Chagas disease

Infectious Disease MONDO:0001444 Neglected tropical disease Protozoal infection

Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis) is a vector-borne protozoal infection caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, transmitted by triatomine insects, with an intracellular amastigote phase in human tissues and chronic cardiac morbidity.

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Mappings
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Definitions
0
Inheritance
1
Pathophysiology
0
Histopathology
2
Phenotypes
0
Pathograph
0
Genes
1
Treatments
0
Subtypes
0
Differentials
0
Datasets
0
Trials
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Models
📚

References

21
DOI:10.1016/j.lana.2024.100768
Chagas disease in the United States: a call for increased investment and collaborative research
1 finding
Chagas disease in the United States: a call for increased investment and collaborative research
"Chagas disease in the United States: a call for increased investment and collaborative research"
DOI:10.1016/j.lana.2024.100821
Retrospect, advances and challenges in Chagas disease diagnosis: a comprehensive review
1 finding
Retrospect, advances and challenges in Chagas disease diagnosis: a comprehensive review
"Retrospect, advances and challenges in Chagas disease diagnosis: a comprehensive review"
DOI:10.1016/j.lana.2024.100881
The epidemiology of Chagas disease in the Americas
1 finding
The epidemiology of Chagas disease in the Americas
"The epidemiology of Chagas disease in the Americas"
DOI:10.1016/j.lanepe.2024.101040
Prevalence of Chagas disease among Latin American immigrants in non-endemic countries: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis
1 finding
Prevalence of Chagas disease among Latin American immigrants in non-endemic countries: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis
"Prevalence of Chagas disease among Latin American immigrants in non-endemic countries: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis"
DOI:10.1038/s41598-024-58776-3
Effect of an exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation program on quality of life of patients with chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy: results from the PEACH randomized clinical trial
1 finding
To investigate the effect of an exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation program on the quality of life (QoL) of patients with chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCC).
"To investigate the effect of an exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation program on the quality of life (QoL) of patients with chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCC)."
Show evidence (1 reference)
DOI:10.1038/s41598-024-58776-3 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"To investigate the effect of an exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation program on the quality of life (QoL) of patients with chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCC)."
Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Chagas Disease.
DOI:10.1093/infdis/jiab513
Recommendations for Screening and Diagnosis of Chagas Disease in the United States
1 finding
Chagas disease affects an estimated 326 000–347 000 people in the United States and is severely underdiagnosed.
"Chagas disease affects an estimated 326 000–347 000 people in the United States and is severely underdiagnosed."
Show evidence (1 reference)
DOI:10.1093/infdis/jiab513 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"Chagas disease affects an estimated 326 000–347 000 people in the United States and is severely underdiagnosed."
Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Chagas Disease.
DOI:10.1177/15353702231220658
Inflammation and mitochondria in the pathogenesis of chronic Chagas disease cardiomyopathy
1 finding
Chagas disease (CD), caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, is a neglected disease affecting around 6 million people.
"Chagas disease (CD), caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, is a neglected disease affecting around 6 million people."
Show evidence (1 reference)
DOI:10.1177/15353702231220658 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"Chagas disease (CD), caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, is a neglected disease affecting around 6 million people."
Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Chagas Disease.
DOI:10.1186/s13071-023-05861-7
The Pampa del Indio project: sustainable vector control and long-term declines in the prevalence and abundance of Triatoma infestans infected with Trypanosoma cruzi in the Argentine Chaco
1 finding
The Gran Chaco region is a major hotspot of Chagas disease.
"The Gran Chaco region is a major hotspot of Chagas disease."
Show evidence (1 reference)
DOI:10.1186/s13071-023-05861-7 SUPPORT Other
"The Gran Chaco region is a major hotspot of Chagas disease."
Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Chagas Disease.
DOI:10.1186/s13071-024-06276-8
Insecticidal activity of fluralaner (Exzolt®) administered to Gallus gallus domesticus against triatomines (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae)
1 finding
Triatoma infestans, Triatoma brasiliensis, Triatoma pseudomaculata and Rhodnius prolixus are vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease.
"Triatoma infestans, Triatoma brasiliensis, Triatoma pseudomaculata and Rhodnius prolixus are vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease."
