Meningioma

Neoplastic MONDO:0016642 Pathograph 9 Central nervous system neoplasm meningeal neoplasm

Meningioma is a primarily meningeal central nervous system tumor with a broad clinical spectrum from lower-grade tumors to aggressive high-grade disease.

0
Mappings
0
Definitions
0
Inheritance
5
Pathophysiology
2
Histopathology
4
Phenotypes
9
Pathograph
3
Genes
5
Treatments
2
Subtypes
1
Differentials
2
Datasets
0
Trials
0
Models
◆

Subtypes

2
Atypical meningioma (WHO grade II) MONDO:0045056
Intermediate-grade meningioma subtype with elevated recurrence risk compared with grade I tumors.
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:40802120 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"present therapeutic challenges due to their aggressive behavior and high risk of recurrence."
The cohort study directly frames grade II tumors as aggressive and recurrence-prone.
Anaplastic meningioma (WHO grade III) MONDO:0020635
High-grade meningioma subtype associated with aggressive growth and treatment resistance.
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:40802120 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"present therapeutic challenges due to their aggressive behavior and high risk of recurrence."
The study identifies anaplastic meningioma as part of the high-grade aggressive spectrum.
📚

References

13
PMID:40625299
Multiparameter MRI-based automatic segmentation and diagnostic models for the differentiation of intracranial solitary fibrous tumors and meningiomas.
No top-level findings curated for this source.
PMID:40802116
Immunotherapeutic targeting of NY-ESO-1 in malignant meningiomas with TCR-transduced T-cells.
No top-level findings curated for this source.
PMID:40924320
NOTCH3 drives fatty acid oxidation and ferroptosis resistance in aggressive meningiomas.
No top-level findings curated for this source.
PMID:40802120
Repeated stereotactic radiosurgery for high grade meningioma.
No top-level findings curated for this source.
PMID:34618539
Integrated Molecular-Morphologic Meningioma Classification: A Multicenter Retrospective Analysis, Retrospectively and Prospectively Validated.
No top-level findings curated for this source.
PMID:40940847
Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Recurrent Meningioma: A Systematic Review of Risk Factors and Management Approaches.
No top-level findings curated for this source.
PMID:41094320
Meningioma grade and molecular markers of proliferation, hypoxia, and vascularity as predictors of outcome in a cohort with long-term patient follow-up.
No top-level findings curated for this source.
PMID:40178655
Prevalence and symptoms of incidental meningiomas: a population-based study.
No top-level findings curated for this source.
PMID:40645150
Predicting epilepsy in patients diagnosed with intracranial meningiomas: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical and anatomical risk factors.
No top-level findings curated for this source.
PMID:34181733
EANO guideline on the diagnosis and management of meningiomas.
No top-level findings curated for this source.
PMID:38898354
Joint EANM/EANO/RANO/SNMMI practice guideline/procedure standards for diagnostics and therapy (theranostics) of meningiomas using radiolabeled somatostatin receptor ligands: version 1.0.
No top-level findings curated for this source.
PMID:41466325
Development, validation, and utility of a clinically applicable methylation classifier for recurrence risk prediction in meningiomas.
No top-level findings curated for this source.
PMID:41663806
A microenvironment-determined risk continuum refines subtyping in meningioma and reveals determinants of machine learning-based tumor classification.
No top-level findings curated for this source.
⚙

Pathophysiology

5
NOTCH3 Activation in Aggressive Meningioma
NOTCH3 signaling is associated with aggressive meningioma behavior and links to downstream metabolic reprogramming.
NOTCH3 link
Show evidence (2 references)
PMID:40924320 SUPPORT In Vitro
"While prior work has linked NOTCH3 expression to higher-grade meningiomas and treatment resistance, the metabolic phenotype of NOTCH3 activation remains unexplored in meningioma."
Supports NOTCH3 as a marker of aggressive, treatment-resistant meningioma states.
PMID:40924320 SUPPORT In Vitro
"We show that NOTCH3 mediates a metabolic shift towards fatty acid oxidation (FAO), depleting lipid availability and conferring resistance to ferroptosis."
Directly links NOTCH3 activation to metabolic rewiring in aggressive meningioma models.
CD36-Associated Fatty Acid Oxidation Reprogramming
NOTCH3-associated meningioma states show increased CD36-linked fatty acid utilization and FAO-like mitochondrial metabolism.
CD36 link
fatty acid transport link ↑ INCREASED fatty acid beta-oxidation link ↑ INCREASED
Show evidence (2 references)
PMID:40924320 SUPPORT In Vitro
"Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed a correlation with CD36, a key fatty acid transporter."
Supports CD36-linked fatty acid substrate routing in NOTCH3-associated states.
PMID:40924320 SUPPORT In Vitro
"NOTCH3 ICD overexpression (OE) exhibited depletion of fatty acid pools, alongside transcriptional upregulation of canonical FAO genes."
Supports enhanced FAO transcriptional programming under NOTCH3 activation.
Ferroptosis Resistance
Aggressive meningioma cells with activated NOTCH3 signaling display reduced sensitivity to ferroptosis, indicating a potential mechanism of treatment resistance.
ferroptosis link ↓ DECREASED
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:40924320 SUPPORT In Vitro
"Additionally, NOTCH3 OE cells exhibit increased resistance to RSL3-induced ferroptosis, a phenotype that was reversed with CPT1 inhibition."
The abstract reports ferroptosis resistance and partial reversibility with metabolic inhibition.
NY-ESO-1-Associated Immune Vulnerability in Malignant Meningioma
Higher NY-ESO-1 expression in malignant meningioma is linked to higher tumor grade and may expose a targetable immune vulnerability.
CTAG1B link
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:40802116 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"NY-ESO-1 expression correlated with tumor grade (n = 35; p < 0.01)."
Human tumor specimens show NY-ESO-1 tracks with higher-grade disease.
NY-ESO-1-Dependent TCR-T Cytolysis Susceptibility
Meningioma cells with higher NY-ESO-1 expression show stronger cytolytic response to NY-ESO-1-targeted TCR-transduced T cells.
Show evidence (2 references)
PMID:40802116 SUPPORT In Vitro
"CH157-HLA-A2.1 cells, with native high NY-ESO-1 expression, experienced > 60% and then nearly 100% cytolysis after co-culture with TCR-T for 10 and 24 h, respectively, compared with control T-cells (p < 0.0001)."
Demonstrates expression-linked cytolytic sensitivity to NY-ESO-1-targeted TCR-T.
PMID:40802116 SUPPORT Model Organism
"Systemic ACT results in significantly increased survival in vivo in high-grade meningioma."
In vivo model data support therapeutic translation of NY-ESO-1-directed ACT.
✶

