| Category | Intervention | Mechanism/Description | Evidence Level |
|---|---|---|---|
| Physical treatment | Cryotherapy | Liquid nitrogen freezing destroys visible HPV-associated lesions such as warts; commonly used office-based ablative treatment (pqac-00000026, pqac-00000030) | Established clinical practice / guideline-supported review evidence |
| Physical treatment | LEEP | Loop electrosurgical excision procedure removes cervical transformation-zone tissue and is used for treatment of high-grade cervical intraepithelial lesions (pqac-00000026) | Established clinical practice / guideline-supported review evidence |
| Physical treatment | Electrocautery | Thermal destruction/removal of wart tissue or dysplastic lesions; used for anogenital and cutaneous lesions (pqac-00000026, pqac-00000030) | Established clinical practice / review evidence |
| Physical treatment | Laser therapy | CO2 or related laser ablation for extensive, refractory, or anatomically difficult lesions (pqac-00000026, pqac-00000030) | Established clinical practice / review evidence |
| Physical treatment | Surgical excision | Direct removal of resistant or suspicious lesions; effective but may require anesthesia and can scar (pqac-00000025, pqac-00000030) | Established clinical practice / review evidence |
| Chemical treatment | Salicylic acid | Topical keratolytic that gradually destroys hyperkeratotic wart tissue; requires repeated application (pqac-00000025, pqac-00000030) | Established clinical practice / review evidence |
| Chemical treatment | Cantharidin | Vesicant topical agent that induces blistering and separation of lesion tissue in wart management (pqac-00000025, pqac-00000030) | Established clinical practice / review evidence |
| Immunomodulatory | Imiquimod (TLR7 agonist) | Activates TLR7-mediated innate immune signaling to enhance local antiviral immune response; used particularly for anogenital warts (pqac-00000026, pqac-00000000) | Approved targeted therapy / OpenTargets-supported association |
| Prophylactic vaccine | Cervarix (bivalent) | L1 virus-like particle vaccine targeting HPV16/18 to prevent acquisition of high-risk infection and cervical precancer/cancer (pqac-00000026, pqac-00000027, pqac-00000028) | High-level evidence; licensed vaccine |
| Prophylactic vaccine | Gardasil (quadrivalent) | L1 VLP vaccine targeting HPV6/11/16/18; prevents genital warts and high-risk HPV infection (pqac-00000027, pqac-00000028) | High-level evidence; licensed vaccine |
| Prophylactic vaccine | Gardasil 9 (nonavalent) | Expanded L1 VLP vaccine covering HPV6/11/16/18/31/33/45/52/58; broadest currently licensed prophylactic coverage in many settings (pqac-00000026, pqac-00000027, pqac-00000028) | High-level evidence; licensed vaccine |
| Prophylactic vaccine | Cecolin | Bivalent prophylactic HPV vaccine included among currently available VLP-based vaccines (pqac-00000028) | Licensed/implementation evidence in reviews |
| Prophylactic vaccine | Cervavax | Quadrivalent prophylactic HPV vaccine included in current vaccine landscape reviews (pqac-00000026, pqac-00000028) | Licensed/implementation evidence in reviews |
| Therapeutic vaccine | Viral vector-based vaccines | Experimental vaccines deliver HPV antigens, usually E6/E7, via viral vectors to induce cell-mediated clearance of infected/transformed cells (pqac-00000022, pqac-00000029) | Early-phase/experimental |
| Therapeutic vaccine | DNA-based vaccines | Plasmid/DNA immunization strategies encoding HPV antigens aim to generate cytotoxic T-cell responses against established infection or dysplasia (pqac-00000029) | Early-phase/experimental |
| Chemotherapy | Cisplatin-based combinations | Standard systemic therapy for advanced cervical cancer; combinations with bevacizumab, topotecan, paclitaxel, 5-FU, or bleomycin improve antitumor activity in selected settings (pqac-00000032) | Standard oncology practice / review evidence |
| Immunotherapy | Pembrolizumab | Immune checkpoint inhibitor targeting PD-1; used in HPV-related cancers, especially recurrent/metastatic cervical cancer and other advanced HPV-driven malignancies (pqac-00000025, pqac-00000032) | Approved/late-stage oncology evidence |
| Immunotherapy | Nivolumab | PD-1 checkpoint blockade investigated/used in HPV-associated cancers to restore antitumor T-cell function (pqac-00000032) | Clinical evidence / advanced oncology use |
| Immunotherapy | Durvalumab | PD-L1 checkpoint inhibitor under study or use in HPV-mediated cancers as immune-restorative therapy (pqac-00000032) | Clinical evidence / advanced oncology use |
| Advanced therapy | siRNA targeting E6/E7 | RNA interference suppresses viral oncogene expression, restoring p53/p21 signaling and inhibiting tumor growth; preclinical LNP-siRNA plus cisplatin data are promising (pqac-00000032) | Preclinical to early translational |
| Advanced therapy | CRISPR/Cas9 targeting E6/E7 | Gene-editing approaches disrupt HPV oncogenes and can trigger tumor cell death or growth arrest in experimental systems (pqac-00000032) | Experimental / preclinical |
| Screening program | Pap smear (cytology) | Cytologic screening detects LSIL/HSIL and has reduced cervical cancer incidence and mortality where implemented (pqac-00000020, pqac-00000021, pqac-00000027) | Established population screening |
| Screening program | HPV DNA testing | Detects high-risk HPV nucleic acids; more accurate/objective than cytology and now preferred by WHO for cervical screening in many settings (pqac-00000019, pqac-00000028, pqac-00000030) | High-level evidence; preferred modern screening |
| Screening program | VIA (visual inspection with acetic acid) | Low-cost screening approach used especially in resource-limited settings to identify acetowhite cervical abnormalities (pqac-00000021, pqac-00000028) | Programmatic/public health screening evidence |


*Table: This table summarizes major current and emerging approaches to HPV treatment, prevention, and screening, spanning lesion-directed therapies, vaccines, systemic cancer treatments, and population screening tools. It is useful for quickly comparing mechanisms and maturity of evidence across interventions.*