Show evidence (1 reference)
DOI:10.1186/s13071-024-06276-8 SUPPORT Other
"Triatoma infestans, Triatoma brasiliensis, Triatoma pseudomaculata and Rhodnius prolixus are vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease."
Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Chagas Disease.
DOI:10.1186/s13071-024-06366-7
Slow recovery rates and spatial aggregation of Triatoma infestans populations in an area with high pyrethroid resistance in the Argentine Chaco
1 finding
The emergence of pyrethroid resistance has threatened the elimination of Triatoma infestans from the Gran Chaco ecoregion.
"The emergence of pyrethroid resistance has threatened the elimination of Triatoma infestans from the Gran Chaco ecoregion."
Show evidence (1 reference)
DOI:10.1186/s13071-024-06366-7 SUPPORT Other
"The emergence of pyrethroid resistance has threatened the elimination of Triatoma infestans from the Gran Chaco ecoregion."
Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Chagas Disease.
DOI:10.1371/journal.pntd.0011410
Chagas prevention and control in an endemic area from the Argentinian Gran Chaco Region: Data from 14 years of uninterrupted intervention
1 finding
Chagas Disease (ChD) is a Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD) affecting 6 to 7 million people worldwide, mostly from Latin America.
"Chagas Disease (ChD) is a Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD) affecting 6 to 7 million people worldwide, mostly from Latin America."
Show evidence (1 reference)
DOI:10.1371/journal.pntd.0011410 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"Chagas Disease (ChD) is a Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD) affecting 6 to 7 million people worldwide, mostly from Latin America."
Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Chagas Disease.
DOI:10.1371/journal.pntd.0012407
Prevention of congenital chagas disease by trypanocide treatment in women of reproductive age: A meta-analysis of observational studies
1 finding
Maternal-foetal transmission of Chagas disease (CD) affects newborns worldwide.
"Maternal-foetal transmission of Chagas disease (CD) affects newborns worldwide."
Show evidence (1 reference)
DOI:10.1371/journal.pntd.0012407 SUPPORT Other
"Maternal-foetal transmission of Chagas disease (CD) affects newborns worldwide."
Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Chagas Disease.
DOI:10.17037/pubs.04673813
Development of Rapid Diagnostic Tests for Trypanosoma cruzi Lineage-Specific Serology, Comparative Epidemiology and for Monitoring Efficacy of Chemotherapy
1 finding
Development of Rapid Diagnostic Tests for Trypanosoma cruzi Lineage-Specific Serology, Comparative Epidemiology and for Monitoring Efficacy of Chemotherapy
"Trypanosoma cruzi, the protozoan agent of Chagas disease, is split into six distinct genetic lineages TcI – TcVI, each associated with ecoepidemiological features and transmission cycles, and it has long been proposed that the differing lineages may contribute to the varying clinical forms of..."
Show evidence (1 reference)
DOI:10.17037/pubs.04673813 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"Trypanosoma cruzi, the protozoan agent of Chagas disease, is split into six distinct genetic lineages TcI – TcVI, each associated with ecoepidemiological features and transmission cycles, and it has long been proposed that the differing lineages may contribute to the varying clinical forms of..."
Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Chagas Disease.
DOI:10.3389/fmicb.2024.1393992
In vitro diagnostic methods of Chagas disease in the clinical laboratory: a scoping review
1 finding
Chagas disease (CD), caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, is a global health concern with expanding geographical reach.
"Chagas disease (CD), caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, is a global health concern with expanding geographical reach."
Show evidence (1 reference)
DOI:10.3389/fmicb.2024.1393992 SUPPORT Other
"Chagas disease (CD), caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, is a global health concern with expanding geographical reach."
Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Chagas Disease.
DOI:10.3389/fpara.2023.1138375
Laboratory diagnosis of Trypanosoma cruzi infection: a narrative review
1 finding
Trypanosoma cruzi infection, currently endemic in 21 countries, is a public health problem not only in the Americas but also in countries with Latin American migrants.
"Trypanosoma cruzi infection, currently endemic in 21 countries, is a public health problem not only in the Americas but also in countries with Latin American migrants."
Show evidence (1 reference)
DOI:10.3389/fpara.2023.1138375 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"Trypanosoma cruzi infection, currently endemic in 21 countries, is a public health problem not only in the Americas but also in countries with Latin American migrants."
Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Chagas Disease.