Histopathology

2
Histopathologically Confirmed High-Grade Meningioma
Recurrent/residual high-grade meningioma cohorts treated with SRS include histopathologically confirmed atypical or anaplastic tumors.
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:40802120 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"All patients had undergone craniotomy and histopathologic confirmation of atypical or anaplastic meningioma."
Confirms grade II/III pathology as a defining tissue-level feature in the studied cohort.
Predominance of Atypical Histology in High-Grade Cohort
In a large recurrent/residual high-grade series, atypical histology (grade II) was substantially more frequent than anaplastic histology (grade III).
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:40802120 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"Atypical meningioma accounted for the vast majority of cases (105; 93.8%) with only 7 cases of anaplastic meningioma (6.2%)."
Quantifies the high-grade histology distribution in a treated clinical cohort.
⬡

Pathograph

Use the checkboxes to hide or show graph categories. Hover nodes for evidence and cross-linked metadata.
Pathograph: causal mechanism network for Meningioma Interactive directed graph showing how pathophysiology mechanisms, phenotypes, genetic factors and variants, experimental models, environmental triggers, and treatments relate through causal and linked edges.
●

Phenotypes

4
Nervous System 2
Seizure at diagnosis OCCASIONAL Seizure (HP:0001250)
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:40645150 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"new-onset seizures were reported by 26% of newly diagnosed meningioma patients."
Meta-analysis quantifies seizure presentation at diagnosis.
Headache Headache (HP:0002315)
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:40178655 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"Common and non-specific symptoms such as headache and dizziness may be wrongfully attributed to meningiomas, which can lead to unnecessary surgery and anxiety for the patient."
Supports headache as a frequent, non-specific symptom context in incidental meningioma evaluation.
Other 2
High recurrence risk in high-grade disease
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:40802120 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"present therapeutic challenges due to their aggressive behavior and high risk of recurrence."
The large retrospective cohort highlights recurrence as a defining high-grade phenotype.
Shorter progression-free survival with high NY-ESO-1 expression
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:40802116 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"High NY-ESO-1 nuclear expression predicted a worse progression-free-survival (p = 0.0167)."
The abstract provides a direct prognostic association between NY-ESO-1 and worse PFS.
🧬

Genetic Associations

3
NOTCH3 (Upregulated signaling in aggressive meningioma models)
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:40924320 SUPPORT In Vitro
"While prior work has linked NOTCH3 expression to higher-grade meningiomas and treatment resistance, the metabolic phenotype of NOTCH3 activation remains unexplored in meningioma."
Supports NOTCH3 as an aggressive-disease-associated molecular feature.
CD36 (Correlated with NOTCH3-high metabolic state)
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:40924320 SUPPORT In Vitro
"Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed a correlation with CD36, a key fatty acid transporter."
Supports CD36 as a linked metabolic mediator in aggressive meningioma cells.
CTAG1B (NY-ESO-1) (Higher expression in higher-grade malignant meningioma)
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:40802116 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"NY-ESO-1 expression correlated with tumor grade (n = 35; p < 0.01)."
Supports grade-associated CTAG1B/NY-ESO-1 biology in malignant meningioma.
💊

Treatments

5
Gross total surgical resection
Action: surgical procedure MAXO:0000004
Surgical intervention with tissue diagnosis remains central to definitive classification; gross total resection is frequently curative when feasible.
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:34181733 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"A gross total surgical resection including the involved dura is often curative."
EANO guideline supports gross total resection as a key curative-intent approach.
Watch-and-scan surveillance for selected incidental tumors
Action: supportive care MAXO:0000950
Asymptomatic or elderly patients with incidentally diagnosed meningioma may be managed conservatively with serial imaging surveillance.
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:34181733 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"a significant proportion of meningiomas, notably in patients that are asymptomatic or elderly or both, may be managed by a watch-and-scan strategy."
Guideline-endorsed conservative management option for selected patients.
Repeated stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS)
Action: stereotactic radiosurgery MAXO:0009088
Repeated SRS is used for recurrent or residual high-grade meningioma and has a manageable toxicity profile in retrospective clinical experience.
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:40802120 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"Our data suggest that SRS is a relatively safe and effective treatment option for recurrent or residual high-grade meningioma, with an acceptable complication profile, even when performed repeatedly."
Human cohort data support repeated radiosurgery as a practical salvage option.
Fractionated radiotherapy for inoperable or recurrent disease
Action: radiation therapy MAXO:0000014
Fractionated RT is an accepted treatment option when tumors are inoperable or recur and require additional local control.
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:34181733 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"Inoperable or recurrent tumors requiring treatment can be treated with radiosurgery, if the size or the vicinity of critical structures allows that, or with fractionated radiotherapy (RT)."
EANO guidance supports fractionated RT as a standard local modality in selected cases.
NY-ESO-1 TCR-transduced T-cell therapy (investigational)
Action: cellular therapy MAXO:0000016
Preclinical adoptive cell transfer using NY-ESO-1-directed TCR-T cells shows anti-tumor activity and survival benefit in high-grade meningioma models.
Mechanism Target:
INHIBITS NY-ESO-1-Associated Immune Vulnerability in Malignant Meningioma — NY-ESO-1-targeted TCR-T cells reduce viability of NY-ESO-1-high malignant meningioma cells.
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:40802116 SUPPORT In Vitro
"CH157-HLA-A2.1 cells, with native high NY-ESO-1 expression, experienced > 60% and then nearly 100% cytolysis after co-culture with TCR-T for 10 and 24 h, respectively, compared with control T-cells (p < 0.0001)."
Supports mechanism-linked killing of NY-ESO-1-high malignant meningioma cells by TCR-T.
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:40802116 SUPPORT Model Organism
"Systemic ACT results in significantly increased survival in vivo in high-grade meningioma."
In vivo preclinical data support NY-ESO-1-directed ACT as a candidate strategy.
🔬

