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Classifications

Harrison's Chapter

📘

Definitions

2

Clinical spectrum case definition for Campylobacter jejuni/coli infection

Campylobacteriosis is clinically classified into gastrointestinal disease and extraintestinal/post-infectious manifestations.

CASE_DEFINITION Clinical categorization of symptomatic Campylobacter jejuni/coli infection

Show evidence (1 reference)

DOI:10.3390/microorganisms12122669 SUPPORT Other

"The clinical spectrum of Campylobacter jejuni/coli infection can be classified into two distinct categories: gastrointestinal and extraintestinal manifestations."

Supports a two-category clinical case framing that distinguishes intestinal disease from extraintestinal complications.

Stool testing diagnostic framework

Diagnostic confirmation relies on stool testing with culture and molecular assays, while standalone antigen tests should be interpreted cautiously.

DIAGNOSTIC_CRITERIA Routine microbiologic diagnosis of suspected campylobacteriosis

Show evidence (2 references)

PMID:26962088 SUPPORT Human Clinical

"We conducted a prospective, multicenter study to evaluate the performance of stool antigen CIDTs compared to culture and PCR for Campylobacter detection."

Supports culture and PCR as core confirmatory diagnostic methods.

PMID:26962088 SUPPORT Human Clinical

"Given the relatively low incidence of Campylobacter disease and the generally poor diagnostic test characteristics, this study calls into question the use of commercially available stool antigen CIDTs as standalone tests for direct detection of Campylobacter in stool."

Supports avoiding standalone antigen CIDT use without confirmatory methods.

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References

12

DOI:10.1080/87559129.2021.1942487

A Review on Campylobacteriosis Associated with Poultry Meat Consumption

1 finding

A Review on Campylobacteriosis Associated with Poultry Meat Consumption

"A Review on Campylobacteriosis Associated with Poultry Meat Consumption"

DOI:10.1099/mgen.0.001284

Capturing clinically relevant Campylobacter attributes through direct whole genome sequencing of stool

1 finding

Campylobacter is the leading bacterial cause of infectious intestinal disease, but the pathogen typically accounts for a very small proportion of the overall stool microbiome in each patient.

"Campylobacter is the leading bacterial cause of infectious intestinal disease, but the pathogen typically accounts for a very small proportion of the overall stool microbiome in each patient."

Show evidence (1 reference)

DOI:10.1099/mgen.0.001284 SUPPORT Human Clinical

"Campylobacter is the leading bacterial cause of infectious intestinal disease, but the pathogen typically accounts for a very small proportion of the overall stool microbiome in each patient."

Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Campylobacteriosis.

DOI:10.1128/msphere.00560-24

Diversity of Campylobacter spp. circulating in a rhesus macaque ( Macaca mulatta ) breeding colony using culture and molecular methods

1 finding

Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli represent the leading causes of bacterial gastroenteritis in humans, and infections can produce post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS).

"Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli represent the leading causes of bacterial gastroenteritis in humans, and infections can produce post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS)."

Show evidence (1 reference)

DOI:10.1128/msphere.00560-24 SUPPORT Model Organism

"Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli represent the leading causes of bacterial gastroenteritis in humans, and infections can produce post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS)."

Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Campylobacteriosis.

DOI:10.1128/spectrum.01028-24

Genotypic characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility of human Campylobacter jejuni isolates in Southern Spain

1 finding

Campylobacter jejuni is the main cause of bacterial gastroenteritis and a public health problem worldwide.

"Campylobacter jejuni is the main cause of bacterial gastroenteritis and a public health problem worldwide."

Show evidence (1 reference)

DOI:10.1128/spectrum.01028-24 SUPPORT Human Clinical

"Campylobacter jejuni is the main cause of bacterial gastroenteritis and a public health problem worldwide."

Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Campylobacteriosis.

DOI:10.1186/s12879-024-09709-y

Burden and epidemiology of Campylobacter species in acute enteritis cases in Burkina Faso

1 finding

Burden and epidemiology of Campylobacter species in acute enteritis cases in Burkina Faso

"Burden and epidemiology of Campylobacter species in acute enteritis cases in Burkina Faso"

DOI:10.1186/s12929-024-01033-6

Campylobacter jejuni virulence factors: update on emerging issues and trends

1 finding

Campylobacter jejuni is a very common cause of gastroenteritis, and is frequently transmitted to humans through contaminated food products or water.

"Campylobacter jejuni is a very common cause of gastroenteritis, and is frequently transmitted to humans through contaminated food products or water."

Show evidence (1 reference)

DOI:10.1186/s12929-024-01033-6 SUPPORT Human Clinical

"Campylobacter jejuni is a very common cause of gastroenteritis, and is frequently transmitted to humans through contaminated food products or water."

Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Campylobacteriosis.

DOI:10.3390/ani13081334

A Systematic Review on the Role of Wildlife as Carriers and Spreaders of Campylobacter spp.

1 finding

Campylobacter spp. are important zoonotic pathogens and can cause one of the main bacterial diarrheal diseases worldwide.

"Campylobacter spp. are important zoonotic pathogens and can cause one of the main bacterial diarrheal diseases worldwide."

Show evidence (1 reference)

DOI:10.3390/ani13081334 SUPPORT Other

"Campylobacter spp. are important zoonotic pathogens and can cause one of the main bacterial diarrheal diseases worldwide."

Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Campylobacteriosis.

DOI:10.3390/app14083373

Exploring the Contribution of Campylobacter jejuni to Post-Infectious Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Literature Review

1 finding

This comprehensive review investigates the specific impact of the foodborne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) on gastrointestinal health, focusing on its connection to post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS).

"This comprehensive review investigates the specific impact of the foodborne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) on gastrointestinal health, focusing on its connection to post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS)."

Show evidence (1 reference)

DOI:10.3390/app14083373 SUPPORT Other

"This comprehensive review investigates the specific impact of the foodborne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) on gastrointestinal health, focusing on its connection to post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS)."

Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Campylobacteriosis.

DOI:10.3390/microorganisms12030426

Phenotypic Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Human Campylobacter Species Isolated in Northwest Italy, 2020–2023

1 finding

The spread of antimicrobial resistant Campylobacter strains, linked to antimicrobials use and abuse in humans and food animals, has become a global public health problem.

"The spread of antimicrobial resistant Campylobacter strains, linked to antimicrobials use and abuse in humans and food animals, has become a global public health problem."

Show evidence (1 reference)

DOI:10.3390/microorganisms12030426 SUPPORT Human Clinical

"The spread of antimicrobial resistant Campylobacter strains, linked to antimicrobials use and abuse in humans and food animals, has become a global public health problem."

Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Campylobacteriosis.

DOI:10.3390/pathogens13020147

Epidemiological Data and Antimicrobial Resistance of Campylobacter spp. in Portugal from 13 Years of Surveillance

1 finding

This study extensively analyzed campylobacteriosis surveillance in Portugal from 2009 to 2021, aiming to investigate demographic shifts, seasonal variations, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) within Campylobacter isolates.

"This study extensively analyzed campylobacteriosis surveillance in Portugal from 2009 to 2021, aiming to investigate demographic shifts, seasonal variations, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) within Campylobacter isolates."

Show evidence (1 reference)

DOI:10.3390/pathogens13020147 SUPPORT Human Clinical

"This study extensively analyzed campylobacteriosis surveillance in Portugal from 2009 to 2021, aiming to investigate demographic shifts, seasonal variations, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) within Campylobacter isolates."

Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Campylobacteriosis.

DOI:10.36380/jwpr.2023.19

Campylobacteriosis in Poultry: A Review

1 finding

Campylobacter is common in poultry, including layer and broiler chickens, geese, ducks, and turkeys.

"Campylobacter is common in poultry, including layer and broiler chickens, geese, ducks, and turkeys."

Show evidence (1 reference)

DOI:10.36380/jwpr.2023.19 SUPPORT Other

"Campylobacter is common in poultry, including layer and broiler chickens, geese, ducks, and turkeys."

Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Campylobacteriosis.

DOI:10.5455/ovj.2024.v14.i8.1

Campylobacteriosis: A rising threat in foodborne illnesses

1 finding

Campylobacteriosis is a foodborne illness that is contracted by eating contaminated food, particularly animal products like meat from diseased animals or corpses tainted with harmful germs.

"Campylobacteriosis is a foodborne illness that is contracted by eating contaminated food, particularly animal products like meat from diseased animals or corpses tainted with harmful germs."

Show evidence (1 reference)

DOI:10.5455/ovj.2024.v14.i8.1 SUPPORT Other

"Campylobacteriosis is a foodborne illness that is contracted by eating contaminated food, particularly animal products like meat from diseased animals or corpses tainted with harmful germs."

Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Campylobacteriosis.

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Pathophysiology

8

Exposure to contaminated food or water

Infection is initiated by ingestion of Campylobacter from contaminated foods, untreated water, or animal-associated sources.

Show evidence (1 reference)

DOI:10.3390/microorganisms12122669 SUPPORT Other

"Campylobacter infection is primarily transmitted through the consumption of contaminated food, especially uncooked meat, or untreated water; contact with infected animals or contaminated environments; poultry is the primary reservoir and source of human transmission."

Supports the initiating exposure event.

Chemotactic navigation through intestinal mucus

C. jejuni motility enables directional migration through mucus to reach epithelial targets.

small intestine link

Show evidence (1 reference)

DOI:10.1007/s00253-023-12456-w SUPPORT Other

"Chemotactically controlled motility in viscous milieu allows targeted navigation to intestinal mucus and colonization."

Supports mucus penetration and early colonization.

CadF/FlpA-mediated epithelial adhesion

Campylobacter adhesins bind fibronectin on polarized epithelial cells, triggering host signaling needed for invasion.

enterocyte link

small intestine link

Show evidence (1 reference)

DOI:10.1007/s00253-023-12456-w SUPPORT Other

"Fibronectin at the basolateral side of polarized epithelial cells serves as binding site for adhesins CadF and FlpA, leading to intracellular signaling, which again triggers membrane ruffling and reduced host cell migration by focal adhesion."

Supports adhesion-linked host signaling as a discrete upstream event.

Type III/VI secretion-dependent invasion signaling

Campylobacter relies on type III and type VI secretion-associated programs to establish an intestinal niche and potentiate host-cell invasion.

type III protein secretion system link

Show evidence (1 reference)

DOI:10.3390/biom13010135 SUPPORT Other

"We conclude that C. jejuni does not possess a type IV secretion system and relies on the type III and type VI secretion systems to establish a niche and potentiate disease."

Supports secretion-system dependence as a mechanistic step.

HtrA-mediated junctional protein cleavage

Bacterial HtrA protease activity cleaves tight/adherens junction components, compromising epithelial integrity.

cell junction organization link tight junction disassembly link

colon link

Show evidence (1 reference)

DOI:10.3390/cells13030224 SUPPORT In Vitro

"We recently discovered that C. jejuni serine protease HtrA disrupts intestinal epithelial barrier functions via cleavage of the tight and adherens junction components occludin, claudin-8 and E-cadherin."

Supports HtrA cleavage as an unbundled barrier-disruption event.

Paracellular transmigration and barrier dysfunction

Loss of epithelial junctional integrity allows Campylobacter to cross epithelial barriers and expand tissue-level injury.

Show evidence (1 reference)

DOI:10.3390/cells13030224 SUPPORT In Vitro

"Instead, we found that only bacteria with active protein biosynthesis effectively cleave junctional proteins, which is followed by paracellular transmigration of C. jejuni through the epithelial cell layer."

Directly supports causal linkage from junction cleavage to transmigration.

Mucosal inflammatory response and epithelial injury

Host inflammatory responses and epithelial lesions produce fluid/blood loss and symptomatic enteritis.

neutrophil link

inflammatory response link pyroptosis link

Show evidence (1 reference)

DOI:10.1007/s00253-023-12456-w SUPPORT Other

"Lesions of the epithelium result in loss of electrolytes, water, and blood, leading to diarrhea, which flushes out mucus containing C. jejuni."

Supports causal transition from epithelial injury to clinical gastrointestinal manifestations.

Post-infectious immune sequelae

Some patients develop delayed extraintestinal immune-mediated complications after acute Campylobacter infection.

Show evidence (1 reference)

DOI:10.3390/microorganisms12122669 SUPPORT Other

"Late complications are reactive arthritis, Guillain–Barré syndrome, and Miller Fisher syndrome."

Supports recognized post-infectious complications.