DOI:10.3389/fpara.2023.1241154
Clinical use of molecular methods for Trypanosoma cruzi infection in endemic and non-endemic countries: Benefits, limitations and challenges
1 finding
Trypanosoma cruziinfection is diagnosed by parasitological, molecular, and serological tests.
"Trypanosoma cruziinfection is diagnosed by parasitological, molecular, and serological tests."
Show evidence (1 reference)
DOI:10.3389/fpara.2023.1241154 SUPPORT Other
"Trypanosoma cruziinfection is diagnosed by parasitological, molecular, and serological tests."
Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Chagas Disease.
DOI:10.3390/ijms25073840
Chagas Disease: A Silent Threat for Dogs and Humans
1 finding
Chagas disease (CD) is a vector-borne Neglected Zoonotic Disease (NZD) caused by a flagellate protozoan, Trypanosoma cruzi, that affects various mammalian species across America, including humans and domestic animals.
"Chagas disease (CD) is a vector-borne Neglected Zoonotic Disease (NZD) caused by a flagellate protozoan, Trypanosoma cruzi, that affects various mammalian species across America, including humans and domestic animals."
Show evidence (1 reference)
DOI:10.3390/ijms25073840 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"Chagas disease (CD) is a vector-borne Neglected Zoonotic Disease (NZD) caused by a flagellate protozoan, Trypanosoma cruzi, that affects various mammalian species across America, including humans and domestic animals."
Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Chagas Disease.
DOI:10.3390/jcm13092565
Chagas Disease: Comparison of Therapy with Nifurtimox and Benznidazole in Indigenous Communities in Colombia
1 finding
For indigenous people in Colombia, high infection rates with Chagas disease (CD) are known.
"For indigenous people in Colombia, high infection rates with Chagas disease (CD) are known."
Show evidence (1 reference)
DOI:10.3390/jcm13092565 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"For indigenous people in Colombia, high infection rates with Chagas disease (CD) are known."
Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Chagas Disease.
DOI:10.3390/pathogens13100870
The Functions of Cytokines in the Cardiac Immunopathogenesis of Chagas Disease
1 finding
Clinically, it presents in two distinct phases, acute and chronic.
"Clinically, it presents in two distinct phases, acute and chronic."
Show evidence (1 reference)
DOI:10.3390/pathogens13100870 SUPPORT Other
"Clinically, it presents in two distinct phases, acute and chronic."
Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Chagas Disease.
DOI:10.3390/vaccines12080870
Treatments and the Perspectives of Developing a Vaccine for Chagas Disease
1 finding
Chagas disease (CD) treatment and vaccine development are critical due to the significant health burden caused by the disease, especially in Latin America.
"Chagas disease (CD) treatment and vaccine development are critical due to the significant health burden caused by the disease, especially in Latin America."
Show evidence (1 reference)
DOI:10.3390/vaccines12080870 SUPPORT Other
"Chagas disease (CD) treatment and vaccine development are critical due to the significant health burden caused by the disease, especially in Latin America."
Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Chagas Disease.
DOI:10.7326/aitc202302210
Chagas Disease
1 finding
Chagas Disease
"Chagas Disease"
⚙

Pathophysiology

1
Intracellular amastigote replication in host cells
Metacyclic trypomastigotes invade host cells and differentiate into amastigotes that proliferate intracellularly.
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:18512345 SUPPORT
"Metacyclic trypomastigotes promptly invade host cells (including gastric mucosa) and once free in the cytoplasm, differentiate into amastigotes that replicate by binary fission."
The abstract describes intracellular invasion and amastigote replication.
●

Phenotypes

2
Cardiomyopathy OCCASIONAL Cardiovascular HP:0001638
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:28284779 SUPPORT
"Chagas cardiomyopathy (CC) is one of the chronic manifestations of Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) infection"
The abstract identifies cardiomyopathy as a chronic manifestation of Chagas disease.
Heart failure OCCASIONAL Cardiovascular HP:0001635
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:28284779 SUPPORT
"Chagas etiology of heart failure has become the third most common indication for HT in South America."
The abstract links Chagas disease to heart failure requiring transplantation.
💊

Treatments

1
Benznidazole or nifurtimox therapy
Action: pharmacotherapy MAXO:0000058
Antitrypanosomal therapy for Chagas disease.
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:30111183 SUPPORT
"Currently, only benznidazole (BZN) and nifurtimox are recognized by the World Health Organization as effective drugs for treatment of CD."
