| Intervention | Indication/subtype | Evidence type | Key efficacy outcomes | Key safety/QoL points | Source with URL and year | MAXO term suggestion |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stupp regimen (maximal safe resection + radiotherapy + concomitant/adjuvant temozolomide) | Newly diagnosed glioblastoma / adult high-grade glioma | Guideline + real-world registry | Standard of care; guideline cites median OS ~15 months and 5-year survival 5-10% for GBM; in Austrian real-world cohort, median OS 11.6 months overall, 16.1 months in patients ≤65 years receiving postoperative standard-of-care therapy (pqac-00000016, pqac-00000021, pqac-00000020) | Extent of resection is prognostic; symptoms affecting QoL include seizures, cognitive deficits, headache, aphasia, motor deficits, fatigue; postoperative therapy started at median 31 days in Austrian practice (pqac-00000015, pqac-00000020) | SEOM-GEINO guideline 2023: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12094-023-03245-y; Austrian registry 2024: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11060-024-04808-x (pqac-00000015, pqac-00000020, pqac-00000021) | MAXO: surgical resection; radiotherapy; temozolomide treatment; combined chemoradiotherapy |
| Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields) + standard of care / maintenance temozolomide | Newly diagnosed glioblastoma after chemoradiation; considered when available | Systematic review/meta-analysis + post-marketing surveillance + post-approval real-world study | Meta-analysis: OS HR 0.63 (95% CI 0.53-0.75) vs SOC alone; pooled median OS 22.6 vs 17.4 months; 2-year OS 46.8% vs 32.3%; higher adherence (≥75%) associated with longer survival (pqac-00000024, pqac-00000026) | Most common treatment-related AEs: beneath-array skin reactions 43%, tingling 14%, warmth 12%; no TTFields-related systemic AEs in >25,000-patient surveillance; Japanese post-approval study found local skin reactions in 60%, mostly mild-moderate (pqac-00000023, pqac-00000025) | Meta-analysis 2023: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11060-023-04348-w; global surveillance 2024: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11060-024-04682-7; Japanese post-approval 2023: https://doi.org/10.1093/jjco/hyad001 (pqac-00000023, pqac-00000024, pqac-00000025, pqac-00000026) | MAXO: tumor treating fields therapy; adjuvant device-based therapy |
| Vorasidenib | Residual or recurrent grade 2 IDH1/2-mutant astrocytoma or oligodendroglioma after surgery only | Phase 3 randomized trial (INDIGO) + approval summary | INDIGO: median imaging-based PFS 27.7 vs 11.1 months; HR for progression/death 0.39; time to next intervention HR 0.26; 18-month freedom from next intervention 85.6% vs 47.4% (pqac-00000047, pqac-00000048) | Grade ≥3 AEs more frequent with vorasidenib; grade ≥3 ALT elevation 9.6-10%; common AEs include elevated liver enzymes, fatigue, headache, diarrhea, nausea, dizziness; HRQoL reportedly maintained over ~13 months (pqac-00000047, pqac-00000048, pqac-00000050) | NEJM 2023: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2304194; approval review 2024: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-024-02097-2 (pqac-00000047, pqac-00000048, pqac-00000050) | MAXO: IDH inhibitor therapy; targeted small-molecule therapy |
| Supportive care: dexamethasone | Symptomatic brain edema/increased intracranial pressure in high-grade glioma | Guideline/expert consensus | Improves mass-effect/edema-related symptoms; integral adjunct to oncologic therapy rather than disease-modifying treatment (pqac-00000017) | Preferred dose range 4-16 mg/day; used to relieve edema-related neurologic symptoms and maintain function/QoL (pqac-00000017) | SEOM-GEINO guideline 2023: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12094-023-03245-y (pqac-00000017) | MAXO: corticosteroid therapy; cerebral edema management |
| Supportive care: levetiracetam | Seizure management in glioma/high-grade glioma | Guideline/expert consensus | Recommended as first-line antiepileptic monotherapy for patients with seizures; prophylactic AED use is not generally recommended (pqac-00000017) | Supports seizure control and QoL; neurocognitive impairment is common and AED-related cognitive effects may require dose adjustment or agent substitution (pqac-00000017, pqac-00000022) | SEOM-GEINO guideline 2023: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12094-023-03245-y (pqac-00000017, pqac-00000022) | MAXO: anticonvulsant treatment; seizure management |


*Table: This table summarizes current glioma treatments and real-world implementation evidence, including standard chemoradiotherapy, TTFields, vorasidenib, and supportive care. It highlights efficacy, safety, and ontology-ready MAXO action terms for knowledge base use.*