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Histopathology

2

Tight and adherens junction protein cleavage

Intestinal epithelial barrier injury includes cleavage of occludin, claudin-8, and E-cadherin by Campylobacter-associated protease activity.

Show evidence (1 reference)

DOI:10.3390/cells13030224 SUPPORT In Vitro

"We recently discovered that C. jejuni serine protease HtrA disrupts intestinal epithelial barrier functions via cleavage of the tight and adherens junction components occludin, claudin-8 and E-cadherin."

Supports a specific microscopic epithelial junctional injury pattern in campylobacteriosis.

Epithelial lesions with fluid and blood loss

Mucosal epithelial lesions are associated with loss of electrolytes, water, and blood during acute enteritis.

Show evidence (1 reference)

DOI:10.1007/s00253-023-12456-w SUPPORT Other

"Lesions of the epithelium result in loss of electrolytes, water, and blood, leading to diarrhea, which flushes out mucus containing C. jejuni."

Supports tissue-level epithelial lesion pathology linked to diarrheal and bloody stool manifestations.

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Pathograph

Use the checkboxes to hide or show graph categories. Hover nodes for evidence and cross-linked metadata.

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Phenotypes

8

Digestive 2

Diarrhea Diarrhea (HP:0002014)

Show evidence (1 reference)

DOI:10.3390/biom13010135 SUPPORT Other

"Campylobacter jejuni is likely the most common bacterial cause of gastroenteritis worldwide, responsible for millions of cases of inflammatory diarrhea characterized by severe abdominal cramps and blood in the stool."

Directly supports diarrhea as a cardinal phenotype.

Bloody diarrhea Bloody diarrhea (HP:0025085)

Show evidence (1 reference)

DOI:10.3390/biom13010135 SUPPORT Other

"Campylobacter jejuni is likely the most common bacterial cause of gastroenteritis worldwide, responsible for millions of cases of inflammatory diarrhea characterized by severe abdominal cramps and blood in the stool."

The abstract explicitly reports blood in stool, supporting bloody diarrhea.

Metabolism 1

Fever Fever (HP:0001945)

Show evidence (1 reference)

PMID:36635328 SUPPORT Human Clinical

"In summary, we found that nearly half of the patients with Campylobacter bacteremia presented with fever as a predominant manifestation without gastroenteritis symptoms."

Supports fever as a clinically important phenotype in systemic Campylobacter disease.

Constitutional 1

Abdominal pain Abdominal pain (HP:0002027)

Show evidence (1 reference)

DOI:10.3390/biom13010135 SUPPORT Other

"Campylobacter jejuni is likely the most common bacterial cause of gastroenteritis worldwide, responsible for millions of cases of inflammatory diarrhea characterized by severe abdominal cramps and blood in the stool."

Severe abdominal cramps correspond to abdominal pain.

Other 4

Guillain-Barre syndrome Guillain-Barre syndrome (MONDO:0016218)

Show evidence (2 references)

DOI:10.3390/microorganisms12122669 SUPPORT Other

"Late complications are reactive arthritis, Guillain–Barré syndrome, and Miller Fisher syndrome."

Supports Guillain-Barre syndrome as a recognized post-infectious complication.

PMID:36430700 SUPPORT Other

"C. jejuni is responsible for about a third of GBS cases."

Provides quantitative support that Campylobacter jejuni is a major trigger for Guillain-Barre syndrome.

Reactive arthritis reactive arthritis (MONDO:0017376)

Show evidence (1 reference)

PMID:40395728 SUPPORT Other

"As a consequence, infected individuals may acquire watery and/or bloody diarrhea associated with abdominal pain, and eventually post-infection illnesses of the neural system and joints, including the Guillain-Barré, Miller Fisher and Reiter syndromes."

Supports reactive arthritis (Reiter syndrome) as a post-infectious complication.

Miller Fisher syndrome Miller Fisher syndrome (MONDO:0005851)

Show evidence (1 reference)

PMID:40395728 SUPPORT Other

"As a consequence, infected individuals may acquire watery and/or bloody diarrhea associated with abdominal pain, and eventually post-infection illnesses of the neural system and joints, including the Guillain-Barré, Miller Fisher and Reiter syndromes."

Supports Miller Fisher syndrome as a recognized post-infectious neurologic sequela.

Post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome irritable bowel syndrome (MONDO:0005052)

Show evidence (1 reference)

PMID:20856114 SUPPORT Other

"Also patients with infectious colitis, in particular Salmonella and Campylobacter, are at increased risk of postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease on long-term follow-up."

Supports PI-IBS as a recognized long-term sequela after Campylobacter-associated infectious colitis.

💊

Treatments

3

Targeted antibiotic therapy for severe intestinal infection

Action: pharmacotherapy MAXO:0000058

Antimicrobial therapy is recommended selectively for severe disease rather than routine mild gastroenteritis.

Show evidence (1 reference)

DOI:10.3390/microorganisms12122669 SUPPORT Other

"Regarding the use of specific antimicrobial therapy, international guidelines agree in recommending it for severe intestinal infections."

Supports severity-based use of antibiotics.

Resistance-informed antibiotic selection

Action: pharmacotherapy MAXO:0000058

High quinolone resistance with comparatively preserved macrolide susceptibility should guide empiric and definitive antibiotic choices.

Show evidence (3 references)

DOI:10.3390/antibiotics13090904 SUPPORT Other

"The analysis reveals a concerning trend of increasing resistance patterns, particularly to CIP and TET, across multiple regions."

Supports antimicrobial stewardship and local susceptibility-guided therapy.

PMID:37910310 SUPPORT Human Clinical

"Quinolone resistance was high (59%), whereas only 4% of isolates exhibited macrolide resistance."

Supports selecting agents based on resistance patterns, with quinolone resistance substantially exceeding macrolide resistance.

PMID:41566887 SUPPORT Human Clinical

"From our cohort of 331 patients over 3 years, there was 22% ciprofloxacin resistance and 100% susceptibility to erythromycin."

Supports preserved erythromycin susceptibility in a recent adult clinical cohort.

Intravenous antibiotic therapy for fever-predominant bacteremia

Action: pharmacotherapy MAXO:0000058

Fever-predominant bacteremic presentations often require intravenous antibiotics and longer treatment courses.

Show evidence (1 reference)

PMID:36635328 SUPPORT Human Clinical

"Patients with the FP type underwent intravenous antibiotic therapy more frequently (47.6% vs. 88.9%), and their treatment (median: 5 days vs. 13 days) and hospitalization (median: 7 days vs. 21 days) periods were significantly longer."

Supports escalation to intravenous antibiotic therapy with longer duration in fever-predominant bacteremic disease.

🌍

Environmental Factors

3

Poultry and raw milk food-exposure risk

Food handling and ingestion exposures involving undercooked poultry and unpasteurized dairy are major environmental drivers of campylobacteriosis.

Show evidence (1 reference)

PMID:40395728 SUPPORT Other

"In particular, the ingestion of under-cooked rooster meat, raw milk and contaminated water, as well as cross-contamination of ready-to-eat food after handling raw chicken meat, are responsible for the majority of C. jejuni infections."

Supports poultry, raw milk, and cross-contamination as dominant environmental acquisition risks.

Water-system and weather-associated contamination risk

Contaminated recreational/drinking water, treatment failures, and heavy rainfall events contribute to environmental transmission risk.

Show evidence (1 reference)

PMID:41280732 SUPPORT Other

"Recreational and drinking water sources were the most commonly implicated, with contamination events often associated with specific incidents or treatment failures, and heavy rainfall suggested as contributing factor to pathogen entry."

Supports environmental water-system vulnerabilities and weather-linked contamination pathways.

Host vulnerability context

Individual host factors influence risk of severe or prolonged disease after environmental exposure.

Show evidence (2 references)

PMID:30725718 SUPPORT Other

"Immunocompromised and elderly patients are at the highest risk for morbidity, mortality, and prolonged illness."

Supports host vulnerability as a modifier of disease severity and duration.

DOI:10.3390/microorganisms12122669 SUPPORT Other

"Host factors, including malnutrition, immunodeficiency, and malignancy, can also influence the decision to treat."

Supports host-risk context for clinically significant disease requiring treatment decisions.

🔀

Differential Diagnoses

2

Conditions with similar clinical presentations that must be differentiated from Campylobacteriosis:

Shigellosis MONDO:0019345

Overlapping Features Shigellosis can present with acute inflammatory diarrhea and abdominal pain similar to campylobacteriosis.

Distinguishing Features

Often associated with very low infectious dose and person-to-person spread.
Stool diagnostics with organism-specific culture/PCR can distinguish Shigella from Campylobacter.

Show evidence (1 reference)

PMID:20856114 SUPPORT Other

"The purpose of this review is to highlight the recent advances in knowledge of pathogens causing infectious colitis. We describe the various pathogens and specifically focus on enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7, Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, and Entamoeba histolytica..."

Supports Shigella as a core alternate pathogen in the differential diagnosis of Campylobacter-associated infectious colitis.

Clostridioides difficile infection MONDO:0000705

Overlapping Features C. difficile colitis can mimic campylobacteriosis with diarrhea and abdominal pain, especially in recently antibiotic-exposed patients.

Distinguishing Features

Often linked to recent antibiotic exposure and healthcare-associated settings.
Toxin testing and organism-specific stool assays differentiate C. difficile from Campylobacter.

Show evidence (1 reference)

PMID:28613708 SUPPORT Other

"C difficile infections can range from an asymptomatic carrier to diarrhea, progressing to severe conditions such as pseudomembranous colitis and toxic megacolon with septic shock, often resulting in a high mortality rate."

Supports C. difficile as a clinically important diarrheal colitis differential that can mimic severe infectious enterocolitis presentations.

📊

Related Datasets

1

Gene expression analysis of rectal mucosa in chronic irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) compared to healthy volunteers (HV) geo:GSE36701

Microarray expression dataset including post-infectious context related to prior Campylobacter jejuni exposure.

human MICROARRAY n=93

rectal mucosa

Conditions: irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea healthy volunteer controls post-infectious gastrointestinal phenotype context

PMID:33530940

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE36701

Show evidence (1 reference)

PMID:33530940 SUPPORT Computational

"METHODS: Gene expression data (GSE36701) was downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus database."

Confirms the GEO accession used for downstream bioinformatic analysis relevant to post-infectious gastrointestinal phenotypes.

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Clinical Trials

2

NCT02280044 NOT_APPLICABLE COMPLETED

Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled inpatient human challenge study evaluating rifaximin prophylaxis against C. jejuni campylobacteriosis.

Target Phenotypes: Diarrhea ↗

Show evidence (1 reference)

clinicaltrials:NCT02280044 SUPPORT Human Clinical

"This study is a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, in-patient trial evaluating the prophylactic efficacy of rifaximin against campylobacteriosis following challenge with C. jejuni."

Demonstrates interventional trial evidence focused on prevention of Campylobacter-mediated diarrheal disease.

NCT06122870 PHASE_I COMPLETED

Double-blind, placebo-controlled human challenge study of hyperimmune bovine colostrum (CampETEC HBC) to prevent moderate-severe C. jejuni diarrheal disease.

Target Phenotypes: Diarrhea ↗

Show evidence (1 reference)

clinicaltrials:NCT06122870 SUPPORT Human Clinical

"The purpose of this study are to assess the safety and tolerability of serum-derived bovine immunoglobulins in healthy adult subjects when orally administered and to estimate protective efficacy of those preparations against moderate-severe diarrhea upon challenge with Campylobacter C. jejuni..."

Supports ongoing translational prevention strategy targeting Campylobacter challenge-associated diarrheal outcomes.

📚

Literature Summaries

1

Falcon ▸

Disease Characteristics Research Template

Edison Scientific Literature 58 citations 2026-04-04T12:50:13.850469

Question: You are an expert researcher providing comprehensive, well-cited information.

Provide detailed information focusing on: 1. Key concepts and definitions with current understanding 2. Recent developments and latest research (prioritize 2023-2024 sources) 3. Current applications and real-world implementations 4. Expert opinions and analysis from authoritative sources 5. Relevant statistics and data from recent studies

Format as a comprehensive research report with proper citations. Include URLs and publication dates where available. Always prioritize recent, authoritative sources and provide specific citations for all major claims.

Disease Characteristics Research Template

Target Disease

Disease Name: Campylobacteriosis
MONDO ID: (if available)
Category: Infectious

Research Objectives

Please provide a comprehensive research report on Campylobacteriosis covering all of the disease characteristics listed below. This report will be used to populate a disease knowledge base entry. Be thorough and cite primary literature (PMID preferred) for all claims.