The review lists benznidazole and nifurtimox as WHO-recognized therapies.
{ }

Source YAML

click to show 
name: Chagas disease
creation_date: '2026-01-26T15:56:41Z'
updated_date: '2026-04-11T00:41:29Z'
category: Infectious Disease
description: >-
  Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis) is a vector-borne protozoal infection
  caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, transmitted by triatomine insects, with an
  intracellular amastigote phase in human tissues and chronic cardiac morbidity.
disease_term:
  term:
    id: MONDO:0001444
    label: Chagas disease
  preferred_term: Chagas disease
parents:
- Neglected tropical disease
- Protozoal infection
infectious_agent:
- name: Trypanosoma cruzi
  infectious_agent_term:
    preferred_term: Trypanosoma cruzi
    term:
      id: NCBITaxon:5693
      label: Trypanosoma cruzi
  description: Kinetoplastid protozoan parasite that causes Chagas disease.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:34207491
    reference_title: "Mechanisms Associated with Trypanosoma cruzi Host Target Cell Adhesion, Recognition and Internalization."
    supports: SUPPORT
    snippet: "Chagas disease is caused by the kinetoplastid parasite Trypanosoma cruzi"
    explanation: The review identifies Trypanosoma cruzi as the causative agent.
agent_life_cycle:
  description: Trypanosoma cruzi alternates between triatomine insect vectors and mammalian hosts.
  hosts:
  - preferred_term: human
    term:
      id: NCBITaxon:9606
      label: Homo sapiens
    role: definitive host
  - preferred_term: triatomine bug
    term:
      id: NCBITaxon:70999
      label: Triatominae
    role: intermediate host
  vectors:
  - triatomine bugs (Triatominae)
  life_cycle_stages:
  - name: Epimastigote stage in triatomine vectors
    life_cycle_stage_term:
      preferred_term: Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigote stage
      term:
        id: OPL:0000223
        label: Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigote stage
    description: Epimastigotes are the non-infective forms in triatomine vectors.
    evidence:
    - reference: PMID:28919885
      reference_title: "Trypanosoma cruzi Evades the Complement System as an Efficient Strategy to Survive in the Mammalian Host: The Specific Roles of Host/Parasite Molecules and Trypanosoma cruzi Calreticulin."
      supports: SUPPORT
      snippet: "Epimastigotes, the non-infective form of the parasite, present in triatomine arthropod vectors"
      explanation: The abstract locates epimastigotes in triatomine vectors.
  - name: Metacyclic trypomastigote stage in vector feces
    life_cycle_stage_term:
      preferred_term: Trypanosoma cruzi metacyclic trypomastigote stage
      term:
        id: OPL:0000131
        label: Trypanosoma cruzi metacyclic trypomastigote stage
    description: Metacyclic trypomastigotes in triatomine feces initiate infection.
    evidence:
    - reference: PMID:18512345
      reference_title: "Host cell actin remodeling in response to Trypanosoma cruzi: trypomastigote versus amastigote entry."
      supports: SUPPORT
      snippet: "infected triatomines release in their feces highly motile and infective metacyclic trypomastigotes that may initiate infection"
      explanation: The abstract describes infective metacyclic trypomastigotes released in vector feces.
  - name: Bloodstream trypomastigote stage
    life_cycle_stage_term:
      preferred_term: Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigote stage
      term:
        id: OPL:0000169
        label: Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigote stage
    description: Trypomastigotes circulate in host blood as infective forms.
    evidence:
    - reference: PMID:28919885
      reference_title: "Trypanosoma cruzi Evades the Complement System as an Efficient Strategy to Survive in the Mammalian Host: The Specific Roles of Host/Parasite Molecules and Trypanosoma cruzi Calreticulin."
      supports: SUPPORT
      snippet: "trypomastigotes, the infective form, present in host bloodstream"
      explanation: The abstract identifies trypomastigotes in host bloodstream.