Biochemical Markers

1
High NY-ESO-1 Nuclear Expression (Increased in higher-grade malignant meningioma)
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:40802116 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"High NY-ESO-1 nuclear expression predicted a worse progression-free-survival (p = 0.0167)."
Supports NY-ESO-1 expression as a prognostic molecular feature.
🔀

Differential Diagnoses

1

Conditions with similar clinical presentations that must be differentiated from Meningioma:

Intracranial solitary fibrous tumor Not Yet Curated MONDO:0016238
Overlapping Features Intracranial SFT can mimic meningioma on imaging, making preoperative differentiation difficult.
Distinguishing Features
  • Multiparametric MRI-based segmentation and fusion models can improve preoperative discrimination between SFT and meningioma.
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:40625299 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"Their similar imaging features make preoperative differentiation difficult, resulting in high misdiagnosis rates."
Directly supports SFT as a clinically relevant differential diagnosis.
📊

Related Datasets

2
Development, validation, and clinical utility of a novel methylation classifier for recurrence risk prediction in meningiomas geo:GSE292327
DNA methylation profiling cohort used to develop and validate recurrence risk prediction models for meningioma.
human METHYLATION n=223
meningioma tissue
Conditions: meningioma recurrence risk stratification
PMID:41466325
GEO metadata indicates a clinically validated recurrence-risk methylation classifier cohort.
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:41466325 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"Using samples from 217 patients, we developed, validated, and implemented a clinically applicable methylation classifier for prognostic stratification of meningiomas based on k-means clustering of methylation data."
Supports the recurrence-risk methylation stratification intent of this dataset entry.
Single-nuclei RNA-seq of meningioma geo:GSE313693
Single-nuclei transcriptomic dataset used to characterize meningioma microenvironmental states and refine subtype/risk continuum analyses.
human SINGLE CELL RNA SEQ n=26
meningioma tissue nuclei
Conditions: meningioma microenvironment profiling
PMID:41663806
GEO metadata reports single-nuclei RNA sequencing for meningioma subtype refinement.
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:41663806 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"Here, by applying multiomic profiling and multiple lines of orthogonal computational evaluation in multiple independent datasets, we found that not only tumor cell characteristics but also incremental changes in the tumor microenvironment (TME) have impact on epigenetic meningioma classification..."
Supports multiomic dataset use for microenvironment-linked meningioma classification refinement.
{ }