For each section, suggested databases/resources are listed. These are the first places you should search for information on each topic.

1. Disease Information

Search first: OMIM, Orphanet, ICD-10/ICD-11, MeSH, PubMed

What is the disease? Provide a concise overview.
What are the key identifiers? (OMIM, Orphanet, ICD-10/ICD-11, MeSH, Mondo)
What are the common synonyms and alternative names?
Is the information derived from individual patients (e.g., EHR) or aggregated disease-level resources?

2. Etiology

Disease Causal Factors: What are the primary causes? (genetic, environmental, infectious, mechanistic)
Risk Factors:

Search first: PubMed, Cochrane Library, UpToDate, clinical guidelines, ClinVar, ClinGen, GWAS Catalog, PheGenI, CTD, CDC, WHO, epidemiological databases
Genetic risk factors (causal variants, susceptibility loci, modifier genes)
Environmental risk factors (toxins, lifestyle, occupational exposures, age, sex, family history)
Protective Factors:

Search first: PubMed, Cochrane Library, clinical trial databases, GWAS Catalog, gnomAD, WHO, CDC, nutrition databases
Genetic protective factors (protective variants, modifier alleles)
Environmental protective factors (diet, lifestyle, exposures that reduce risk)
Gene-Environment Interactions: How do genetic and environmental factors interact to influence disease?

Search first: CTD, PubMed, PheGenI, GxE databases

3. Phenotypes

Search first: HPO (Human Phenotype Ontology), OMIM, Orphanet, PubMed, clinicaltrials.gov, MedDRA, SNOMED CT, DECIPHER, LOINC

For each phenotype, provide: - Phenotype type: symptoms, clinical signs, physical manifestations, behavioral changes, or laboratory abnormalities

For symptoms/signs: HPO, OMIM, Orphanet, PubMed For behavioral changes: HPO, DSM, RDoC (Research Domain Criteria), PubMed For laboratory abnormalities: LOINC, SNOMED CT, LabTests Online, PubMed - Phenotype characteristics: Search first: OMIM, Orphanet, HPO, PubMed - Age of symptom onset (neonatal, childhood, adult-onset, late-onset) - Symptom severity (mild, moderate, severe, variable) - Symptom progression (stable, progressive, episodic, fluctuating) - Frequency among affected individuals (percentage or qualitative) - Quality of life impact: Effects on daily functioning and well-being (per-phenotype when possible) Search first: EQ-5D database, SF-36, WHO QOL databases, PubMed - Suggest HPO (Human Phenotype Ontology) terms for each phenotype

4. Genetic/Molecular Information

Causal Genes: Gene mutations or chromosomal abnormalities responsible for disease (gene symbols, OMIM IDs)

Search first: OMIM, ClinVar, HGMD, Ensembl, NCBI Gene
Pathogenic Variants:
Affected genes (gene symbols, HGNC IDs) > Search first: OMIM, NCBI Gene, Ensembl, HGNC, UniProt, GeneCards
Variant classification (pathogenic, likely pathogenic, VUS per ACMG/AMP guidelines) > Search first: ClinVar, ClinGen, ACMG/AMP guidelines, VarSome
Variant type/class (missense, frameshift, nonsense, splice-site, structural)
Allele frequency in population databases > Search first: gnomAD, 1000 Genomes, ExAC, TOPMed, dbSNP
Somatic vs germline origin > Search first: COSMIC (somatic), ClinVar, ICGC, TCGA
Functional consequences (loss of function, gain of function, dominant negative)
Modifier Genes: Genes that modify disease severity or expression
Epigenetic Information: DNA methylation, histone modifications, chromatin changes affecting disease

Search first: ENCODE, Roadmap Epigenomics, MethBase, DiseaseMeth
Chromosomal Abnormalities: Large-scale genetic changes (aneuploidy, translocations, inversions)

Search first: DECIPHER, ClinVar, ECARUCA, UCSC Genome Browser

5. Environmental Information

Environmental Factors: Non-genetic contributing factors (toxins, radiation, pollution, occupational exposure)

Search first: CTD (Comparative Toxicogenomics Database), TOXNET, PubMed, EPA databases
Lifestyle Factors: Behavioral factors (smoking, diet, exercise, alcohol consumption)

Search first: CDC databases, WHO, PubMed, NHANES
Infectious Agents: If applicable, pathogens causing or triggering disease (bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites)

Search first: NCBI Taxonomy, ViPR, BV-BRC, MicrobeDB, GIDEON

6. Mechanism / Pathophysiology

Molecular Pathways: Specific signaling cascades or biochemical pathways involved (Wnt, MAPK, mTOR, PI3K-AKT, etc.)

Search first: KEGG, Reactome, WikiPathways, PathBank, BioCyc
Cellular Processes: Cell-level mechanisms (apoptosis, autophagy, cell cycle dysregulation, inflammation, etc.)

Search first: Gene Ontology (GO), Reactome, KEGG, PubMed
Protein Dysfunction: How protein structure or function is altered (misfolding, aggregation, loss of function, gain of function)

Search first: UniProt, PDB (Protein Data Bank), InterPro, Pfam, AlphaFold
Metabolic Changes: Alterations in metabolic processes (energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism)

Search first: KEGG, BioCyc, HMDB (Human Metabolome Database), BRENDA
Immune System Involvement: Role of immune response (autoimmunity, immunodeficiency, chronic inflammation)

Search first: ImmPort, Immunome Database, IEDB, Gene Ontology
Tissue Damage Mechanisms: How tissues/ are injured (oxidative stress, ischemia, fibrosis, necrosis)

Search first: PubMed, Gene Ontology, Reactome
Biochemical Abnormalities: Specific molecular defects (enzyme deficiencies, receptor dysfunction, ion channel defects)

Search first: BRENDA, UniProt, KEGG, OMIM, PubMed
Epigenetic Changes: DNA methylation, histone modifications affecting gene expression in disease

Search first: ENCODE, Roadmap Epigenomics, MethBase, DiseaseMeth
Molecular Profiling (if available):
Transcriptomics/gene expression changes > Search first: GEO (Gene Expression Omnibus), ArrayExpress, GTEx, Human Cell Atlas, SRA
Proteomics findings > Search first: PRIDE, ProteomeXchange, Human Protein Atlas, STRING, BioGRID
Metabolomics signatures > Search first: MetaboLights, Metabolomics Workbench, HMDB, METLIN
Lipidomics alterations > Search first: LIPID MAPS, SwissLipids, LipidHome, Metabolomics Workbench
Genomic structural features > Search first: UCSC Genome Browser, Ensembl, NCBI, dbVar, DGV
Advanced Technologies (if applicable):
Single-cell analysis findings (cell-type specific mechanisms, cellular heterogeneity) > Search first: Human Cell Atlas, Single Cell Portal, GEO, CELLxGENE
Spatial transcriptomics findings > Search first: GEO, Spatial Research, Vizgen, 10x Genomics data
Multi-omics integration results > Search first: TCGA, ICGC, cBioPortal, LinkedOmics, PubMed
Functional genomics screens (CRISPR, RNAi) > Search first: DepMap, GenomeRNAi, PubMed, BioGRID ORCS

For each mechanism, describe: - The causal chain from initial trigger to clinical manifestation - Which mechanisms are upstream vs downstream - What cell types and biological processes are involved - Suggest GO terms for biological processes and CL terms for cell types

7. Anatomical Structures Affected

Organ Level:
Primary organs directly affected
Secondary organ involvement (complications, secondary effects)
Body systems involved (cardiovascular, nervous, digestive, respiratory, endocrine, etc.)

Search first: Uberon, FMA (Foundational Model of Anatomy), OMIM, HPO, ICD-11, MeSH, SNOMED CT
Tissue and Cell Level:
Specific tissue types affected (epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous)
Specific cell populations targeted (with Cell Ontology terms)

Search first: Uberon, Human Protein Atlas, Cell Ontology, Human Cell Atlas, CellMarker, PanglaoDB
Subcellular Level:
Cellular compartments involved (mitochondria, nucleus, ER, lysosomes) (with GO Cellular Component terms)

Search first: Gene Ontology (Cellular Component), UniProt, Human Protein Atlas
Localization:
Specific anatomical sites (with UBERON terms) > Search first: FMA, Uberon, NeuroNames (for brain), SNOMED CT
Lateralization (unilateral, bilateral, asymmetric) > Search first: HPO, clinical literature, imaging databases

8. Temporal Development

Onset:
Typical age of onset (congenital, pediatric, adult, geriatric)
Onset pattern (acute, subacute, chronic, insidious)

Search first: OMIM, Orphanet, HPO, PubMed
Progression:
Disease stages (early, intermediate, advanced, end-stage) > Search first: Cancer Staging Manual (AJCC), WHO classifications, PubMed
Progression rate (rapid, slow, variable)
Disease course pattern (episodic, relapsing-remitting, progressive, stable)
Disease duration (self-limited, chronic lifelong)

Search first: Disease registries, longitudinal cohort databases, natural history studies, PubMed, Orphanet, OMIM
Patterns:
Remission patterns (spontaneous, treatment-induced) > Search first: Clinical trial databases, disease registries, PubMed
Critical periods (time windows of vulnerability or opportunity for intervention) > Search first: PubMed, developmental biology databases, clinical guidelines

9. Inheritance and Population

Epidemiology:
Prevalence (cases per 100,000 at given time)
Incidence (new cases per 100,000 per year)

Search first: Orphanet, CDC, WHO, GBD (Global Burden of Disease), national registries, SEER, disease registries
For Genetic Etiology:
Inheritance pattern (AD, AR, X-linked, mitochondrial, multifactorial, polygenic) > Search first: OMIM, Orphanet, ClinVar, GTR (Genetic Testing Registry)
Penetrance (complete, incomplete, age-dependent) > Search first: ClinVar, OMIM, PubMed, ClinGen
Expressivity (variable, consistent) > Search first: OMIM, ClinVar, PubMed
Genetic anticipation (increasing severity in successive generations) > Search first: OMIM, PubMed (especially for repeat expansion disorders)
Germline mosaicism > Search first: ClinVar, OMIM, genetic counseling literature, PubMed
Founder effects (population-specific mutations) > Search first: gnomAD, population genetics databases, PubMed
Consanguinity role > Search first: OMIM, population studies, genetic counseling resources
Carrier frequency > Search first: gnomAD, carrier screening databases, GeneReviews, GTR
Population Demographics:
Affected populations (ethnic or demographic groups with higher prevalence) > Search first: gnomAD, 1000 Genomes, PAGE Study, PubMed, population registries
Geographic distribution (endemic areas, regional variation) > Search first: WHO, CDC, GBD, Orphanet, geographic epidemiology databases
Geographic distribution of specific variants
Sex ratio (male:female) > Search first: Disease registries, OMIM, PubMed, epidemiological databases
Age distribution of affected individuals > Search first: CDC, disease registries, SEER, Orphanet

10. Diagnostics

Clinical Tests:
Laboratory tests (blood, urine, tissue chemistry, specific enzyme assays) > Search first: LOINC, LabTests Online, PubMed
Biomarkers (proteins, metabolites, genetic markers, circulating biomarkers) > Search first: FDA Biomarker List, BEST (Biomarkers, EndpointS, and other Tools), PubMed
Imaging studies (X-ray, CT, MRI, PET, ultrasound) > Search first: RadLex, DICOM, Radiopaedia, imaging databases
Functional tests (pulmonary function, cardiac stress tests) > Search first: LOINC, clinical guidelines, PubMed
Electrophysiology (EEG, EMG, ECG, nerve conduction studies) > Search first: LOINC, clinical neurophysiology databases, PubMed
Biopsy findings (histopathology, immunohistochemistry) > Search first: SNOMED CT, College of American Pathologists resources, PubMed
Pathology findings (microscopic examination) > Search first: SNOMED CT, Digital Pathology databases, PubMed
Genetic Testing:

