-8) |
| Treatment | Standard catheterization (S-CAT) | CE1, CE3a, especially giant cysts >10 cm or when PAIR inadequate | Percutaneous drainage alternative / modification | Used when membranes obstruct aspiration or cystobiliary communication develops; recurrence for CE1/3a in table reported <5%; catheter left until drainage <10 mL/day (akhan2025theroleof pages 4-6, akhan2025theroleof pages 2-4, akhan2025theroleof media 3452c1f5) | Akhan & Ciftci 2025 | https://doi.org/10.1159/000547623 | (akhan2025theroleof pages 4-6, akhan2025theroleof pages 2-4, akhan2025theroleof media 3452c1f5) |
| Treatment | Modified catheterization (Mo-CAT) | CE2, CE3b | Preferred percutaneous option for multivesicular / daughter-cyst-rich lesions | Long-term series of 132 cysts: 0 mortality, major complications 10% (managed non-surgically), recurrence 4.5%, mean hospital stay 3.8 days, mean follow-up 52 months; table summary gives CE2/3b recurrence roughly <5–7% (akhan2025theroleof pages 6-8, akhan2025theroleof pages 4-6, akhan2025theroleof media 3452c1f5) | Akhan & Ciftci 2025 | https://doi.org/10.1159/000547623 | (akhan2025theroleof pages 6-8, akhan2025theroleof pages 4-6, akhan2025theroleof media 3452c1f5) |
| Treatment | Surgery (open or laparoscopic; radical or conservative depending case) | Large, complicated, superficial, ruptured, infected, biliary-communicating, multi-daughter cysts; extrahepatic or non-percutaneous candidates | Definitive treatment when complications/anatomy preclude medical or percutaneous options | Historical mainstay; global review cites post-surgical mortality about 2.2% and postoperative recurrence about 6.5% (GBD review context). In Peru hospital series, post-surgical recurrence 16.5% at median 32.3 months in advanced/complicated disease (tian2024globalregionaland pages 1-2, akbulut2025hydatiddisease pages 8-11) | Tian et al. 2024; Akbulut 2025; Peru medRxiv 2024 | https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9040087 ; https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-97277-5 ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.09.12.24313559 | (tian2024globalregionaland pages 1-2, akbulut2025hydatiddisease pages 8-11) |
| Treatment | Laparoscopic vs open liver surgery | Adults with limited hepatic CE amenable to conservative surgery | Comparative operative strategy | Registered randomized non-inferiority trial enrolled 350 participants; primary outcome was recurrence at 24 months with secondary outcomes including mortality, complications, pain, hospital stay, operation time, QoL. Results not provided in retrieved chunk (NCT01643018 chunk 1) | NCT01643018 (2006 record) | https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT01643018 | (NCT01643018 chunk 1) |
| Treatment | Adjuvant albendazole after pulmonary hydatid cyst resection | Completely resected pulmonary hydatid disease | Postoperative recurrence prevention | Randomized trial with planned enrollment 24; ABZ 15 mg/kg/day in two 15-day postoperative cycles vs placebo; primary outcome recurrence at 6 months by imaging; includes AST/ALT safety monitoring (NCT06483880 chunk 1) | NCT06483880 (2024 record) | https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06483880 | (NCT06483880 chunk 1) |
Table: This table summarizes evidence-based diagnostic and treatment options for cystic echinococcosis, organized by modality and WHO-IWGE cyst stage. It highlights recent quantitative performance and outcome data, plus ongoing molecular and therapeutic clinical studies.
References
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(NCT05769790 chunk 1): Droplet-digital PCR for the Detection of Circulating Cell-free DNA in Patients With Cystic Echinococcosis: an Exploratory Study. IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria di Negrar. 2022. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05769790
(akhan2025theroleof pages 2-4): Okan Akhan and Turkmen Ciftci. The role of interventional radiology for the treatment of liver ce and ae lesions: current concepts. Visceral Medicine, pages 1-22, Jul 2025. URL: https://doi.org/10.1159/000547623, doi:10.1159/000547623. This article has 1 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.