Source YAML

click to show 
name: Meningioma
creation_date: '2026-03-03T21:32:57Z'
updated_date: '2026-03-03T22:06:09Z'
description: >-
  Meningioma is a primarily meningeal central nervous system tumor with a broad
  clinical spectrum from lower-grade tumors to aggressive high-grade disease.
category: Neoplastic
categories:
- Central Nervous System Tumor
- Meningeal Tumor
parents:
- Central nervous system neoplasm
- meningeal neoplasm
disease_term:
  preferred_term: meningioma
  term:
    id: MONDO:0016642
    label: meningioma
has_subtypes:
- name: WHO Grade II
  display_name: Atypical meningioma (WHO grade II)
  description: >-
    Intermediate-grade meningioma subtype with elevated recurrence risk
    compared with grade I tumors.
  subtype_term:
    preferred_term: grade II meningioma
    term:
      id: MONDO:0045056
      label: grade II meningioma
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:40802120
    reference_title: "Repeated stereotactic radiosurgery for high grade meningioma."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: "present therapeutic challenges due to their aggressive behavior and high risk of recurrence."
    explanation: The cohort study directly frames grade II tumors as aggressive and recurrence-prone.
- name: WHO Grade III
  display_name: Anaplastic meningioma (WHO grade III)
  description: >-
    High-grade meningioma subtype associated with aggressive growth and treatment
    resistance.
  subtype_term:
    preferred_term: anaplastic meningioma
    term:
      id: MONDO:0020635
      label: anaplastic meningioma
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:40802120
    reference_title: "Repeated stereotactic radiosurgery for high grade meningioma."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: "present therapeutic challenges due to their aggressive behavior and high risk of recurrence."
    explanation: The study identifies anaplastic meningioma as part of the high-grade aggressive spectrum.
prevalence:
- population: Individuals with incidental brain MRI findings in a population-based 70-year cohort
  percentage: 1.8
  notes: Observed prevalence in an age-homogeneous population cohort.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:40178655
    reference_title: "Prevalence and symptoms of incidental meningiomas: a population-based study."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: "The prevalence of meningioma was 1.8% (n = 14)."
    explanation: Provides a direct population-based prevalence estimate in older adults.
- population: Proportion among central nervous system neoplasms
  percentage: 40
  notes: Relative burden among CNS neoplasms in a large meta-analytic literature summary.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:40645150
    reference_title: "Predicting epilepsy in patients diagnosed with intracranial meningiomas: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical and anatomical risk factors."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: "Meningiomas comprise 40% of all central nervous system neoplasms, with peak prevalence occurring in the fifth and sixth decades of life."
    explanation: Supports meningioma as a major share of CNS neoplasms and age-related prevalence peak.
pathophysiology:
- name: NOTCH3 Activation in Aggressive Meningioma
  description: >-
    NOTCH3 signaling is associated with aggressive meningioma behavior and links
    to downstream metabolic reprogramming.
  genes:
  - preferred_term: NOTCH3
    term:
      id: hgnc:7883
      label: NOTCH3
  downstream:
  - target: CD36-Associated Fatty Acid Oxidation Reprogramming
    description: NOTCH3-high states correlate with FAO-related metabolic features.
    evidence:
    - reference: PMID:40924320
      reference_title: "NOTCH3 drives fatty acid oxidation and ferroptosis resistance in aggressive meningiomas."
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: IN_VITRO
      snippet: "Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed a correlation with CD36, a key fatty acid transporter."
      explanation: Supports a direct link between NOTCH3-associated states and CD36-linked lipid metabolism.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:40924320
    reference_title: "NOTCH3 drives fatty acid oxidation and ferroptosis resistance in aggressive meningiomas."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: IN_VITRO
    snippet: "While prior work has linked NOTCH3 expression to higher-grade meningiomas and treatment resistance, the metabolic phenotype of NOTCH3 activation remains unexplored in meningioma."
    explanation: Supports NOTCH3 as a marker of aggressive, treatment-resistant meningioma states.
  - reference: PMID:40924320
    reference_title: "NOTCH3 drives fatty acid oxidation and ferroptosis resistance in aggressive meningiomas."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: IN_VITRO
    snippet: "We show that NOTCH3 mediates a metabolic shift towards fatty acid oxidation (FAO), depleting lipid availability and conferring resistance to ferroptosis."
    explanation: Directly links NOTCH3 activation to metabolic rewiring in aggressive meningioma models.
- name: CD36-Associated Fatty Acid Oxidation Reprogramming
  description: >-
    NOTCH3-associated meningioma states show increased CD36-linked fatty acid
    utilization and FAO-like mitochondrial metabolism.
  genes:
  - preferred_term: CD36
    term:
      id: hgnc:1663
      label: CD36
  biological_processes:
  - preferred_term: fatty acid transport
    modifier: INCREASED
    term:
      id: GO:0015908
      label: fatty acid transport
  - preferred_term: fatty acid beta-oxidation
    modifier: INCREASED
    term:
      id: GO:0006635
      label: fatty acid beta-oxidation
  downstream:
  - target: Ferroptosis Resistance
    description: Enhanced FAO-linked metabolism is associated with ferroptosis evasion.
    evidence:
    - reference: PMID:40924320
      reference_title: "NOTCH3 drives fatty acid oxidation and ferroptosis resistance in aggressive meningiomas."
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: IN_VITRO
      snippet: "We show that NOTCH3 mediates a metabolic shift towards fatty acid oxidation (FAO), depleting lipid availability and conferring resistance to ferroptosis."
      explanation: Supports the FAO to ferroptosis-resistance edge in aggressive meningioma models.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:40924320
    reference_title: "NOTCH3 drives fatty acid oxidation and ferroptosis resistance in aggressive meningiomas."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: IN_VITRO
    snippet: "Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed a correlation with CD36, a key fatty acid transporter."
    explanation: Supports CD36-linked fatty acid substrate routing in NOTCH3-associated states.
  - reference: PMID:40924320
    reference_title: "NOTCH3 drives fatty acid oxidation and ferroptosis resistance in aggressive meningiomas."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: IN_VITRO
    snippet: "NOTCH3 ICD overexpression (OE) exhibited depletion of fatty acid pools, alongside transcriptional upregulation of canonical FAO genes."