Search first: GTR (Genetic Testing Registry), GeneReviews, ClinGen
Overview of recommended genetic testing approach
Whole genome sequencing (WGS) utility > Search first: GTR, ClinVar, GEL (Genomics England), gnomAD
Whole exome sequencing (WES) utility > Search first: GTR, ClinVar, OMIM, GeneMatcher
Gene panels (which panels, which genes) > Search first: GTR, ClinVar, laboratory-specific databases
Single gene testing > Search first: GTR, ClinVar, OMIM, GeneReviews
Chromosomal microarray (CMA) > Search first: DECIPHER, ClinVar, dbVar, ECARUCA
Karyotyping > Search first: Chromosome Abnormality Database, ClinVar, cytogenetics resources
FISH > Search first: ClinVar, cytogenetics databases, PubMed
Mitochondrial DNA testing > Search first: MITOMAP, MSeqDR, ClinVar, GTR
Repeat expansion testing > Search first: GTR, ClinVar, repeat expansion databases, PubMed
Omics-Based Diagnostics (if applicable):
RNA sequencing / transcriptomics > Search first: GEO, ArrayExpress, GTEx, RNA-seq databases
Proteomics > Search first: PRIDE, ProteomeXchange, FDA Biomarker database
Metabolomics > Search first: MetaboLights, Metabolomics Workbench, HMDB
Epigenomics > Search first: GEO, ENCODE, Roadmap Epigenomics, MethBase
Liquid biopsy > Search first: COSMIC, ClinVar, liquid biopsy databases, PubMed
Clinical Criteria:
Standardized diagnostic criteria (DSM, ICD, society guidelines) > Search first: DSM-5, ICD-11, clinical society guidelines, UpToDate
Differential diagnosis (other conditions to rule out, with distinguishing features) > Search first: DynaMed, UpToDate, clinical decision support systems
Screening:
Screening methods for asymptomatic individuals (newborn screening, carrier screening, cascade screening) > Search first: ACMG recommendations, CDC newborn screening, GTR

11. Outcome/Prognosis

Survival and Mortality:
Survival rate (5-year, 10-year, overall) > Search first: SEER, cancer registries, disease-specific registries, PubMed
Life expectancy (with and without treatment if applicable) > Search first: Orphanet, disease registries, actuarial databases, PubMed
Mortality rate > Search first: CDC, WHO, GBD, national mortality databases
Disease-specific mortality (deaths directly attributable to disease) > Search first: Disease registries, CDC Wonder, GBD, PubMed
Morbidity and Function:
Morbidity (disease-related disability and health impacts) > Search first: GBD, WHO, disability databases, PubMed
Disability outcomes (long-term functional impairments) > Search first: ICF (International Classification of Functioning), disability registries
Quality of life measures (EQ-5D, SF-36, PROMIS, disease-specific tools) > Search first: EQ-5D database, SF-36, PROMIS, PubMed
Disease Course:
Complications (secondary problems: infections, organ failure, etc.) > Search first: ICD codes, disease registries, clinical databases, PubMed
Recovery potential (likelihood and extent of recovery, with vs without treatment) > Search first: Natural history studies, rehabilitation databases, PubMed
Prediction:
Prognostic factors (age, disease severity, biomarkers, treatment response) > Search first: Prognostic models databases, clinical calculators, PubMed
Prognostic biomarkers (molecular markers predicting disease course) > Search first: FDA Biomarker database, PubMed, cancer prognostic databases

12. Treatment

Pharmacotherapy:
Pharmacological treatments (drug names, drug classes, mechanisms of action) > Search first: DrugBank, RxNorm, ATC classification, DailyMed, FDA databases
Pharmacogenomics (how genetic variants affect drug metabolism, efficacy, toxicity) > Search first: PharmGKB, CPIC (Clinical Pharmacogenetics), FDA Table of PGx Biomarkers
Advanced Therapeutics:
Gene therapy (viral vectors, CRISPR, gene replacement, gene editing) > Search first: ClinicalTrials.gov, FDA gene therapy database, ASGCT resources
Cell therapy (stem cell transplant, CAR-T, cellular therapeutics) > Search first: ClinicalTrials.gov, FDA cell therapy database, FACT standards
RNA-based therapies (ASOs, siRNA, mRNA therapies) > Search first: ClinicalTrials.gov, FDA approvals, PubMed
Targeted therapies (treatments directed at specific molecular targets) > Search first: My Cancer Genome, OncoKB, ClinicalTrials.gov, FDA approvals
Immunotherapies (checkpoint inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies) > Search first: Cancer Immunotherapy Database, FDA approvals, ClinicalTrials.gov
Surgical and Interventional:
Surgical interventions (types of surgery, timing, outcomes) > Search first: CPT codes, surgical registries, clinical guidelines, PubMed
Supportive and Rehabilitative:
Supportive care (symptom management, pain control, nutrition) > Search first: Clinical guidelines, Cochrane Library, PubMed
Rehabilitation (physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy) > Search first: Rehabilitation medicine databases, clinical guidelines, PubMed
Experimental:
Experimental treatments in clinical trials (with NCT identifiers if available) > Search first: ClinicalTrials.gov, EU Clinical Trials Register, WHO ICTRP
Treatment Outcomes:
Treatment response rates > Search first: Clinical trial databases, FDA reviews, systematic reviews, PubMed
Side effects and adverse events > Search first: FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS), MedWatch, PubMed
Treatment Strategy:
Treatment algorithms (clinical pathways, decision trees) > Search first: Clinical practice guidelines, NCCN Guidelines, UpToDate
Combination therapies > Search first: ClinicalTrials.gov, treatment guidelines, PubMed
Personalized medicine approaches (genotype-guided treatment) > Search first: My Cancer Genome, CIViC, PharmGKB, precision medicine databases

For each treatment, suggest MAXO (Medical Action Ontology) terms where applicable.

13. Prevention

Prevention Levels:
Primary prevention (preventing disease occurrence: vaccination, risk factor modification) > Search first: CDC, WHO, USPSTF recommendations, Cochrane Library
Secondary prevention (early detection and treatment: screening programs, early intervention) > Search first: USPSTF, CDC screening guidelines, WHO
Tertiary prevention (preventing complications in those with disease) > Search first: Clinical guidelines, disease management protocols, PubMed
Immunization: Vaccine strategies (if applicable)

Search first: CDC vaccine schedules, WHO immunization, FDA vaccine database
Screening and Early Detection:
Screening programs (population-based: newborn screening, cancer screening) > Search first: CDC screening programs, USPSTF, cancer screening databases
Genetic screening (carrier screening, preimplantation genetic diagnosis, prenatal testing) > Search first: ACMG recommendations, ACOG guidelines, GTR
Risk stratification (identifying high-risk individuals for targeted prevention) > Search first: Risk prediction models, clinical calculators, PubMed
Behavioral Interventions: Lifestyle modifications to reduce risk

Search first: CDC, WHO, behavioral intervention databases, Cochrane Library
Counseling: Genetic counseling (risk assessment, family planning guidance)

Search first: NSGC resources, ACMG guidelines, GeneReviews
Public Health:
Public health interventions (sanitation, vector control, health education) > Search first: CDC, WHO, public health databases, PubMed
Environmental interventions (reducing environmental risk factors) > Search first: EPA databases, WHO environmental health, PubMed
Prophylaxis: Preventive medications or procedures

Search first: Clinical guidelines, FDA approvals, PubMed

14. Other Species / Natural Disease

Taxonomy: Species affected (with NCBI Taxon identifiers)

Search first: NCBI Taxonomy
Breed: Specific breeds affected (with VBO identifiers if applicable)

Search first: VBO (Vertebrate Breed Ontology)
Gene: Orthologous genes in other species (with NCBI Gene IDs)

Search first: NCBI Gene
Natural Disease:
Naturally occurring disease in other species (companion animals, wildlife) > Search first: OMIA (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals), VetCompass, PubMed
Veterinary relevance and importance in animal health > Search first: OMIA, veterinary databases, PubMed
Comparative Biology:
Comparative pathology (similarities and differences across species) > Search first: OMIA, comparative pathology databases, PubMed
Evolutionary conservation of disease mechanisms > Search first: HomoloGene, OrthoMCL, Alliance of Genome Resources
Transmission (if applicable):
Zoonotic potential > Search first: CDC zoonotic diseases, WHO zoonoses, GIDEON
Cross-species susceptibility > Search first: NCBI Taxonomy, veterinary databases, PubMed

15. Model Organisms

Model Types:
Model organism type (mammalian, invertebrate, cellular, in vitro) > Search first: Alliance of Genome Resources, model organism databases
Specific model systems (mouse, rat, zebrafish, Drosophila, C. elegans, yeast, cell lines, organoids, iPSCs) > Search first: MGI, RGD, ZFIN, FlyBase, WormBase, SGD, ATCC, Cellosaurus
Induced models (drug treatment, surgical intervention, environmental manipulation) > Search first: MGI, model organism databases, PubMed
Genetic Models:
Types available (knockout, knock-in, transgenic, conditional, humanized) > Search first: MGI, IMPC, KOMP, EuMMCR, IMSR
Model Characteristics:
Phenotype recapitulation (how well model reproduces human disease features) > Search first: Model organism databases, comparative studies, PubMed
Model limitations (aspects of human disease not captured) > Search first: Model organism databases, PubMed, review articles
Applications:
Research applications (what aspects of disease can be studied) > Search first: Model organism databases, PubMed
Resources:
Model databases > Search first: MGI, RGD, ZFIN, FlyBase, WormBase, IMSR, EMMA, MMRRC

Citation Requirements

Cite primary literature (PMID preferred) for all mechanistic and clinical claims
Prioritize recent reviews and landmark papers
Include direct quotes from abstracts where possible to support key statements
Distinguish evidence source types: human clinical, model organism, in vitro, computational

Output Format

Structure your response as a comprehensive narrative organized by the sections above. For each section, provide: - Factual content with specific details (numbers, percentages, gene names, variant nomenclature) - Ontology term suggestions (HPO, GO, CL, UBERON, CHEBI, MAXO, MONDO) where applicable - Evidence citations with PMIDs - Direct quotes from abstracts to support key claims - Clear indication when information is not available or not applicable for this disease

This report will be used to populate a disease knowledge base entry with: - Pathophysiology descriptions with causal chains - Gene/protein annotations (HGNC, GO terms) - Phenotype associations (HP terms) with frequencies - Cell type involvement (CL terms) - Anatomical locations (UBERON terms) - Chemical entities (CHEBI terms) - Treatment annotations (MAXO terms) - Evidence items with PMIDs and exact abstract quotes - Epidemiology, prognosis, diagnostic, and prevention information - Animal model descriptions with phenotype recapitulation details

Campylobacteriosis (Disease Characteristics Research Report)

Target disease

Disease name: Campylobacteriosis (Campylobacter infection; Campylobacter gastroenteritis)
Category: Infectious (bacterial, zoonotic, foodborne)
MONDO ID: Not retrieved in tool-accessible sources; not asserted here.

High-yield 2023–2024 summary table

Table: This table compiles high-yield disease facts and recent 2023–2024 evidence for human campylobacteriosis, including epidemiology, diagnostics, AMR, and vaccine pipeline data. It is designed as a compact reference for a disease knowledge base or research report.

1. Disease information

Overview (current understanding)

Campylobacteriosis is an acute zoonotic bacterial infection that most commonly manifests as gastroenteritis (enteric infection), but can also present as extra-intestinal infection (e.g., bacteremia) caused by Campylobacter species, most often Campylobacter jejuni. (island2024guidelinesforthe pages 1-5, tikhomirova2024campylobacterjejunivirulence pages 1-2)

Common symptom complexes include diarrhea (sometimes bloody), abdominal pain/cramping, fever, nausea/vomiting, and malaise; asymptomatic infection occurs. (myintzaw2023areviewon pages 1-4, island2024guidelinesforthe pages 1-5)

Key identifiers / ontologies

MeSH: Campylobacter Infections (D002169) (ClinicalTrials.gov derived MeSH browse for NCT02067676). (NCT02067676 chunk 1)
ICD-10 / ICD-11 / MONDO: Not present in the retrieved full-text evidence; therefore not reported to avoid mislabeling.