(akhan2025theroleof pages 6-8): Okan Akhan and Turkmen Ciftci. The role of interventional radiology for the treatment of liver ce and ae lesions: current concepts. Visceral Medicine, pages 1-22, Jul 2025. URL: https://doi.org/10.1159/000547623, doi:10.1159/000547623. This article has 1 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.
(rosa2024followupstudy pages 1-2): Daniel Da Rosa, Elisa Figueredo, Michel Rosas, and Fernando Goñi. Follow up study of symptomatic human cystic echinococcosis treatment with albendazole and praziquantel, in uruguay. BMC Infectious Diseases, Jul 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-024-09539-y, doi:10.1186/s12879-024-09539-y. This article has 8 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.
(akhan2025theroleof media 3452c1f5): Okan Akhan and Turkmen Ciftci. The role of interventional radiology for the treatment of liver ce and ae lesions: current concepts. Visceral Medicine, pages 1-22, Jul 2025. URL: https://doi.org/10.1159/000547623, doi:10.1159/000547623. This article has 1 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.
(NCT06483880 chunk 1): The Role of Adjuvant Albendazole After Pulmonary Hydatid Cyst Resection. Ain Shams University. 2024. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT06483880
(NCT01643018 chunk 1): Mehmet Kaplan. Laparoscopic Versus Open Surgery for the Management of Cystic Echinococcosis of the Liver. Medical Park Gaziantep Hospital. 2006. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01643018
(akhan2025theroleof pages 4-6): Okan Akhan and Turkmen Ciftci. The role of interventional radiology for the treatment of liver ce and ae lesions: current concepts. Visceral Medicine, pages 1-22, Jul 2025. URL: https://doi.org/10.1159/000547623, doi:10.1159/000547623. This article has 1 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.
(petrone2024evaluationofthe pages 2-3): Linda Petrone, Saeid Najafi-Fard, Laura Falasca, Settimia Sbarra, Antonella Teggi, Emanuele Nicastri, Lucia Rosalba Grillo, Mirco Burocchi, Giuseppe Maria Ettorre, Alessandra Ludovisi, Daniele Colombo, Franca Del Nonno, and Delia Goletti. Evaluation of the local and peripheral immune responses in patients with cystic echinococcosis. Pathogens, 13:477, Jun 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13060477, doi:10.3390/pathogens13060477. This article has 2 citations.
(hogea2024cysticechinococcosisin pages 16-17): Mihai-Octav Hogea, Bogdan-Florin Ciomaga, Mădălina-Maria Muntean, Andrei-Alexandru Muntean, Mircea Ioan Popa, and Gabriela Loredana Popa. Cystic echinococcosis in the early 2020s: a review. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, 9:36, Jan 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9020036, doi:10.3390/tropicalmed9020036. This article has 74 citations.
(erganis2024comparisonofmethods pages 1-2): Sidre Erganis, Fakhriddin Sarzhanov, Funda Doğruman Al, and Kayhan Cağlar. Comparison of methods in the serologic diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis. Acta Parasitologica, 69:1122-1131, Mar 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11686-024-00840-z, doi:10.1007/s11686-024-00840-z. This article has 18 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.
(erganis2024comparisonofmethods pages 6-8): Sidre Erganis, Fakhriddin Sarzhanov, Funda Doğruman Al, and Kayhan Cağlar. Comparison of methods in the serologic diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis. Acta Parasitologica, 69:1122-1131, Mar 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11686-024-00840-z, doi:10.1007/s11686-024-00840-z. This article has 18 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.
(akhan2025theroleof pages 1-2): Okan Akhan and Turkmen Ciftci. The role of interventional radiology for the treatment of liver ce and ae lesions: current concepts. Visceral Medicine, pages 1-22, Jul 2025. URL: https://doi.org/10.1159/000547623, doi:10.1159/000547623. This article has 1 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.