    explanation: Supports enhanced FAO transcriptional programming under NOTCH3 activation.
- name: Ferroptosis Resistance
  description: >-
    Aggressive meningioma cells with activated NOTCH3 signaling display reduced
    sensitivity to ferroptosis, indicating a potential mechanism of treatment
    resistance.
  biological_processes:
  - preferred_term: ferroptosis
    modifier: DECREASED
    term:
      id: GO:0097707
      label: ferroptosis
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:40924320
    reference_title: "NOTCH3 drives fatty acid oxidation and ferroptosis resistance in aggressive meningiomas."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: IN_VITRO
    snippet: "Additionally, NOTCH3 OE cells exhibit increased resistance to RSL3-induced ferroptosis, a phenotype that was reversed with CPT1 inhibition."
    explanation: The abstract reports ferroptosis resistance and partial reversibility with metabolic inhibition.
- name: NY-ESO-1-Associated Immune Vulnerability in Malignant Meningioma
  description: >-
    Higher NY-ESO-1 expression in malignant meningioma is linked to higher tumor
    grade and may expose a targetable immune vulnerability.
  genes:
  - preferred_term: CTAG1B
    term:
      id: hgnc:2491
      label: CTAG1B
  downstream:
  - target: NY-ESO-1-Dependent TCR-T Cytolysis Susceptibility
    description: Higher NY-ESO-1 expression increases susceptibility to NY-ESO-1-directed TCR-T killing.
    evidence:
    - reference: PMID:40802116
      reference_title: "Immunotherapeutic targeting of NY-ESO-1 in malignant meningiomas with TCR-transduced T-cells."
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: IN_VITRO
      snippet: "CH157-HLA-A2.1 cells, with native high NY-ESO-1 expression, experienced > 60% and then nearly 100% cytolysis after co-culture with TCR-T for 10 and 24 h, respectively, compared with control T-cells (p < 0.0001)."
      explanation: Shows expression-dependent susceptibility to NY-ESO-1 TCR-T cytolysis.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:40802116
    reference_title: "Immunotherapeutic targeting of NY-ESO-1 in malignant meningiomas with TCR-transduced T-cells."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: "NY-ESO-1 expression correlated with tumor grade (n = 35; p < 0.01)."
    explanation: Human tumor specimens show NY-ESO-1 tracks with higher-grade disease.
- name: NY-ESO-1-Dependent TCR-T Cytolysis Susceptibility
  description: >-
    Meningioma cells with higher NY-ESO-1 expression show stronger cytolytic
    response to NY-ESO-1-targeted TCR-transduced T cells.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:40802116
    reference_title: "Immunotherapeutic targeting of NY-ESO-1 in malignant meningiomas with TCR-transduced T-cells."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: IN_VITRO
    snippet: "CH157-HLA-A2.1 cells, with native high NY-ESO-1 expression, experienced > 60% and then nearly 100% cytolysis after co-culture with TCR-T for 10 and 24 h, respectively, compared with control T-cells (p < 0.0001)."
    explanation: Demonstrates expression-linked cytolytic sensitivity to NY-ESO-1-targeted TCR-T.
  - reference: PMID:40802116
    reference_title: "Immunotherapeutic targeting of NY-ESO-1 in malignant meningiomas with TCR-transduced T-cells."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: MODEL_ORGANISM
    snippet: "Systemic ACT results in significantly increased survival in vivo in high-grade meningioma."
    explanation: In vivo model data support therapeutic translation of NY-ESO-1-directed ACT.
genetic:
- name: NOTCH3
  association: Upregulated signaling in aggressive meningioma models
  gene_term:
    preferred_term: NOTCH3
    term:
      id: hgnc:7883
      label: NOTCH3
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:40924320
    reference_title: "NOTCH3 drives fatty acid oxidation and ferroptosis resistance in aggressive meningiomas."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: IN_VITRO
    snippet: "While prior work has linked NOTCH3 expression to higher-grade meningiomas and treatment resistance, the metabolic phenotype of NOTCH3 activation remains unexplored in meningioma."
    explanation: Supports NOTCH3 as an aggressive-disease-associated molecular feature.
- name: CD36
  association: Correlated with NOTCH3-high metabolic state
  gene_term:
    preferred_term: CD36
    term:
      id: hgnc:1663
      label: CD36
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:40924320
    reference_title: "NOTCH3 drives fatty acid oxidation and ferroptosis resistance in aggressive meningiomas."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: IN_VITRO
    snippet: "Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed a correlation with CD36, a key fatty acid transporter."
    explanation: Supports CD36 as a linked metabolic mediator in aggressive meningioma cells.
- name: CTAG1B (NY-ESO-1)
  association: Higher expression in higher-grade malignant meningioma
  gene_term:
    preferred_term: CTAG1B
    term:
      id: hgnc:2491
      label: CTAG1B
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:40802116
    reference_title: "Immunotherapeutic targeting of NY-ESO-1 in malignant meningiomas with TCR-transduced T-cells."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: "NY-ESO-1 expression correlated with tumor grade (n = 35; p < 0.01)."
    explanation: Supports grade-associated CTAG1B/NY-ESO-1 biology in malignant meningioma.
biochemical:
- name: High NY-ESO-1 Nuclear Expression
  biomarker_term:
    preferred_term: NY-ESO-1
    term:
      id: NCIT:C39286
      label: Cancer/Testis Antigen 1
  presence: Increased in higher-grade malignant meningioma
  notes: Higher NY-ESO-1 expression is associated with poorer progression-free survival.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:40802116
    reference_title: "Immunotherapeutic targeting of NY-ESO-1 in malignant meningiomas with TCR-transduced T-cells."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: "High NY-ESO-1 nuclear expression predicted a worse progression-free-survival (p = 0.0167)."
    explanation: Supports NY-ESO-1 expression as a prognostic molecular feature.
histopathology:
- name: Histopathologically Confirmed High-Grade Meningioma
  finding_term:
    preferred_term: meningioma
    term:
      id: NCIT:C3230
      label: Meningioma
  description: >-
    Recurrent/residual high-grade meningioma cohorts treated with SRS include
    histopathologically confirmed atypical or anaplastic tumors.
  context: recurrent or residual high-grade meningioma
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:40802120
    reference_title: "Repeated stereotactic radiosurgery for high grade meningioma."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: "All patients had undergone craniotomy and histopathologic confirmation of atypical or anaplastic meningioma."
    explanation: Confirms grade II/III pathology as a defining tissue-level feature in the studied cohort.
- name: Predominance of Atypical Histology in High-Grade Cohort