Common synonyms and alternative names

Campylobacteriosis; Campylobacter gastroenteritis; Campylobacter enteritis; Campylobacter infection. (khairullah2024campylobacteriosisarising pages 2-3, bristiUnknownyearcampylobacteriosisinthe pages 8-10)

Evidence provenance

This report draws on aggregated disease-level resources (reviews, surveillance studies, and guidelines) and includes supporting human clinical and public health surveillance evidence and selected animal-model and reservoir studies. (suominen2024campylobacteriosisinfinland pages 1-2, duarte2024epidemiologicaldataand pages 4-6, bacon2024diversityofcampylobacter pages 1-2)

2. Etiology

Disease causal factors

Infectious etiology: Campylobacter spp. infection.
Major causative agents: C. jejuni and C. coli, commonly reported as the dominant causes of human disease (e.g., one 2024 review notes C. jejuni causes >80% of human Campylobacter disease and C. coli up to ~18.6%). (khairullah2024campylobacteriosisarising pages 2-3)
Other Campylobacter species: have been isolated from human clinical samples and may contribute to disease, but less commonly than C. jejuni/coli (e.g., C. lari, C. fetus, C. concisus). (olveraramirez2023asystematicreview pages 1-2)

Risk factors (exposure and host)

Foodborne exposure: contaminated/undercooked poultry and cross-contamination during preparation are repeatedly highlighted as major drivers of human infection. (myintzaw2023areviewon pages 1-4, tikhomirova2024campylobacterjejunivirulence pages 1-2)
Water and dairy exposure: contaminated water and unpasteurized milk are recognized sources. (tikhomirova2024campylobacterjejunivirulence pages 1-2, island2024guidelinesforthe pages 5-8)
Animal contact/environment: contact with infected animals and contaminated environments contributes (including domestic animals and farm environments). (khairullah2024campylobacteriosisarising pages 2-3, veronese2024campylobacterjejunicoliinfection pages 2-4)
Travel: surveillance/case-control evidence indicates a large travel-associated component in some settings; in Finland, a key limitation was that 41% of notifications lacked travel history, and a case-control study estimated 39% of cases were domestic (implying many remaining cases are travel-associated or unknown). (suominen2024campylobacteriosisinfinland pages 1-2)
Host vulnerability: immunocompromise and other risk conditions influence severity and treatment decisions in guidance documents. (veronese2024campylobacterjejunicoliinfection pages 9-11, island2024guidelinesforthe pages 5-8)

Protective factors

Specific protective factors (e.g., genetic variants or interventions) were not identified in the retrieved evidence corpus.

Gene–environment interactions

No explicit human gene–environment interaction studies were retrieved; however, multiple sources emphasize that clinical outcomes depend on both pathogen factors (e.g., LOS configuration, virulence genes) and host immune responses. (olveraramirez2023asystematicreview pages 1-2, imbrea2024exploringthecontribution pages 1-2)

3. Phenotypes (clinical presentation and sequelae)

Acute gastroenteritis phenotype

Symptoms/signs (typical): diarrhea (may be bloody), abdominal pain, malaise, fever, nausea, vomiting. (myintzaw2023areviewon pages 1-4, island2024guidelinesforthe pages 1-5)
Incubation: commonly reported as 2–5 days; another surveillance-oriented source reports 24–72 hours. (myintzaw2023areviewon pages 4-6, suominen2024campylobacteriosisinfinland pages 1-2)
Duration: can be self-limited and about ~1 week (or “within two to five days” in one guideline). (tikhomirova2024campylobacterjejunivirulence pages 1-2, island2024guidelinesforthe pages 5-8)
Asymptomatic infection: explicitly noted. (myintzaw2023areviewon pages 1-4, island2024guidelinesforthe pages 1-5)

Suggested HPO terms (non-exhaustive) - Diarrhea HP:0002014; Bloody diarrhea HP:0002024 - Abdominal pain HP:0002027 - Fever HP:0001945 - Nausea HP:0002018; Vomiting HP:0002013 - Malaise HP:0033834

Extra-intestinal disease and major sequelae

Bacteremia / extra-intestinal infection: one guideline states bacteremia occurs in <1% of cases. (island2024guidelinesforthe pages 5-8)
Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS): post-infectious autoimmune neuropathy linked to C. jejuni; one guideline quantifies GBS at about 1 case per 2000 infections. (island2024guidelinesforthe pages 5-8)
Mechanistic expert synthesis (Nature Reviews Disease Primers 2024): “in patients with preceding Campylobacter jejuni infection, molecular mimicry causes a cross-reactive antibody response to nerve gangliosides.” (NCT05500417 chunk 2)
Reactive arthritis: repeatedly listed as a late complication. (myintzaw2023areviewon pages 1-4, olveraramirez2023asystematicreview pages 1-2)
Post-infectious IBS (PI-IBS): a 2024 systematic review/meta-analysis across acute gastroenteritis reports PI-IBS prevalence 14.5% overall, and states that in the available studies Campylobacter was associated with the highest PI-IBS prevalence (20.7%). (badjo2024burdenandepidemiology pages 1-2)

Suggested HPO terms (non-exhaustive) - Guillain-Barre syndrome HP:0001308 - Arthritis HP:0001369 - Irritable bowel syndrome HP:0002570

Quality-of-life impact

QoL instruments were not directly reported in retrieved sources; however, long-term sequelae (GBS, PI-IBS) are emphasized as drivers of disability and prolonged symptoms. (myintzaw2023areviewon pages 1-4, NCT05500417 chunk 2)

4. Genetic / molecular information

Human causal genes / inherited etiology

Campylobacteriosis is not primarily a Mendelian genetic disorder; no causal human genes or pathogenic human germline variants were retrieved.

Pathogen genetic determinants (clinically relevant)

Recent WGS of human C. jejuni isolates (southern Spain; Oct 2020–Jun 2023) reported high prevalence of resistance/virulence determinants, including: - gyrA T86I (fluoroquinolone resistance) in 88.9% of isolates, - CmeABC efflux in 92.1%, - blaOXA-61 in 72.6%, - tet(O) in 65.8%, - GBS-associated loci wlaN/cstIII in 20.1%. (fernandezpalacios2024genotypiccharacterizationand pages 1-2)

(These are pathogen determinants; they inform antimicrobial resistance and risk stratification rather than host inheritance.)

5. Environmental information

Environmental and lifestyle contributors

Food handling and consumption practices (especially poultry) are highlighted as a key exposure pathway. (myintzaw2023areviewon pages 1-4)
Waterborne transmission and unpasteurized milk exposures are repeatedly listed. (tikhomirova2024campylobacterjejunivirulence pages 1-2, island2024guidelinesforthe pages 5-8)

Infectious agent taxonomy

Primary human pathogens: Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. (myintzaw2023areviewon pages 1-4, khairullah2024campylobacteriosisarising pages 2-3)

6. Mechanism / pathophysiology (2024 updates prioritized)

Core causal chain (trigger → cellular events → clinical disease)

Ingestion of low infectious dose Campylobacter (one guideline notes “low (500 organisms or less)”). (island2024guidelinesforthe pages 5-8)
Colonization of gut, supported by motility/chemotaxis (Tlps/Che proteins) and adhesion (e.g., CadF/FlpA). (tikhomirova2024campylobacterjejunivirulence pages 1-2)
Invasion and barrier disruption, including HtrA-dependent junctional protein cleavage enabling paracellular transmigration. (imbrea2024exploringthecontribution pages 15-17)
Host inflammatory activation, including LOS-driven innate immune activation (TLR4 agonism) and pro-inflammatory signaling; one review describes ADP-heptose triggering an NF-κB cascade requiring ALPK1. (imbrea2024exploringthecontribution pages 14-15, imbrea2024exploringthecontribution pages 15-17)
Toxin effects (e.g., cytolethal distending toxin, CDT) contribute to cytotoxicity and inflammation. (tikhomirova2024campylobacterjejunivirulence pages 1-2)
Post-infectious sequelae: in some infections, sialylated LOS molecular mimicry induces cross-reactive antibodies targeting host gangliosides, contributing to GBS. (NCT05500417 chunk 2, imbrea2024exploringthecontribution pages 15-17)

Key molecular factors (pathogen)

Flagella: enable corkscrew motility and can function as a type III secretion system for invasion-associated effectors. (tikhomirova2024campylobacterjejunivirulence pages 1-2)
Adhesins: CadF, FlpA. (tikhomirova2024campylobacterjejunivirulence pages 1-2)
Protease: HtrA implicated in paracellular translocation via junctional cleavage. (imbrea2024exploringthecontribution pages 15-17)
Secretion systems / effectors: T3SS/T6SS; CiaI noted as facilitating intracellular survival. (tikhomirova2024campylobacterjejunivirulence pages 1-2)
LOS: TLR4 activation; sialylation linked to immune evasion/molecular mimicry. (imbrea2024exploringthecontribution pages 14-15, imbrea2024exploringthecontribution pages 15-17)

Immune system involvement

Innate immune activation via TLR4 (LOS lipid A) and downstream pro-inflammatory cascades is emphasized; neutrophil activation/NET formation is described in PI-IBS–focused mechanistic review (SliP-related). (imbrea2024exploringthecontribution pages 14-15)

Suggested ontology terms

GO biological processes (examples):
chemotaxis GO:0006935; bacterial chemotaxis GO:0006935 (contextual)
epithelial barrier disruption GO:0007165 (signal transduction) and tight junction organization GO:0120192 (conceptual mapping)
NF-κB signaling GO:0043122
inflammatory response GO:0006954
CL cell types (examples): intestinal epithelial cell CL:0000066; neutrophil CL:0000775

7. Anatomical structures affected

Primary sites

Gastrointestinal tract: distal ileum and colon epithelium are described as target sites in one 2024 review. (khairullah2024campylobacteriosisarising pages 4-5)

Secondary sites (complications)

Bloodstream in invasive disease (bacteremia). (island2024guidelinesforthe pages 5-8)
Peripheral nervous system in GBS via immune-mediated injury. (NCT05500417 chunk 2)

Suggested UBERON terms

Small intestine UBERON:0002108 (distal ileum UBERON:0002116)
Colon UBERON:0001155
Peripheral nervous system UBERON:0000010

8. Temporal development

Onset and course

Onset: acute, typically after an incubation of days (commonly 2–5 days). (myintzaw2023areviewon pages 4-6)
Course: usually self-limited; one guideline notes symptoms often cease within 2–5 days, whereas other reviews cite ~1 week typical duration. (island2024guidelinesforthe pages 5-8, tikhomirova2024campylobacterjejunivirulence pages 1-2)
Relapse: in Finland-oriented epidemiology, relapses were reported in 10–25% of cases. (suominen2024campylobacteriosisinfinland pages 1-2)

9. Inheritance and population

Epidemiology (recent surveillance-based statistics)

Burkina Faso (2018–2021; PCR-based): Campylobacter detected in 25.0% (324/1,295) acute gastroenteritis samples; 95% (308/324) positives were in children <5 years. (badjo2024burdenandepidemiology pages 1-2)
Finland (pilot July–Aug 2022; reported 2024): estimated 39% domestic; WGS identified 22 clusters among 185 domestic cases not recorded in the outbreak register; 41% notifications lacked travel history. (suominen2024campylobacteriosisinfinland pages 1-2)
Portugal (2009–2021 surveillance, reported 2024): large under-notification suggested by mismatch between NRL isolate counts and notified cases; one excerpt reports ~50% isolates not notified in some years and strong pediatric skew (77.7% pediatric; 1–4 years highest). (duarte2024epidemiologicaldataand pages 4-6)
United States FoodNet (2023): 29,607 infections, 7,234 hospitalizations, and 177 deaths were reported; the proportion diagnosed by CIDTs increased while culture isolate recovery decreased. (shah2024…commonlythrough pages 1-2)

10. Diagnostics (and real-world implementation)

Clinical testing

Culture and NAAT/CIDT (PCR): Guidelines define confirmed cases by culture isolation from appropriate specimens and probable cases by nucleic acid detection (PCR/NAT). (island2024guidelinesforthe pages 1-5)
Implementation impact: FoodNet data emphasize that CIDT adoption increases detection but reduces isolate availability for subtyping/AMR testing, complicating surveillance interpretations. (shah2024…commonlythrough pages 1-2)

Genomics-enabled diagnostics and surveillance (latest developments)

Direct stool metagenomic WGS (2024): Djeghout et al. evaluated direct WGS from stool as an isolate-independent route to obtain sequence types and AMR markers. - In 37 Campylobacter-positive diarrheal stools, detection rates: 65% metagenomic WGS vs 73% culture vs 97% qPCR. (djeghout2024capturingclinicallyrelevant pages 1-2) - For metagenome-derived genomes with >60% completeness, species identification was 100%, ST typing 72%, and AMR determinant identification 95%. (djeghout2024capturingclinicallyrelevant pages 1-2) - Performance thresholds included >12,500 Campylobacter reads and >5× coverage; stool filtration improved recovery/assembly metrics. (djeghout2024capturingclinicallyrelevant pages 9-11, djeghout2024capturingclinicallyrelevant pages 1-2)

Visual evidence: the workflow and performance tables are shown in the cropped figure/table images from this study. (djeghout2024capturingclinicallyrelevant media 24d62d1a, djeghout2024capturingclinicallyrelevant media ebf6dfbb, djeghout2024capturingclinicallyrelevant media 86150b86)

Differential diagnosis

Not systematically retrieved in this evidence set; in practice, differentials include other bacterial/viral gastroenteritides and inflammatory bowel disease flares, but those statements are not asserted here without direct citations.