  - name: Intracellular amastigote stage
    life_cycle_stage_term:
      preferred_term: Trypanosoma cruzi amastigote stage
      term:
        id: OPL:0000064
        label: Trypanosoma cruzi amastigote stage
    description: Amastigotes differentiate in host cells and replicate by binary fission.
    evidence:
    - reference: PMID:18512345
      reference_title: "Host cell actin remodeling in response to Trypanosoma cruzi: trypomastigote versus amastigote entry."
      supports: SUPPORT
      snippet: "differentiate into amastigotes that replicate by binary fission"
      explanation: The abstract reports amastigote differentiation and replication in host cells.
transmission:
- name: Triatomine fecal contamination during blood feeding
  description: Infected triatomines release metacyclic trypomastigotes in feces during blood meals.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:18512345
    reference_title: "Host cell actin remodeling in response to Trypanosoma cruzi: trypomastigote versus amastigote entry."
    supports: SUPPORT
    snippet: "While feeding on host's blood, infected triatomines release in their feces highly motile and infective metacyclic trypomastigotes that may initiate infection."
    explanation: The abstract links transmission to triatomine blood feeding and fecal contamination.
pathophysiology:
- name: Intracellular amastigote replication in host cells
  description: Metacyclic trypomastigotes invade host cells and differentiate into amastigotes that proliferate intracellularly.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:18512345
    reference_title: "Host cell actin remodeling in response to Trypanosoma cruzi: trypomastigote versus amastigote entry."
    supports: SUPPORT
    snippet: "Metacyclic trypomastigotes promptly invade host cells (including gastric mucosa) and once free in the cytoplasm, differentiate into amastigotes that replicate by binary fission."
    explanation: The abstract describes intracellular invasion and amastigote replication.
phenotypes:
- name: Cardiomyopathy
  category: Cardiovascular
  frequency: OCCASIONAL
  phenotype_term:
    preferred_term: Cardiomyopathy
    term:
      id: HP:0001638
      label: Cardiomyopathy
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:28284779
    reference_title: "Heart Transplantation for Chagas Cardiomyopathy."
    supports: SUPPORT
    snippet: "Chagas cardiomyopathy (CC) is one of the chronic manifestations of Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) infection"
    explanation: The abstract identifies cardiomyopathy as a chronic manifestation of Chagas disease.
- name: Heart failure
  category: Cardiovascular
  frequency: OCCASIONAL
  phenotype_term:
    preferred_term: Congestive heart failure
    term:
      id: HP:0001635
      label: Congestive heart failure
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:28284779
    reference_title: "Heart Transplantation for Chagas Cardiomyopathy."
    supports: SUPPORT
    snippet: "Chagas etiology of heart failure has become the third most common indication for HT in South America."
    explanation: The abstract links Chagas disease to heart failure requiring transplantation.
treatments:
- name: Benznidazole or nifurtimox therapy
  description: Antitrypanosomal therapy for Chagas disease.
  treatment_term:
    preferred_term: pharmacotherapy
    term:
      id: MAXO:0000058
      label: pharmacotherapy
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:30111183
    reference_title: "Clinical and pharmacological profile of benznidazole for treatment of Chagas disease."
    supports: SUPPORT
    snippet: "Currently, only benznidazole (BZN) and nifurtimox are recognized by the World Health Organization as effective drugs for treatment of CD."
    explanation: The review lists benznidazole and nifurtimox as WHO-recognized therapies.
references:
- reference: DOI:10.1016/j.lana.2024.100768
  title: 'Chagas disease in the United States: a call for increased investment and collaborative research'
  found_in:
  - Chagas_Disease-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: 'Chagas disease in the United States: a call for increased investment and collaborative research'
    supporting_text: 'Chagas disease in the United States: a call for increased investment and collaborative research'
- reference: DOI:10.1016/j.lana.2024.100821
  title: 'Retrospect, advances and challenges in Chagas disease diagnosis: a comprehensive review'
  found_in:
  - Chagas_Disease-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: 'Retrospect, advances and challenges in Chagas disease diagnosis: a comprehensive review'
    supporting_text: 'Retrospect, advances and challenges in Chagas disease diagnosis: a comprehensive review'
- reference: DOI:10.1016/j.lana.2024.100881
  title: The epidemiology of Chagas disease in the Americas
  found_in:
  - Chagas_Disease-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: The epidemiology of Chagas disease in the Americas
    supporting_text: The epidemiology of Chagas disease in the Americas
- reference: DOI:10.1016/j.lanepe.2024.101040
  title: 'Prevalence of Chagas disease among Latin American immigrants in non-endemic countries: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis'
  found_in:
  - Chagas_Disease-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: 'Prevalence of Chagas disease among Latin American immigrants in non-endemic countries: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis'
    supporting_text: 'Prevalence of Chagas disease among Latin American immigrants in non-endemic countries: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis'
- reference: DOI:10.1038/s41598-024-58776-3
  title: 'Effect of an exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation program on quality of life of patients with chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy: results from the PEACH randomized clinical trial'
  found_in:
  - Chagas_Disease-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: To investigate the effect of an exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation program on the quality of life (QoL) of patients with chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCC).
    supporting_text: To investigate the effect of an exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation program on the quality of life (QoL) of patients with chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCC).