  finding_term:
    preferred_term: atypical meningioma
    term:
      id: NCIT:C4723
      label: Atypical Meningioma
  description: >-
    In a large recurrent/residual high-grade series, atypical histology (grade
    II) was substantially more frequent than anaplastic histology (grade III).
  context: recurrent or residual high-grade meningioma
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:40802120
    reference_title: "Repeated stereotactic radiosurgery for high grade meningioma."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: "Atypical meningioma accounted for the vast majority of cases (105; 93.8%) with only 7 cases of anaplastic meningioma (6.2%)."
    explanation: Quantifies the high-grade histology distribution in a treated clinical cohort.
phenotypes:
- category: Oncologic
  name: High recurrence risk in high-grade disease
  description: >-
    WHO grade II and III meningiomas demonstrate substantial recurrence risk and
    require close longitudinal follow-up.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:40802120
    reference_title: "Repeated stereotactic radiosurgery for high grade meningioma."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: "present therapeutic challenges due to their aggressive behavior and high risk of recurrence."
    explanation: The large retrospective cohort highlights recurrence as a defining high-grade phenotype.
- category: Oncologic
  name: Shorter progression-free survival with high NY-ESO-1 expression
  description: >-
    Higher NY-ESO-1 expression is associated with worse progression-free outcomes
    in malignant meningioma.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:40802116
    reference_title: "Immunotherapeutic targeting of NY-ESO-1 in malignant meningiomas with TCR-transduced T-cells."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: "High NY-ESO-1 nuclear expression predicted a worse progression-free-survival (p = 0.0167)."
    explanation: The abstract provides a direct prognostic association between NY-ESO-1 and worse PFS.
- category: Neurologic
  name: Seizure at diagnosis
  frequency: OCCASIONAL
  description: A substantial subset of newly diagnosed meningioma patients present with seizures.
  phenotype_term:
    preferred_term: Seizure
    term:
      id: HP:0001250
      label: Seizure
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:40645150
    reference_title: "Predicting epilepsy in patients diagnosed with intracranial meningiomas: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical and anatomical risk factors."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: "new-onset seizures were reported by 26% of newly diagnosed meningioma patients."
    explanation: Meta-analysis quantifies seizure presentation at diagnosis.
- category: Neurologic
  name: Headache
  description: Headache is a common but non-specific symptom in patients with incidental meningioma.
  phenotype_term:
    preferred_term: Headache
    term:
      id: HP:0002315
      label: Headache
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:40178655
    reference_title: "Prevalence and symptoms of incidental meningiomas: a population-based study."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: "Common and non-specific symptoms such as headache and dizziness may be wrongfully attributed to meningiomas, which can lead to unnecessary surgery and anxiety for the patient."
    explanation: Supports headache as a frequent, non-specific symptom context in incidental meningioma evaluation.
diagnosis:
- name: Multiparameter MRI-based differentiation from intracranial SFT
  description: >-
    Preoperative imaging-based differentiation between meningioma and intracranial
    solitary fibrous tumor remains clinically important and can be improved with
    integrated multiparameter MRI models.
  diagnosis_term:
    preferred_term: magnetic resonance imaging procedure
    term:
      id: MAXO:0000424
      label: magnetic resonance imaging procedure
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:40625299
    reference_title: "Multiparameter MRI-based automatic segmentation and diagnostic models for the differentiation of intracranial solitary fibrous tumors and meningiomas."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: "Their similar imaging features make preoperative differentiation difficult, resulting in high misdiagnosis rates."
    explanation: This captures the core diagnostic challenge in routine imaging assessment.
  - reference: PMID:40625299
    reference_title: "Multiparameter MRI-based automatic segmentation and diagnostic models for the differentiation of intracranial solitary fibrous tumors and meningiomas."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: "The comprehensive system integrating automatic segmentation with diagnostic models can differentiate SFTs from meningiomas precisely."
    explanation: The study reports improved differential classification using integrated imaging models.
- name: WHO 2021 grade-informed prognostic stratification
  description: >-
    WHO 2021 grading and selected proliferative/imaging features stratify
    progression and survival risk in long-term follow-up cohorts.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:41094320
    reference_title: "Meningioma grade and molecular markers of proliferation, hypoxia, and vascularity as predictors of outcome in a cohort with long-term patient follow-up."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: "PFS was independently associated with WHO 2021 grade 2 (HR 3.72, 95% CI 1.49-9.32), MIB-1 > 5% (HR 2.56, 95% CI 1.17-5.60), and PTBE ratio (HR 1.22 per 0.1 increment, 95% CI 1.04-1.43)."
    explanation: Supports grade-informed prognostic stratification in a long-term clinical cohort.
- name: Somatostatin receptor PET for extent and recurrence assessment
  description: >-
    SSTR-ligand PET can improve meningioma tissue detection and aid differential
    diagnosis, extent delineation, and recurrence-vs-scar assessment beyond
    structural MRI/CT alone.
  diagnosis_term:
    preferred_term: positron emission tomography procedure
    term:
      id: MAXO:0000137
      label: positron emission tomography procedure
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:38898354
    reference_title: "Joint EANM/EANO/RANO/SNMMI practice guideline/procedure standards for diagnostics and therapy (theranostics) of meningiomas using radiolabeled somatostatin receptor ligands: version 1.0."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: "Positron emission tomography (PET) using somatostatin receptor (SSTR) ligands can detect meningioma tissue with high sensitivity and specificity and may provide clinically relevant information beyond that obtained from structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) imaging alone."
    explanation: Multi-society guideline supports added diagnostic value of SSTR PET.
epidemiology:
- name: Primary intracranial tumor frequency
  description: Meningiomas are the most frequent primary intracranial tumors.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:34618539