11. Outcomes / prognosis

Usually self-limited: several sources note that campylobacteriosis frequently resolves without antibiotic treatment. (barata2024adecadeof pages 1-2, island2024guidelinesforthe pages 5-8)
Invasive disease is uncommon: bacteremia <1% in one guideline. (island2024guidelinesforthe pages 5-8)
Sequelae drive long-term burden: GBS and PI-IBS are emphasized; PI-IBS can persist long-term in a substantial fraction of cases after acute gastroenteritis in general. (NCT05500417 chunk 2, badjo2024burdenandepidemiology pages 1-2)
Hospitalization markers: in Finland case-control data, approximately one-third hospitalized and ~17% reported bloody diarrhea; EU hospitalization cited as 23% in 2021. (suominen2024campylobacteriosisinfinland pages 11-13)

12. Treatment

Standard of care (guidelines and expert consensus)

Supportive care (rehydration/electrolytes) is the mainstay; antimotility agents not recommended in one guideline. (island2024guidelinesforthe pages 5-8)
When to use antibiotics: reserved for severe disease or high-risk groups; one guideline lists criteria including immune compromise, high fever, >8 stools/day, worsening after a week, bloody diarrhea, pregnancy. (island2024guidelinesforthe pages 5-8, island2024guidelinesforthe pages 8-10)
Preferred antibiotics: macrolides (erythromycin/azithromycin) commonly recommended as first-line, with fluoroquinolones as second-line depending on resistance context; a 2024 review notes macrolides first-line and fluoroquinolones second-line. (barata2024adecadeof pages 1-2, veronese2024campylobacterjejunicoliinfection pages 9-11)

Antimicrobial resistance (recent statistics)

NW Italy (2020–2023; n=820): resistance to ≥1 antibiotic 80.1%; ciprofloxacin 72.1%, tetracycline 52.9%, erythromycin 3.2%; MDR 5.7%. (tramuta2024phenotypicantimicrobialresistance pages 2-4)
Portugal surveillance (2009–2021; n=2174 tested): ciprofloxacin 94.2%, tetracycline 81.6%, erythromycin 11.8% overall (but 52.3% in C. coli vs 3.3% in C. jejuni). (duarte2024epidemiologicaldataand pages 7-8)
Southern Spain WGS (2020–2023; n=114 C. jejuni): ciprofloxacin 90.3%, tetracycline 66.7%, erythromycin 0.88%, with high prevalence of gyrA T86I and cmeABC. (fernandezpalacios2024genotypiccharacterizationand pages 1-2)

MAXO term suggestions (examples)

Oral rehydration therapy MAXO:0000747 (conceptual mapping)
Antibiotic therapy MAXO:0000749

(Exact MAXO IDs may require ontology lookup; terms given as suggested actions.)

13. Prevention

Primary prevention (food and water safety)

Guidelines emphasize: - Thoroughly cook poultry and meat (e.g., poultry to 74°C / 165°F). (island2024guidelinesforthe pages 8-10) - Avoid unpasteurized milk; ensure safe water (boil uncertain water). (island2024guidelinesforthe pages 8-10) - Prevent cross-contamination (cutting boards/surfaces) and maintain hand hygiene. (island2024guidelinesforthe pages 8-10, island2024guidelinesforthe pages 5-8)

Public health / One Health prevention

Reducing contamination at poultry production and along the food chain is repeatedly identified as central to reducing human disease. (khairullah2024campylobacteriosisarising pages 2-3, barata2024adecadeof pages 1-2)

14. Other species / natural disease (zoonosis)

Reservoirs: Poultry are repeatedly identified as primary reservoirs; other livestock reservoirs include cattle, pigs, and sheep; domestic cats/dogs also implicated as possible sources. (tikhomirova2024campylobacterjejunivirulence pages 1-2)
Wildlife: a 2023 systematic review compiles prevalence data for >150 wild vertebrate species and frames wildlife as potential reservoirs/amplifiers with some host specificity. (olveraramirez2023asystematicreview pages 1-2)
Poultry disease context: Campylobacter colonizes poultry intestines and is usually nonpathogenic in poultry; specific species (e.g., C. hepaticus) are linked to poultry diseases such as spotty liver disease. (sadek2023campylobacteriosisinpoultry pages 1-2)

15. Model organisms

Rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) natural model: A 2024 mSphere study states rhesus macaques are susceptible to acute campylobacteriosis and may model chronic enterocolitis/PI-IBS-like outcomes; it reports prevalence in colonies and describes use of culture, qPCR and WGS for characterization. (bacon2024diversityofcampylobacter pages 1-2)
Other model systems referenced in the broader literature base (not deeply detailed in retrieved excerpts): mouse models and other experimental systems are cited in the wildlife-reservoir review’s references. (olveraramirez2023asystematicreview pages 11-12)

Recent developments and real-world implementations (2023–2024 highlights)

Genomics in surveillance: Finland’s 2024 analysis demonstrates that WGS can detect clusters missed by traditional outbreak reporting and recommends sequencing all domestic isolates. (suominen2024campylobacteriosisinfinland pages 1-2)
Diagnostic paradigm shift: Increasing use of CIDTs in FoodNet surveillance changes apparent incidence and reduces culture isolate availability for subtyping/AMR testing. (shah2024…commonlythrough pages 1-2)
Direct-from-stool WGS methods: 2024 Microbial Genomics work provides actionable thresholds for when metagenomic WGS can recover species, ST, and AMR determinants, helping close the isolate gap created by CIDTs. (djeghout2024capturingclinicallyrelevant pages 1-2, djeghout2024capturingclinicallyrelevant media 24d62d1a)
AMR burden: 2024 surveillance studies report high fluoroquinolone and tetracycline resistance in multiple settings, reinforcing macrolide-first guidance and One Health AMR monitoring needs. (tramuta2024phenotypicantimicrobialresistance pages 2-4, duarte2024epidemiologicaldataand pages 7-8)

Experimental prevention: human vaccine clinical trials (selected)

CJCV1 (capsule-conjugate C. jejuni vaccine), Phase 1, completed: NCT02067676; 48 healthy volunteers; dose-escalation and alum adjuvant evaluation; results posted 2018-01-25. (NCT02067676 chunk 1, NCT02067676 chunk 2)
URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02067676 (posted 2014-02-20; results posted 2018-01-25). (NCT02067676 chunk 1)
CJCV2 ± ALFQ, Phase 1, completed: NCT05500417; 59 participants; randomized, quadruply masked; 3 IM vaccinations; results posted 2026-01-30. (NCT05500417 chunk 1, NCT05500417 chunk 2)
URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05500417 (first posted 2022-08-15; results posted 2026-01-30). (NCT05500417 chunk 1)

Limitations of this tool-grounded report

Formal ICD-10/ICD-11 and MONDO identifiers were not available in the retrieved evidence corpus, and are therefore intentionally omitted.
Differential diagnosis and QoL metrics were not systematically retrieved in the accessible texts.

