| Study (first author year, journal) | Design/setting | N | Key population notes | Incidence/prevalence (with units) | Tumor frequency | Relapse frequency | Mortality/fatality | Key prognostic factors/notes | URL/DOI |
|---|---|---:|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nguyen 2023, *Int J Gen Med* | Review summarizing epidemiology and management | NR | Median age 21; 81% female in summarized data | Olmsted County incidence 0.4/100,000 (1995–2005) rising to 1.2/100,000 (2006–2015); autoimmune encephalitis prevalence 13.7/100,000 in 2014; anti-NMDAR prevalence 0.6/100,000 | NR in excerpt | 10–30% of cases, mostly within first 2 years | NR | CSF antibody testing more sensitive/specific than serum; all patients should be screened at least once for neoplasm (pqac-00000001) | https://doi.org/10.2147/IJGM.S397429 |
| Alsalek 2024, *Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm* | Retrospective population-based cohort, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, 2011–2022 | 70 | Median age at onset 23.7 years; 64% female; >10 million person-years | Age- and sex-standardized incidence per 1 million person-years: Black 2.94 (95% CI 1.27–4.61), Hispanic 2.17 (1.51–2.83), Asian/Pacific Islander 2.02 (0.77–3.28), White 0.40 (0.08–0.72) | Ovarian teratomas in 58.3% of Black female individuals; 21 female patients overall had ovarian teratoma | NR | NR | CSF pleocytosis 70%, abnormal EEG 73%, abnormal MRI 40%; median time symptom onset to diagnosis 17 days; most patients (61.4%) had no identifiable trigger (pqac-00000012, pqac-00000013) | https://doi.org/10.1212/NXI.0000000000200255 |
| Alentorn 2023, *Biomedicines* | Systematic review/meta-analysis of incidence studies | NR | Higher incidence reported in southern hemisphere regions; warm-month peak | Oceania 0.2/100,000 person-years; South America 0.16/100,000 person-years; Europe/North America 0.06/100,000 person-years | About half of cases associated with ovarian teratoma | NR | NR | Strong negative correlation with latitude (Pearson R = −0.88); positive association with extreme heat in France (p = 0.03) (pqac-00000009) | https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11061525 |
| Dumez 2024, *J Neurol* | Retrospective comparative cohort of post-HSE anti-NMDAR encephalitis | 13 post-HSE cases among 375 NMDARE patients | Median age 19 years; 31% children <4 years; 54% male; median latency 30 days after HSE | HSE incidence noted as 2–4 per million/year | NR | NR | NR | Worse 12-month mRS than regular NMDARE; behavioral changes 92%, movement disorders 62%, dysautonomia 54%; extensive MRI lesions 100% vs 48% and bilateral DWI abnormalities 90% vs 29% versus regular HSE comparators (pqac-00000010) | https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-024-12615-7 |
| Xu 2020, *Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm* | Single-center prospective cohort, China, 2011–2017 | 220 | Acute onset with characteristic neuropsychiatric manifestations | NR | 19.5% had neoplasm; ovarian teratoma was 100% of tumors in females | 17.3% during first 12 months | 2.3% died within first 12 months | 94.1% improved during first 12 months; 92.7% had favorable outcome (mRS ≤2) at 12 months; 99.5% received first-line therapy; 7.3% received second-line therapy (pqac-00000003) | https://doi.org/10.1212/NXI.0000000000000633 |
| Gong 2021, *Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm* | Prospective observational cohort, Western China | 244 | Median age 26; 52.45% female; median follow-up 40 months | NR | 15.57% had tumors | 15.9%; 82.0% of first relapses within 24 months | 6.96% fatality | 84.8% improved within 4 weeks after immunotherapy; 80.7% and 85.7% had substantial recovery at 12 and 24 months; disturbance of consciousness in first month independently predicted poor outcome (OR 2.91, 95% CI 1.27–6.65); female sex and delayed treatment linked to relapse (pqac-00000008) | https://doi.org/10.1212/NXI.0000000000000958 |
| Balu 2019, *Neurology* | Multicenter cohort developing prognostic score | 382 | Anti-GluN1 antibody-associated disease | NR | NR | NR | NR | NEOS score predictors: ICU admission, treatment delay >4 weeks, lack of improvement within 4 weeks, abnormal MRI, CSF WBC >20 cells/μL; poor 1-year outcome ranged from 3% (0–1 points) to 69% (4–5 points) (pqac-00000004) | https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000006783 |
| Brenner 2023, *Neurology* | Retrospective biomarker study with healthy references | 71 patients; 61 references | 75% female; mean age 31.4 years; paired CSF available in 33 | NR | NR | Reported 12% relapse within 2 years in background summary | NR | Serum NfL 19.5 pg/mL vs 6.4 pg/mL in references (p < 0.0001); CSF-serum NfL correlation R = 0.84; post-HSV patients 248.8 vs 14.1 pg/mL; association with 12-month mRS largely confounded by age (pqac-00000005) | https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000207221 |
| Brenner 2024, *Neurology* | Nationwide cross-sectional/prospective cohort | 92 | Mean age 29 ± 2 years; 77% female | NR | NR | NR | NR | Recovery continued up to 36 months; beyond 36 months, 34% had persistent impairment and 65% scored below average in ≥1 cognitive domain; 91% had favorable mRS ≤2, yet 30% did not resume school/work and 18% needed adjustments (pqac-00000001) | https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000210109 |


*Table: This table compiles the main quantitative epidemiology, trigger, relapse, mortality, and prognosis figures for anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis from the retrieved evidence. It is useful as a compact reference for populating disease knowledge-base fields with explicitly supported numbers.*