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.1038/s41598-024-58776-3
      reference_title: 'Effect of an exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation program on quality of life of patients with chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy: results from the PEACH randomized clinical trial'
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
      snippet: To investigate the effect of an exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation program on the quality of life (QoL) of patients with chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCC).
      explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Chagas Disease.
- reference: DOI:10.1093/infdis/jiab513
  title: Recommendations for Screening and Diagnosis of Chagas Disease in the United States
  found_in:
  - Chagas_Disease-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: Chagas disease affects an estimated 326 000–347 000 people in the United States and is severely underdiagnosed.
    supporting_text: Chagas disease affects an estimated 326 000–347 000 people in the United States and is severely underdiagnosed.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.1093/infdis/jiab513
      reference_title: Recommendations for Screening and Diagnosis of Chagas Disease in the United States
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
      snippet: Chagas disease affects an estimated 326 000–347 000 people in the United States and is severely underdiagnosed.
      explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Chagas Disease.
- reference: DOI:10.1177/15353702231220658
  title: Inflammation and mitochondria in the pathogenesis of chronic Chagas disease cardiomyopathy
  found_in:
  - Chagas_Disease-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: Chagas disease (CD), caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, is a neglected disease affecting around 6 million people.
    supporting_text: Chagas disease (CD), caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, is a neglected disease affecting around 6 million people.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.1177/15353702231220658
      reference_title: Inflammation and mitochondria in the pathogenesis of chronic Chagas disease cardiomyopathy
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
      snippet: Chagas disease (CD), caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, is a neglected disease affecting around 6 million people.
      explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Chagas Disease.
- reference: DOI:10.1186/s13071-023-05861-7
  title: 'The Pampa del Indio project: sustainable vector control and long-term declines in the prevalence and abundance of Triatoma infestans infected with Trypanosoma cruzi in the Argentine Chaco'
  found_in:
  - Chagas_Disease-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: The Gran Chaco region is a major hotspot of Chagas disease.
    supporting_text: The Gran Chaco region is a major hotspot of Chagas disease.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.1186/s13071-023-05861-7
      reference_title: 'The Pampa del Indio project: sustainable vector control and long-term declines in the prevalence and abundance of Triatoma infestans infected with Trypanosoma cruzi in the Argentine Chaco'
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: OTHER
      snippet: The Gran Chaco region is a major hotspot of Chagas disease.
      explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Chagas Disease.
- reference: DOI:10.1186/s13071-024-06276-8
  title: Insecticidal activity of fluralaner (Exzolt®) administered to Gallus gallus domesticus against triatomines (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae)
  found_in:
  - Chagas_Disease-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: Triatoma infestans, Triatoma brasiliensis, Triatoma pseudomaculata and Rhodnius prolixus are vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease.
    supporting_text: Triatoma infestans, Triatoma brasiliensis, Triatoma pseudomaculata and Rhodnius prolixus are vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.1186/s13071-024-06276-8
      reference_title: Insecticidal activity of fluralaner (Exzolt®) administered to Gallus gallus domesticus against triatomines (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae)
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: OTHER
      snippet: Triatoma infestans, Triatoma brasiliensis, Triatoma pseudomaculata and Rhodnius prolixus are vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease.
      explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Chagas Disease.
- reference: DOI:10.1186/s13071-024-06366-7
  title: Slow recovery rates and spatial aggregation of Triatoma infestans populations in an area with high pyrethroid resistance in the Argentine Chaco
  found_in:
  - Chagas_Disease-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: The emergence of pyrethroid resistance has threatened the elimination of Triatoma infestans from the Gran Chaco ecoregion.
    supporting_text: The emergence of pyrethroid resistance has threatened the elimination of Triatoma infestans from the Gran Chaco ecoregion.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.1186/s13071-024-06366-7
      reference_title: Slow recovery rates and spatial aggregation of Triatoma infestans populations in an area with high pyrethroid resistance in the Argentine Chaco
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: OTHER
      snippet: The emergence of pyrethroid resistance has threatened the elimination of Triatoma infestans from the Gran Chaco ecoregion.
      explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Chagas Disease.