References

(island2024guidelinesforthe pages 1-5): PE Island. Guidelines for the management and control of campylobacteriosis. Unknown journal, 2024.
(khairullah2024campylobacteriosisarising pages 2-3): A. Khairullah, S. Yanestria, M. Effendi, I. Moses, Muhammad Khaliim Jati Kusala, K. A. Fauzia, Siti Rani Ayuti, Ima Fauziah, Otto Sahat Martua Silaen, Katty Hendriana Priscilia Riwu, Suhita Aryaloka, Fidi Nur Aini Eka Puji Dameanti, Ricadonna Raissa, Abdullah Hasib, and A. Furqoni. Campylobacteriosis: a rising threat in foodborne illnesses. Open Veterinary Journal, 14:1733-1750, Aug 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.5455/ovj.2024.v14.i8.1, doi:10.5455/ovj.2024.v14.i8.1. This article has 24 citations.
(tikhomirova2024campylobacterjejunivirulence pages 1-2): Alexandra Tikhomirova, Emmylee R. McNabb, Luca Petterlin, Georgia L. Bellamy, Kyaw H. Lin, Christopher A. Santoso, Ella S. Daye, Fatimah M. Alhaddad, Kah Peng Lee, and Anna Roujeinikova. Campylobacter jejuni virulence factors: update on emerging issues and trends. Journal of Biomedical Science, May 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12929-024-01033-6, doi:10.1186/s12929-024-01033-6. This article has 47 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.
(suominen2024campylobacteriosisinfinland pages 1-2): Kristiina Suominen, Tessa Häkkänen, Jukka Ranta, Jukka Ollgren, Rauni Kivistö, Päivikki Perko-Mäkelä, Saara Salmenlinna, and Ruska Rimhanen-Finne. Campylobacteriosis in finland: passive surveillance in 2004–2021 and a pilot case-control study with whole-genome sequencing in summer 2022. Microorganisms, 12:132, Jan 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12010132, doi:10.3390/microorganisms12010132. This article has 6 citations.
(myintzaw2023areviewon pages 4-6): Peter Myintzaw, Amit K. Jaiswal, and Swarna Jaiswal. A review on campylobacteriosis associated with poultry meat consumption. Food Reviews International, 39:2107-2121, Jul 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/87559129.2021.1942487, doi:10.1080/87559129.2021.1942487. This article has 72 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.
(myintzaw2023areviewon pages 1-4): Peter Myintzaw, Amit K. Jaiswal, and Swarna Jaiswal. A review on campylobacteriosis associated with poultry meat consumption. Food Reviews International, 39:2107-2121, Jul 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/87559129.2021.1942487, doi:10.1080/87559129.2021.1942487. This article has 72 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.
(olveraramirez2023asystematicreview pages 1-2): Andrea Margarita Olvera-Ramírez, Neil Ross McEwan, Karen Stanley, Remedios Nava-Diaz, and Gabriela Aguilar-Tipacamú. A systematic review on the role of wildlife as carriers and spreaders of campylobacter spp. Animals, 13:1334, Apr 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13081334, doi:10.3390/ani13081334. This article has 40 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.
(badjo2024burdenandepidemiology pages 1-2): Ange Oho Roseline Badjo, Nongodo Firmin Kabore, Arsène Zongo, Kobo Gnada, Aminata Ouattara, Merci Muhigwa, Soumeya Ouangraoua, Armel Poda, Satouro Arsène Some, Grit Schubert, Tim Eckmanns, Fabian H. Leendertz, Essia Belarbi, and Abdoul-Salam Ouedraogo. Burden and epidemiology of campylobacter species in acute enteritis cases in burkina faso. BMC Infectious Diseases, Aug 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-024-09709-y, doi:10.1186/s12879-024-09709-y. This article has 9 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.
(duarte2024epidemiologicaldataand pages 4-6): Andreia Duarte, Luísa Pereira, Maria-Leonor Lemos, Miguel Pinto, João Carlos Rodrigues, Rui Matias, Andrea Santos, and Mónica Oleastro. Epidemiological data and antimicrobial resistance of campylobacter spp. in portugal from 13 years of surveillance. Pathogens, 13:147, Feb 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13020147, doi:10.3390/pathogens13020147. This article has 4 citations.
(duarte2024epidemiologicaldataand pages 1-2): Andreia Duarte, Luísa Pereira, Maria-Leonor Lemos, Miguel Pinto, João Carlos Rodrigues, Rui Matias, Andrea Santos, and Mónica Oleastro. Epidemiological data and antimicrobial resistance of campylobacter spp. in portugal from 13 years of surveillance. Pathogens, 13:147, Feb 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13020147, doi:10.3390/pathogens13020147. This article has 4 citations.
(shah2024…commonlythrough pages 1-2): HJ Shah. … commonly through food: impact of increased use of culture-independent diagnostic tests—foodborne diseases active surveillance network, 1996–2023. Unknown journal, 2024.
(djeghout2024capturingclinicallyrelevant pages 7-9): Bilal Djeghout, Thanh Le-Viet, Leonardo de Oliveira Martins, George M. Savva, Rhiannon Evans, David Baker, Andrew Page, Ngozi Elumogo, John Wain, and Nicol Janecko. Capturing clinically relevant campylobacter attributes through direct whole genome sequencing of stool. Microbial Genomics, Aug 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1099/mgen.0.001284, doi:10.1099/mgen.0.001284. This article has 6 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.
(djeghout2024capturingclinicallyrelevant pages 9-11): Bilal Djeghout, Thanh Le-Viet, Leonardo de Oliveira Martins, George M. Savva, Rhiannon Evans, David Baker, Andrew Page, Ngozi Elumogo, John Wain, and Nicol Janecko. Capturing clinically relevant campylobacter attributes through direct whole genome sequencing of stool. Microbial Genomics, Aug 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1099/mgen.0.001284, doi:10.1099/mgen.0.001284. This article has 6 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.
(djeghout2024capturingclinicallyrelevant pages 1-2): Bilal Djeghout, Thanh Le-Viet, Leonardo de Oliveira Martins, George M. Savva, Rhiannon Evans, David Baker, Andrew Page, Ngozi Elumogo, John Wain, and Nicol Janecko. Capturing clinically relevant campylobacter attributes through direct whole genome sequencing of stool. Microbial Genomics, Aug 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1099/mgen.0.001284, doi:10.1099/mgen.0.001284. This article has 6 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.
(tramuta2024phenotypicantimicrobialresistance pages 2-4): C. Tramuta, Aitor Garcia-Vozmediano, CeRTiS Clinical Laboratories Group, C. Maurella, D. Bianchi, L. Decastelli, and Monica Pitti. Phenotypic antimicrobial resistance profiles of human campylobacter species isolated in northwest italy, 2020–2023. Microorganisms, 12:426, Feb 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12030426, doi:10.3390/microorganisms12030426. This article has 5 citations.
(duarte2024epidemiologicaldataand pages 7-8): Andreia Duarte, Luísa Pereira, Maria-Leonor Lemos, Miguel Pinto, João Carlos Rodrigues, Rui Matias, Andrea Santos, and Mónica Oleastro. Epidemiological data and antimicrobial resistance of campylobacter spp. in portugal from 13 years of surveillance. Pathogens, 13:147, Feb 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13020147, doi:10.3390/pathogens13020147. This article has 4 citations.
(fernandezpalacios2024genotypiccharacterizationand pages 1-2): Pablo Fernández-Palacios, Fátima Galán-Sánchez, Carlos S. Casimiro-Soriguer, Estefanía Jurado-Tarifa, Federico Arroyo, María Lara, J. Alberto Chaves, Joaquín Dopazo, and Manuel A. Rodríguez-Iglesias. Genotypic characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility of human campylobacter jejuni isolates in southern spain. Microbiology Spectrum, Oct 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.01028-24, doi:10.1128/spectrum.01028-24. This article has 9 citations and is from a domain leading peer-reviewed journal.
(NCT02067676 chunk 1): Safety Study of a Capsule-Conjugate Vaccine to Prevent Campylobacter-Caused Diarrhea. U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command. 2014. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02067676
(NCT02067676 chunk 2): Safety Study of a Capsule-Conjugate Vaccine to Prevent Campylobacter-Caused Diarrhea. U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command. 2014. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02067676
(NCT05500417 chunk 1): Safety and Immunogenicity of CJCV2 With and Without ALFQ. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). 2022. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05500417
(NCT05500417 chunk 2): Safety and Immunogenicity of CJCV2 With and Without ALFQ. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). 2022. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05500417
(bristiUnknownyearcampylobacteriosisinthe pages 8-10): UP Bristi, M Hasan, S Dutta, NH Siddiquee, and S Rajia. Campylobacteriosis in the spotlight: insights from southeast asia. Unknown journal, Unknown year.
(bacon2024diversityofcampylobacter pages 1-2): Rebecca L. Bacon, Carolyn L. Hodo, Jing Wu, Shannara Welch, Colette Nickodem, Javier Vinasco, Deborah Threadgill, Stanton B. Gray, Keri N. Norman, and Sara D. Lawhon. Diversity of campylobacter spp. circulating in a rhesus macaque ( macaca mulatta ) breeding colony using culture and molecular methods. mSphere, Nov 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1128/msphere.00560-24, doi:10.1128/msphere.00560-24. This article has 6 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.
(island2024guidelinesforthe pages 5-8): PE Island. Guidelines for the management and control of campylobacteriosis. Unknown journal, 2024.
(veronese2024campylobacterjejunicoliinfection pages 2-4): Piero Veronese and Icilio Dodi. Campylobacter jejuni/coli infection: is it still a concern? Microorganisms, 12:2669, Dec 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12122669, doi:10.3390/microorganisms12122669. This article has 22 citations.
(veronese2024campylobacterjejunicoliinfection pages 9-11): Piero Veronese and Icilio Dodi. Campylobacter jejuni/coli infection: is it still a concern? Microorganisms, 12:2669, Dec 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12122669, doi:10.3390/microorganisms12122669. This article has 22 citations.
(imbrea2024exploringthecontribution pages 1-2): Ana-Maria Imbrea, Igori Balta, Gabi Dumitrescu, David McCleery, Ioan Pet, Tiberiu Iancu, Lavinia Stef, Nicolae Corcionivoschi, and Petculescu-Ciochina Liliana. Exploring the contribution of campylobacter jejuni to post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome: a literature review. Applied Sciences, 14:3373, Apr 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/app14083373, doi:10.3390/app14083373. This article has 17 citations.
(imbrea2024exploringthecontribution pages 15-17): Ana-Maria Imbrea, Igori Balta, Gabi Dumitrescu, David McCleery, Ioan Pet, Tiberiu Iancu, Lavinia Stef, Nicolae Corcionivoschi, and Petculescu-Ciochina Liliana. Exploring the contribution of campylobacter jejuni to post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome: a literature review. Applied Sciences, 14:3373, Apr 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/app14083373, doi:10.3390/app14083373. This article has 17 citations.
(imbrea2024exploringthecontribution pages 14-15): Ana-Maria Imbrea, Igori Balta, Gabi Dumitrescu, David McCleery, Ioan Pet, Tiberiu Iancu, Lavinia Stef, Nicolae Corcionivoschi, and Petculescu-Ciochina Liliana. Exploring the contribution of campylobacter jejuni to post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome: a literature review. Applied Sciences, 14:3373, Apr 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/app14083373, doi:10.3390/app14083373. This article has 17 citations.
(khairullah2024campylobacteriosisarising pages 4-5): A. Khairullah, S. Yanestria, M. Effendi, I. Moses, Muhammad Khaliim Jati Kusala, K. A. Fauzia, Siti Rani Ayuti, Ima Fauziah, Otto Sahat Martua Silaen, Katty Hendriana Priscilia Riwu, Suhita Aryaloka, Fidi Nur Aini Eka Puji Dameanti, Ricadonna Raissa, Abdullah Hasib, and A. Furqoni. Campylobacteriosis: a rising threat in foodborne illnesses. Open Veterinary Journal, 14:1733-1750, Aug 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.5455/ovj.2024.v14.i8.1, doi:10.5455/ovj.2024.v14.i8.1. This article has 24 citations.
(djeghout2024capturingclinicallyrelevant media 24d62d1a): Bilal Djeghout, Thanh Le-Viet, Leonardo de Oliveira Martins, George M. Savva, Rhiannon Evans, David Baker, Andrew Page, Ngozi Elumogo, John Wain, and Nicol Janecko. Capturing clinically relevant campylobacter attributes through direct whole genome sequencing of stool. Microbial Genomics, Aug 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1099/mgen.0.001284, doi:10.1099/mgen.0.001284. This article has 6 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.
(djeghout2024capturingclinicallyrelevant media ebf6dfbb): Bilal Djeghout, Thanh Le-Viet, Leonardo de Oliveira Martins, George M. Savva, Rhiannon Evans, David Baker, Andrew Page, Ngozi Elumogo, John Wain, and Nicol Janecko. Capturing clinically relevant campylobacter attributes through direct whole genome sequencing of stool. Microbial Genomics, Aug 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1099/mgen.0.001284, doi:10.1099/mgen.0.001284. This article has 6 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.
(djeghout2024capturingclinicallyrelevant media 86150b86): Bilal Djeghout, Thanh Le-Viet, Leonardo de Oliveira Martins, George M. Savva, Rhiannon Evans, David Baker, Andrew Page, Ngozi Elumogo, John Wain, and Nicol Janecko. Capturing clinically relevant campylobacter attributes through direct whole genome sequencing of stool. Microbial Genomics, Aug 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1099/mgen.0.001284, doi:10.1099/mgen.0.001284. This article has 6 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.
(barata2024adecadeof pages 1-2): Rita Barata, Maria José Saavedra, and Gonçalo Almeida. A decade of antimicrobial resistance in human and animal campylobacter spp. isolates. Antibiotics, 13:904, Sep 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13090904, doi:10.3390/antibiotics13090904. This article has 19 citations.
(suominen2024campylobacteriosisinfinland pages 11-13): Kristiina Suominen, Tessa Häkkänen, Jukka Ranta, Jukka Ollgren, Rauni Kivistö, Päivikki Perko-Mäkelä, Saara Salmenlinna, and Ruska Rimhanen-Finne. Campylobacteriosis in finland: passive surveillance in 2004–2021 and a pilot case-control study with whole-genome sequencing in summer 2022. Microorganisms, 12:132, Jan 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12010132, doi:10.3390/microorganisms12010132. This article has 6 citations.
(island2024guidelinesforthe pages 8-10): PE Island. Guidelines for the management and control of campylobacteriosis. Unknown journal, 2024.
(sadek2023campylobacteriosisinpoultry pages 1-2): Sabry A. S. Sadek, Raafat M. Shaapan, and Ashraf M. A. Barakat. Campylobacteriosis in poultry: a review. Journal of World's Poultry Research, Jun 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.36380/jwpr.2023.19, doi:10.36380/jwpr.2023.19. This article has 20 citations.
(olveraramirez2023asystematicreview pages 11-12): Andrea Margarita Olvera-Ramírez, Neil Ross McEwan, Karen Stanley, Remedios Nava-Diaz, and Gabriela Aguilar-Tipacamú. A systematic review on the role of wildlife as carriers and spreaders of campylobacter spp. Animals, 13:1334, Apr 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13081334, doi:10.3390/ani13081334. This article has 40 citations and is from a peer-reviewed journal.

