| Population/setting | Study type (cohort/meta-analysis/systematic review) | N | Incidence (with units) | Mortality | Residual deficits/long-term sequelae | Notes | Source (URL, year) |
|---|---|---:|---|---|---|---|---|
| Children, general/pediatric ADEM (global estimates cited in reviews) | Narrative review / review of epidemiology | NR | 0.07–0.9 per 100,000 children/year | NR | ICU needed in ~15% of pediatric cases; recovery usually over weeks; multiphasic course or later MS can occur in a minority | Median onset 5–8 years; male:female reported from 1:0.8 to 2.3:1; identifiable trigger in up to 50–85%, preceding infection/illness in 70–80% (pqac-00000042) | Paolilo R et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/children7110210 (2020) |
| Children, single-center Pakistan cohort | Retrospective cohort | 30 | Background estimate cited: 0.07–0.9 per 100,000 children/year | 1/30 (3.3%) | Residual weakness at discharge 8/30 (26%); long-term sequelae included motor deficits, seizures, poor scholastic performance, behavioral problems | Mean age 6.43 years; immediate clinical improvement in 25/28 evaluable or 89.3% as reported (pqac-00000045) | Mukhtiar K et al. https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.40.7.8015 (2024) |
| Adults worldwide | Systematic review and meta-analysis | 437 | NR | 7.8% (95% CI 3.3–13.5) | Residual deficits 47.5% (95% CI 31.8–63.4) | Pooled adult features included white matter lesions 87.1%, polyfocal onset 80.5%, pyramidal signs 68.7%; adults had worse outcomes than children (pqac-00000044) | Li K et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.870867 (2022) |
| Adults worldwide | Systematic review and meta-analysis | 437 | NR | 7.8% overall; 4.3% within 3 months; 11.0% after >3 months; Asia subgroup 14.5% | Nearly half had residual deficits at mean follow-up 2.8 ± 3.6 years | Recurrence 7.2%; mean hospital stay 23.1 days; ICU 39.7%; preceding infection ~25.7%, vaccination ~2.9% (pqac-00000046, pqac-00000047) | Li K et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.870867 (2022) |
| Nationwide China, tertiary hospitals | Population-based cohort / registry study | 2,265 newly diagnosed cases; 3,101 total patients; 6,978 hospitalizations | Provincial annual incidence examples: Beijing 0.066 per 100,000 person-years (95% CI 0.046–0.086); Heilongjiang 0.027 per 100,000 person-years (95% CI 0.018–0.037) | NR in excerpt | NR in excerpt | Cases identified with ICD-10 G04.0 across 1,665 tertiary hospitals; study also cited prior pediatric incidences: Europe 0.07–0.51, North America 0.2–0.6, Japan ~0.4 per 100,000 (pqac-00000048) | Xiu Y et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12264-021-00642-7 (2021) |
| Denmark, pediatric registry validation | Nationwide validation cohort | NR for full national cohort; incidence analysis reported for clinical/IPMSSG subsets | Clinical ADEM 0.54 per 100,000 person-years; IPMSSG ADEM 0.19 per 100,000 person-years | NR | NR | Shows how stricter IPMSSG criteria reduce estimated incidence; registry pull used ICD-10 G04.0/G04.8/G04.9 among others (pqac-00000016) | Boesen MS et al. https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.13798 (2018) |
| SARS-CoV-2-associated ADEM/AHLE | Systematic review | 48 | NR | 5/48 (10%) died in hospital | Poor outcome on discharge in 31/48 (64%); only 15% full recovery | Median age 44 years; 19% were children; outcomes worse than classic ADEM (pqac-00000043) | Wang Y et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-021-10771-8 (2022) |
| COVID-19 infection or vaccination-associated ADEM | Systematic review | 74 | NR | 8 deaths reported across review cohort | Average recovery 1–6 months in treated cases; permanent neurological disability can occur | 45 followed infection, 29 vaccination; 13/74 (17.33%) AHLE; poor outcome linked to coma/AHLE, extensive lesions, brainstem involvement, ICU admission (pqac-00000006, pqac-00000049) | Stoian A et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11071225 (2023) |
| Post-COVID-19 vaccination ADEM | Systematic review of case reports | 54 | NR | 4 deaths (reported as 13.8% in excerpt) | Clinical improvement in 46 cases (85.1%); MRI improvement in 44 cases (81.4%) | Median interval from vaccination to neurologic symptoms 14 days; most cases after first dose (45/54, 85.1%) (pqac-00000002) | Nabizadeh F et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2023.03.008 (2023) |


*Table: This table compiles the main epidemiology and outcomes statistics for acute disseminated encephalomyelitis from the retrieved cohort studies, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews. It is useful for quickly comparing pediatric, adult, and COVID-associated ADEM burden, mortality, and sequelae across settings.*