- reference: DOI:10.1371/journal.pntd.0011410
  title: 'Chagas prevention and control in an endemic area from the Argentinian Gran Chaco Region: Data from 14 years of uninterrupted intervention'
  found_in:
  - Chagas_Disease-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: Chagas Disease (ChD) is a Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD) affecting 6 to 7 million people worldwide, mostly from Latin America.
    supporting_text: Chagas Disease (ChD) is a Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD) affecting 6 to 7 million people worldwide, mostly from Latin America.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.1371/journal.pntd.0011410
      reference_title: 'Chagas prevention and control in an endemic area from the Argentinian Gran Chaco Region: Data from 14 years of uninterrupted intervention'
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
      snippet: Chagas Disease (ChD) is a Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD) affecting 6 to 7 million people worldwide, mostly from Latin America.
      explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Chagas Disease.
- reference: DOI:10.1371/journal.pntd.0012407
  title: 'Prevention of congenital chagas disease by trypanocide treatment in women of reproductive age: A meta-analysis of observational studies'
  found_in:
  - Chagas_Disease-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: Maternal-foetal transmission of Chagas disease (CD) affects newborns worldwide.
    supporting_text: Maternal-foetal transmission of Chagas disease (CD) affects newborns worldwide.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.1371/journal.pntd.0012407
      reference_title: 'Prevention of congenital chagas disease by trypanocide treatment in women of reproductive age: A meta-analysis of observational studies'
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: OTHER
      snippet: Maternal-foetal transmission of Chagas disease (CD) affects newborns worldwide.
      explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Chagas Disease.
- reference: DOI:10.17037/pubs.04673813
  title: Development of Rapid Diagnostic Tests for Trypanosoma cruzi Lineage-Specific Serology, Comparative Epidemiology and for Monitoring Efficacy of Chemotherapy
  found_in:
  - Chagas_Disease-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: Development of Rapid Diagnostic Tests for Trypanosoma cruzi Lineage-Specific Serology, Comparative Epidemiology and for Monitoring Efficacy of Chemotherapy
    supporting_text: Trypanosoma cruzi, the protozoan agent of Chagas disease, is split into six distinct genetic lineages TcI – TcVI, each associated with ecoepidemiological features and transmission cycles, and it has long been proposed that the differing lineages may contribute to the varying clinical forms of Chagas disease.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.17037/pubs.04673813
      reference_title: Development of Rapid Diagnostic Tests for Trypanosoma cruzi Lineage-Specific Serology, Comparative Epidemiology and for Monitoring Efficacy of Chemotherapy
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
      snippet: Trypanosoma cruzi, the protozoan agent of Chagas disease, is split into six distinct genetic lineages TcI – TcVI, each associated with ecoepidemiological features and transmission cycles, and it has long been proposed that the differing lineages may contribute to the varying clinical forms of Chagas disease.
      explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Chagas Disease.
- reference: DOI:10.3389/fmicb.2024.1393992
  title: 'In vitro diagnostic methods of Chagas disease in the clinical laboratory: a scoping review'
  found_in:
  - Chagas_Disease-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: Chagas disease (CD), caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, is a global health concern with expanding geographical reach.
    supporting_text: Chagas disease (CD), caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, is a global health concern with expanding geographical reach.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.3389/fmicb.2024.1393992
      reference_title: 'In vitro diagnostic methods of Chagas disease in the clinical laboratory: a scoping review'
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: OTHER
      snippet: Chagas disease (CD), caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, is a global health concern with expanding geographical reach.
      explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Chagas Disease.
- reference: DOI:10.3389/fpara.2023.1138375
  title: 'Laboratory diagnosis of Trypanosoma cruzi infection: a narrative review'
  found_in:
  - Chagas_Disease-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: Trypanosoma cruzi infection, currently endemic in 21 countries, is a public health problem not only in the Americas but also in countries with Latin American migrants.
    supporting_text: Trypanosoma cruzi infection, currently endemic in 21 countries, is a public health problem not only in the Americas but also in countries with Latin American migrants.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.3389/fpara.2023.1138375
      reference_title: 'Laboratory diagnosis of Trypanosoma cruzi infection: a narrative review'
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
      snippet: Trypanosoma cruzi infection, currently endemic in 21 countries, is a public health problem not only in the Americas but also in countries with Latin American migrants.
      explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Chagas Disease.