    reference_title: "Integrated Molecular-Morphologic Meningioma Classification: A Multicenter Retrospective Analysis, Retrospectively and Prospectively Validated."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: "Meningiomas are the most frequent primary intracranial tumors."
    explanation: Supports meningioma as the leading primary intracranial tumor category.
progression:
- phase: Clinical behavior spectrum
  notes: Clinical course ranges from indolent to aggressive and potentially fatal disease.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:34618539
    reference_title: "Integrated Molecular-Morphologic Meningioma Classification: A Multicenter Retrospective Analysis, Retrospectively and Prospectively Validated."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: "Patient outcome varies widely from benign to highly aggressive, ultimately fatal courses."
    explanation: Captures broad meningioma progression heterogeneity.
- phase: Post-SRS progression-free survival by grade
  notes: >-
    PFS declines with increasing WHO grade, with poorer outcomes in grade III
    recurrence.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:40940847
    reference_title: "Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Recurrent Meningioma: A Systematic Review of Risk Factors and Management Approaches."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: "For WHO Grade I tumors, 3- to 5-year progression-free survival (PFS) ranged from 85% to 100%."
    explanation: Establishes favorable recurrent-disease PFS for grade I tumors after SRS.
  - reference: PMID:40940847
    reference_title: "Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Recurrent Meningioma: A Systematic Review of Risk Factors and Management Approaches."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: "Grade II meningiomas demonstrated more variable outcomes, with 3-year PFS ranging from 23% to 100%."
    explanation: Shows intermediate and heterogeneous grade II recurrence trajectory.
  - reference: PMID:40940847
    reference_title: "Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Recurrent Meningioma: A Systematic Review of Risk Factors and Management Approaches."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: "Grade III tumors had consistently poorer outcomes, with reported 1-year and 2-year PFS rates as low as 0% and 46%, respectively."
    explanation: Supports markedly worse progression trajectory in recurrent grade III disease.
- phase: Long-term prognostic covariates
  notes: Grade and extent of resection significantly influence long-term outcomes.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:41094320
    reference_title: "Meningioma grade and molecular markers of proliferation, hypoxia, and vascularity as predictors of outcome in a cohort with long-term patient follow-up."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: "OS was associated with subtotal resection (HR 2.69, 95% CI 1.28-5.65) and WHO 2021 grade 2 (HR 4.27, 95% CI 1.61-11.33)."
    explanation: Supports resection extent and grade as major long-term survival determinants.
differential_diagnoses:
- name: Intracranial solitary fibrous tumor
  description: >-
    Intracranial SFT can mimic meningioma on imaging, making preoperative
    differentiation difficult.
  disease_term:
    preferred_term: solitary fibrous tumor
    term:
      id: MONDO:0016238
      label: solitary fibrous tumor
  distinguishing_features:
  - Multiparametric MRI-based segmentation and fusion models can improve preoperative discrimination between SFT and meningioma.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:40625299
    reference_title: "Multiparameter MRI-based automatic segmentation and diagnostic models for the differentiation of intracranial solitary fibrous tumors and meningiomas."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: "Their similar imaging features make preoperative differentiation difficult, resulting in high misdiagnosis rates."
    explanation: Directly supports SFT as a clinically relevant differential diagnosis.
treatments:
- name: Gross total surgical resection
  description: >-
    Surgical intervention with tissue diagnosis remains central to definitive
    classification; gross total resection is frequently curative when feasible.
  treatment_term:
    preferred_term: surgical procedure
    term:
      id: MAXO:0000004
      label: surgical procedure
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:34181733
    reference_title: "EANO guideline on the diagnosis and management of meningiomas."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: "A gross total surgical resection including the involved dura is often curative."
    explanation: EANO guideline supports gross total resection as a key curative-intent approach.
- name: Watch-and-scan surveillance for selected incidental tumors
  description: >-
    Asymptomatic or elderly patients with incidentally diagnosed meningioma may
    be managed conservatively with serial imaging surveillance.
  treatment_term:
    preferred_term: supportive care
    term:
      id: MAXO:0000950
      label: supportive care
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:34181733
    reference_title: "EANO guideline on the diagnosis and management of meningiomas."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: "a significant proportion of meningiomas, notably in patients that are asymptomatic or elderly or both, may be managed by a watch-and-scan strategy."
    explanation: Guideline-endorsed conservative management option for selected patients.
- name: Repeated stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS)
  description: >-
    Repeated SRS is used for recurrent or residual high-grade meningioma and has
    a manageable toxicity profile in retrospective clinical experience.
  treatment_term:
    preferred_term: stereotactic radiosurgery
    term:
      id: MAXO:0009088
      label: stereotactic radiosurgery
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:40802120
    reference_title: "Repeated stereotactic radiosurgery for high grade meningioma."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: "Our data suggest that SRS is a relatively safe and effective treatment option for recurrent or residual high-grade meningioma, with an acceptable complication profile, even when performed repeatedly."
    explanation: Human cohort data support repeated radiosurgery as a practical salvage option.
- name: Fractionated radiotherapy for inoperable or recurrent disease
  description: >-
    Fractionated RT is an accepted treatment option when tumors are inoperable
    or recur and require additional local control.
  treatment_term:
    preferred_term: radiation therapy
    term:
      id: MAXO:0000014
      label: radiation therapy
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:34181733
    reference_title: "EANO guideline on the diagnosis and management of meningiomas."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: "Inoperable or recurrent tumors requiring treatment can be treated with radiosurgery, if the size or the vicinity of critical structures allows that, or with fractionated radiotherapy (RT)."