- reference: DOI:10.3389/fpara.2023.1241154
  title: 'Clinical use of molecular methods for Trypanosoma cruzi infection in endemic and non-endemic countries: Benefits, limitations and challenges'
  found_in:
  - Chagas_Disease-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: Trypanosoma cruziinfection is diagnosed by parasitological, molecular, and serological tests.
    supporting_text: Trypanosoma cruziinfection is diagnosed by parasitological, molecular, and serological tests.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.3389/fpara.2023.1241154
      reference_title: 'Clinical use of molecular methods for Trypanosoma cruzi infection in endemic and non-endemic countries: Benefits, limitations and challenges'
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: OTHER
      snippet: Trypanosoma cruziinfection is diagnosed by parasitological, molecular, and serological tests.
      explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Chagas Disease.
- reference: DOI:10.3390/ijms25073840
  title: 'Chagas Disease: A Silent Threat for Dogs and Humans'
  found_in:
  - Chagas_Disease-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: Chagas disease (CD) is a vector-borne Neglected Zoonotic Disease (NZD) caused by a flagellate protozoan, Trypanosoma cruzi, that affects various mammalian species across America, including humans and domestic animals.
    supporting_text: Chagas disease (CD) is a vector-borne Neglected Zoonotic Disease (NZD) caused by a flagellate protozoan, Trypanosoma cruzi, that affects various mammalian species across America, including humans and domestic animals.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.3390/ijms25073840
      reference_title: 'Chagas Disease: A Silent Threat for Dogs and Humans'
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
      snippet: Chagas disease (CD) is a vector-borne Neglected Zoonotic Disease (NZD) caused by a flagellate protozoan, Trypanosoma cruzi, that affects various mammalian species across America, including humans and domestic animals.
      explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Chagas Disease.
- reference: DOI:10.3390/jcm13092565
  title: 'Chagas Disease: Comparison of Therapy with Nifurtimox and Benznidazole in Indigenous Communities in Colombia'
  found_in:
  - Chagas_Disease-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: For indigenous people in Colombia, high infection rates with Chagas disease (CD) are known.
    supporting_text: For indigenous people in Colombia, high infection rates with Chagas disease (CD) are known.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.3390/jcm13092565
      reference_title: 'Chagas Disease: Comparison of Therapy with Nifurtimox and Benznidazole in Indigenous Communities in Colombia'
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
      snippet: For indigenous people in Colombia, high infection rates with Chagas disease (CD) are known.
      explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Chagas Disease.
- reference: DOI:10.3390/pathogens13100870
  title: The Functions of Cytokines in the Cardiac Immunopathogenesis of Chagas Disease
  found_in:
  - Chagas_Disease-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: Clinically, it presents in two distinct phases, acute and chronic.
    supporting_text: Clinically, it presents in two distinct phases, acute and chronic.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.3390/pathogens13100870
      reference_title: The Functions of Cytokines in the Cardiac Immunopathogenesis of Chagas Disease
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: OTHER
      snippet: Clinically, it presents in two distinct phases, acute and chronic.
      explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Chagas Disease.
- reference: DOI:10.3390/vaccines12080870
  title: Treatments and the Perspectives of Developing a Vaccine for Chagas Disease
  found_in:
  - Chagas_Disease-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: Chagas disease (CD) treatment and vaccine development are critical due to the significant health burden caused by the disease, especially in Latin America.
    supporting_text: Chagas disease (CD) treatment and vaccine development are critical due to the significant health burden caused by the disease, especially in Latin America.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.3390/vaccines12080870
      reference_title: Treatments and the Perspectives of Developing a Vaccine for Chagas Disease
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: OTHER
      snippet: Chagas disease (CD) treatment and vaccine development are critical due to the significant health burden caused by the disease, especially in Latin America.
      explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Chagas Disease.
- reference: DOI:10.7326/aitc202302210
  title: Chagas Disease
  found_in:
  - Chagas_Disease-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: Chagas Disease
    supporting_text: Chagas Disease