    explanation: EANO guidance supports fractionated RT as a standard local modality in selected cases.
- name: NY-ESO-1 TCR-transduced T-cell therapy (investigational)
  description: >-
    Preclinical adoptive cell transfer using NY-ESO-1-directed TCR-T cells shows
    anti-tumor activity and survival benefit in high-grade meningioma models.
  treatment_term:
    preferred_term: cellular therapy
    term:
      id: MAXO:0000016
      label: cellular therapy
  target_mechanisms:
  - target: NY-ESO-1-Associated Immune Vulnerability in Malignant Meningioma
    treatment_effect: INHIBITS
    description: NY-ESO-1-targeted TCR-T cells reduce viability of NY-ESO-1-high malignant meningioma cells.
    evidence:
    - reference: PMID:40802116
      reference_title: "Immunotherapeutic targeting of NY-ESO-1 in malignant meningiomas with TCR-transduced T-cells."
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: IN_VITRO
      snippet: "CH157-HLA-A2.1 cells, with native high NY-ESO-1 expression, experienced > 60% and then nearly 100% cytolysis after co-culture with TCR-T for 10 and 24 h, respectively, compared with control T-cells (p < 0.0001)."
      explanation: Supports mechanism-linked killing of NY-ESO-1-high malignant meningioma cells by TCR-T.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:40802116
    reference_title: "Immunotherapeutic targeting of NY-ESO-1 in malignant meningiomas with TCR-transduced T-cells."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: MODEL_ORGANISM
    snippet: "Systemic ACT results in significantly increased survival in vivo in high-grade meningioma."
    explanation: In vivo preclinical data support NY-ESO-1-directed ACT as a candidate strategy.
datasets:
- accession: geo:GSE292327
  title: Development, validation, and clinical utility of a novel methylation classifier for recurrence risk prediction in meningiomas
  description: >-
    DNA methylation profiling cohort used to develop and validate recurrence
    risk prediction models for meningioma.
  organism:
    preferred_term: human
    term:
      id: NCBITaxon:9606
      label: Homo sapiens
  data_type: METHYLATION
  sample_types:
  - preferred_term: meningioma tissue
    term:
      id: UBERON:0010506
      label: meningeal dura mater
    tissue_term:
      preferred_term: meningeal dura
      term:
        id: UBERON:0010506
        label: meningeal dura mater
  sample_count: 223
  conditions:
  - meningioma
  - recurrence risk stratification
  publication: PMID:41466325
  notes: GEO metadata indicates a clinically validated recurrence-risk methylation classifier cohort.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:41466325
    reference_title: "Development, validation, and utility of a clinically applicable methylation classifier for recurrence risk prediction in meningiomas."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: "Using samples from 217 patients, we developed, validated, and implemented a clinically applicable methylation classifier for prognostic stratification of meningiomas based on k-means clustering of methylation data."
    explanation: Supports the recurrence-risk methylation stratification intent of this dataset entry.
- accession: geo:GSE313693
  title: Single-nuclei RNA-seq of meningioma
  description: >-
    Single-nuclei transcriptomic dataset used to characterize meningioma
    microenvironmental states and refine subtype/risk continuum analyses.
  organism:
    preferred_term: human
    term:
      id: NCBITaxon:9606
      label: Homo sapiens
  data_type: SINGLE_CELL_RNA_SEQ
  sample_types:
  - preferred_term: meningioma tissue nuclei
    term:
      id: UBERON:0010506
      label: meningeal dura mater
    tissue_term:
      preferred_term: meningeal dura
      term:
        id: UBERON:0010506
        label: meningeal dura mater
  sample_count: 26
  conditions:
  - meningioma
  - microenvironment profiling
  publication: PMID:41663806
  notes: GEO metadata reports single-nuclei RNA sequencing for meningioma subtype refinement.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:41663806
    reference_title: "A microenvironment-determined risk continuum refines subtyping in meningioma and reveals determinants of machine learning-based tumor classification."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: "Here, by applying multiomic profiling and multiple lines of orthogonal computational evaluation in multiple independent datasets, we found that not only tumor cell characteristics but also incremental changes in the tumor microenvironment (TME) have impact on epigenetic meningioma classification and clinical outcome."
    explanation: Supports multiomic dataset use for microenvironment-linked meningioma classification refinement.
references:
- reference: PMID:40625299
  title: Multiparameter MRI-based automatic segmentation and diagnostic models for the differentiation of intracranial solitary fibrous tumors and meningiomas.
  findings: []
- reference: PMID:40802116
  title: Immunotherapeutic targeting of NY-ESO-1 in malignant meningiomas with TCR-transduced T-cells.
  findings: []
- reference: PMID:40924320
  title: NOTCH3 drives fatty acid oxidation and ferroptosis resistance in aggressive meningiomas.
  findings: []
- reference: PMID:40802120
  title: Repeated stereotactic radiosurgery for high grade meningioma.
  findings: []
- reference: PMID:34618539
  title: "Integrated Molecular-Morphologic Meningioma Classification: A Multicenter Retrospective Analysis, Retrospectively and Prospectively Validated."
  findings: []
- reference: PMID:40940847
  title: "Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Recurrent Meningioma: A Systematic Review of Risk Factors and Management Approaches."
  findings: []
- reference: PMID:41094320
  title: "Meningioma grade and molecular markers of proliferation, hypoxia, and vascularity as predictors of outcome in a cohort with long-term patient follow-up."
  findings: []
- reference: PMID:40178655
  title: "Prevalence and symptoms of incidental meningiomas: a population-based study."
  findings: []
- reference: PMID:40645150
  title: "Predicting epilepsy in patients diagnosed with intracranial meningiomas: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical and anatomical risk factors."
  findings: []
- reference: PMID:34181733
  title: EANO guideline on the diagnosis and management of meningiomas.
  findings: []
- reference: PMID:38898354
  title: "Joint EANM/EANO/RANO/SNMMI practice guideline/procedure standards for diagnostics and therapy (theranostics) of meningiomas using radiolabeled somatostatin receptor ligands: version 1.0."
  findings: []
- reference: PMID:41466325
  title: Development, validation, and utility of a clinically applicable methylation classifier for recurrence risk prediction in meningiomas.
  findings: []
- reference: PMID:41663806
  title: A microenvironment-determined risk continuum refines subtyping in meningioma and reveals determinants of machine learning-based tumor classification.
  findings: []