{ }

Source YAML

click to show

name: Campylobacteriosis
creation_date: '2026-02-26T22:44:59Z'
updated_date: '2026-04-11T01:06:52Z'
category: Infectious
description: >-
  A foodborne bacterial enteric infection, most commonly caused by Campylobacter jejuni
  and Campylobacter coli, characterized by acute inflammatory diarrhea and potential
  post-infectious sequelae.
disease_term:
  preferred_term: campylobacteriosis
  term:
    id: MONDO:0005688
    label: campylobacteriosis
parents:
- Bacterial enteritis
- Foodborne infection
synonyms:
- Campylobacter enteritis
- Campylobacter infection
classifications:
  harrisons_chapter:
  - classification_value: infectious disease
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.3390/microorganisms12122669
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: OTHER
      snippet: "Campylobacteriosis is a leading cause of infectious diarrhea and foodborne illness worldwide."
      explanation: Supports classification of campylobacteriosis as an infectious disease.
  - classification_value: bacterial infectious disease
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.3390/biom13010135
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: OTHER
      snippet: "Campylobacter jejuni is likely the most common bacterial cause of gastroenteritis worldwide, responsible for millions of cases of inflammatory diarrhea characterized by severe abdominal cramps and blood in the stool."
      explanation: Supports bacterial infectious disease classification for campylobacteriosis.
definitions:
- name: Clinical spectrum case definition for Campylobacter jejuni/coli infection
  definition_type: CASE_DEFINITION
  description: Campylobacteriosis is clinically classified into gastrointestinal disease and extraintestinal/post-infectious manifestations.
  scope: Clinical categorization of symptomatic Campylobacter jejuni/coli infection
  evidence:
  - reference: DOI:10.3390/microorganisms12122669
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: OTHER
    snippet: "The clinical spectrum of Campylobacter jejuni/coli infection can be classified into two distinct categories: gastrointestinal and extraintestinal manifestations."
    explanation: Supports a two-category clinical case framing that distinguishes intestinal disease from extraintestinal complications.
- name: Stool testing diagnostic framework
  definition_type: DIAGNOSTIC_CRITERIA
  description: Diagnostic confirmation relies on stool testing with culture and molecular assays, while standalone antigen tests should be interpreted cautiously.
  scope: Routine microbiologic diagnosis of suspected campylobacteriosis
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:26962088
    reference_title: "Multicenter Evaluation of Clinical Diagnostic Methods for Detection and Isolation of Campylobacter spp. from Stool."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: We conducted a prospective, multicenter study to evaluate the performance of stool antigen CIDTs compared to culture and PCR for Campylobacter detection.
    explanation: Supports culture and PCR as core confirmatory diagnostic methods.
  - reference: PMID:26962088
    reference_title: "Multicenter Evaluation of Clinical Diagnostic Methods for Detection and Isolation of Campylobacter spp. from Stool."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: Given the relatively low incidence of Campylobacter disease and the generally poor diagnostic test characteristics, this study calls into question the use of commercially available stool antigen CIDTs as standalone tests for direct detection of Campylobacter in stool.
    explanation: Supports avoiding standalone antigen CIDT use without confirmatory methods.
infectious_agent:
- name: Campylobacter jejuni
  description: Primary Campylobacter species responsible for human campylobacteriosis.
  infectious_agent_term:
    preferred_term: Campylobacter jejuni
    term:
      id: NCBITaxon:197
      label: Campylobacter jejuni
  food_source:
    preferred_term: poultry meat
    term:
      id: FOODON:00001131
      label: poultry meat food product
  evidence:
  - reference: DOI:10.3390/biom13010135
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: OTHER
    snippet: "Campylobacter jejuni is likely the most common bacterial cause of gastroenteritis worldwide, responsible for millions of cases of inflammatory diarrhea characterized by severe abdominal cramps and blood in the stool."
    explanation: Supports C. jejuni as the dominant organism associated with campylobacteriosis burden.
  - reference: DOI:10.3390/microorganisms12122669
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: OTHER
    snippet: "Campylobacter infection is primarily transmitted through the consumption of contaminated food, especially uncooked meat, or untreated water; contact with infected animals or contaminated environments; poultry is the primary reservoir and source of human transmission."
    explanation: Supports poultry meat as a major food vehicle for exposure to Campylobacter jejuni in human campylobacteriosis.
- name: Campylobacter coli
  description: Secondary Campylobacter species that contributes to human campylobacteriosis.
  infectious_agent_term:
    preferred_term: Campylobacter coli
    term:
      id: NCBITaxon:195
      label: Campylobacter coli
  evidence:
  - reference: DOI:10.3390/microorganisms12122669
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: OTHER
    snippet: "The clinical spectrum of Campylobacter jejuni/coli infection can be classified into two distinct categories: gastrointestinal and extraintestinal manifestations."
    explanation: Confirms C. coli as part of the clinically relevant Campylobacter infection spectrum.
transmission:
- name: Foodborne transmission
  description: Most human infections are acquired through ingestion of contaminated food, especially undercooked poultry and other contaminated meats.
  evidence:
  - reference: DOI:10.3390/microorganisms12122669
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: OTHER
    snippet: "Campylobacter infection is primarily transmitted through the consumption of contaminated food, especially uncooked meat, or untreated water; contact with infected animals or contaminated environments; poultry is the primary reservoir and source of human transmission."
    explanation: Supports contaminated food as a primary transmission route.
- name: Waterborne transmission
  description: Campylobacter can be transmitted through consumption of untreated or contaminated water.
  evidence:
  - reference: DOI:10.3390/microorganisms12122669
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: OTHER
    snippet: "Campylobacter infection is primarily transmitted through the consumption of contaminated food, especially uncooked meat, or untreated water; contact with infected animals or contaminated environments; poultry is the primary reservoir and source of human transmission."
    explanation: Supports untreated water as a distinct ingestion-mediated transmission route.
  - reference: PMID:41280732
    reference_title: "Giardia and Campylobacter: Fifteen years (2010-2024) of waterborne outbreaks in Europe."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: OTHER
    snippet: Giardia and Campylobacter are two key waterborne pathogens and leading agents of gastrointestinal illnesses.
    explanation: Supports Campylobacter as a major waterborne gastrointestinal pathogen.
- name: Animal-contact transmission
  description: Zoonotic transmission can occur through direct contact with infected animals or contaminated animal-associated environments.
  evidence:
  - reference: DOI:10.3390/microorganisms12122669
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: OTHER
    snippet: "Campylobacter infection is primarily transmitted through the consumption of contaminated food, especially uncooked meat, or untreated water; contact with infected animals or contaminated environments; poultry is the primary reservoir and source of human transmission."
    explanation: Supports animal-contact and contaminated-environment zoonotic transmission.
progression:
- phase: Incubation
  incubation_days: 2.5-4.3
  notes: Typical incubation distribution reported across outbreak and human experimental studies.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:28669361
    reference_title: "A systematic review and meta-analysis on the incubation period of Campylobacteriosis."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: The mean incubation period of subgroups ranged from 2·5 to 4·3 days.
    explanation: Supports the incubation window for campylobacteriosis.
- phase: Acute enteritis
  duration_days: 5-7
  notes: Most uncomplicated illness is self-limited.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:30725718
    reference_title: "Campylobacter Infection."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: OTHER
    snippet: Patients typically experience a self-limited diarrheal illness lasting 5 to 7 days.
    explanation: Supports typical acute symptom duration.
- phase: Fever-predominant bacteremic presentation
  notes: A severe subset presents with fever without prominent gastrointestinal symptoms and often requires more intensive inpatient treatment.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:36635328
    reference_title: "Clinical characteristics of Campylobacter bacteremia: a multicenter retrospective study."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: In summary, we found that nearly half of the patients with Campylobacter bacteremia presented with fever as a predominant manifestation without gastroenteritis symptoms.
    explanation: Supports a clinically distinct systemic presentation phase in severe Campylobacter infection.
  - reference: PMID:37910310
    reference_title: "Trends, clinical characteristics, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, and outcomes of Campylobacter bacteraemia: a multicentre retrospective study."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: In-hospital mortality occurred in 14 (13.0%) patients.
    explanation: Supports clinically severe bacteremic presentations with measurable inpatient mortality risk.
- phase: Post-infectious sequelae
  notes: After acute enteric illness, a subset of patients develops delayed neurologic and rheumatologic complications.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:40395728
    reference_title: "Therapeutic and protective approaches to combat Campylobacter jejuni infections."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: OTHER
    snippet: As a consequence, infected individuals may acquire watery and/or bloody diarrhea associated with abdominal pain, and eventually post-infection illnesses of the neural system and joints, including the Guillain-Barré, Miller Fisher and Reiter syndromes.
    explanation: Supports progression from acute gastrointestinal disease to delayed post-infectious extraintestinal sequelae.
pathophysiology:
- name: Exposure to contaminated food or water
  description: Infection is initiated by ingestion of Campylobacter from contaminated foods, untreated water, or animal-associated sources.
  downstream:
  - target: Chemotactic navigation through intestinal mucus
    description: Ingested organisms reach the intestinal lumen and begin colonization.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.1007/s00253-023-12456-w
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: OTHER
      snippet: "Chemotactically controlled motility in viscous milieu allows targeted navigation to intestinal mucus and colonization."
      explanation: Supports the causal transition from enteric exposure to active mucus navigation and colonization.
  evidence:
  - reference: DOI:10.3390/microorganisms12122669
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: OTHER
    snippet: "Campylobacter infection is primarily transmitted through the consumption of contaminated food, especially uncooked meat, or untreated water; contact with infected animals or contaminated environments; poultry is the primary reservoir and source of human transmission."
    explanation: Supports the initiating exposure event.
- name: Chemotactic navigation through intestinal mucus
  description: C. jejuni motility enables directional migration through mucus to reach epithelial targets.
  locations:
  - preferred_term: small intestine
    term:
      id: UBERON:0002108
      label: small intestine
  downstream:
  - target: CadF/FlpA-mediated epithelial adhesion
    description: Mucus traversal positions bacteria for epithelial attachment.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.1007/s00253-023-12456-w
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: OTHER
      snippet: Fibronectin at the basolateral side of polarized epithelial cells serves as binding site for adhesins CadF and FlpA, leading to intracellular signaling, which again triggers membrane ruffling and reduced host cell migration by focal adhesion.
      explanation: Supports progression from colonization to CadF/FlpA-mediated epithelial adhesion.
  evidence:
  - reference: DOI:10.1007/s00253-023-12456-w
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: OTHER
    snippet: "Chemotactically controlled motility in viscous milieu allows targeted navigation to intestinal mucus and colonization."
    explanation: Supports mucus penetration and early colonization.
- name: CadF/FlpA-mediated epithelial adhesion
  description: Campylobacter adhesins bind fibronectin on polarized epithelial cells, triggering host signaling needed for invasion.
  cell_types:
  - preferred_term: enterocyte
    term:
      id: CL:0000584
      label: enterocyte
  locations:
  - preferred_term: small intestine
    term:
      id: UBERON:0002108
      label: small intestine
  downstream:
  - target: Type III/VI secretion-dependent invasion signaling
    description: Adhesion primes secretion-driven entry mechanisms.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.1007/s00253-023-12456-w
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: OTHER
      snippet: Cell contacts of C. jejuni results in its secretion of invasion antigens, which induce membrane ruffling by paxillin-independent pathway.
      explanation: Supports cell-contact/adhesion-dependent triggering of secretion-mediated invasion signaling.
  evidence:
  - reference: DOI:10.1007/s00253-023-12456-w
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: OTHER
    snippet: Fibronectin at the basolateral side of polarized epithelial cells serves as binding site for adhesins CadF and FlpA, leading to intracellular signaling, which again triggers membrane ruffling and reduced host cell migration by focal adhesion.
    explanation: Supports adhesion-linked host signaling as a discrete upstream event.
- name: Type III/VI secretion-dependent invasion signaling
  description: Campylobacter relies on type III and type VI secretion-associated programs to establish an intestinal niche and potentiate host-cell invasion.
  biological_processes:
  - preferred_term: type III protein secretion system
    term:
      id: GO:0030254
      label: protein secretion by the type III secretion system
  downstream:
  - target: HtrA-mediated junctional protein cleavage
    description: Secretion-associated virulence supports barrier-targeting invasion progression.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.1007/s00253-023-12456-w
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: OTHER
      snippet: C. jejuni utilizes proteases to open cell–cell junctions and subsequently transmigrates paracellularly.
      explanation: Supports transition from invasion-associated virulence programs to protease-mediated junction disruption.
  evidence:
  - reference: DOI:10.3390/biom13010135
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: OTHER
    snippet: "We conclude that C. jejuni does not possess a type IV secretion system and relies on the type III and type VI secretion systems to establish a niche and potentiate disease."
    explanation: Supports secretion-system dependence as a mechanistic step.
- name: HtrA-mediated junctional protein cleavage
  description: Bacterial HtrA protease activity cleaves tight/adherens junction components, compromising epithelial integrity.
  biological_processes:
  - preferred_term: cell junction organization
    term:
      id: GO:0034330
      label: cell junction organization
  - preferred_term: tight junction disassembly
    term:
      id: GO:1905071
      label: tight junction disassembly
  locations:
  - preferred_term: colon
    term:
      id: UBERON:0001155
      label: colon
  downstream:
  - target: Paracellular transmigration and barrier dysfunction
    description: Junctional cleavage permits bacterial passage across the epithelial layer.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.3390/cells13030224
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: IN_VITRO
      snippet: "Instead, we found that only bacteria with active protein biosynthesis effectively cleave junctional proteins, which is followed by paracellular transmigration of C. jejuni through the epithelial cell layer."
      explanation: Supports direct causal linkage between junctional cleavage and paracellular transmigration.
  evidence:
  - reference: DOI:10.3390/cells13030224
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: IN_VITRO
    snippet: We recently discovered that C. jejuni serine protease HtrA disrupts intestinal epithelial barrier functions via cleavage of the tight and adherens junction components occludin, claudin-8 and E-cadherin.
    explanation: Supports HtrA cleavage as an unbundled barrier-disruption event.
- name: Paracellular transmigration and barrier dysfunction
  description: Loss of epithelial junctional integrity allows Campylobacter to cross epithelial barriers and expand tissue-level injury.
  downstream:
  - target: Mucosal inflammatory response and epithelial injury
    description: Barrier breach amplifies host inflammatory signaling and epithelial damage.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.1007/s00253-023-12456-w
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: OTHER
      snippet: The immune system reacts with an inflammatory cascade by participation of numerous immune cells.
      explanation: Supports progression from epithelial barrier compromise to tissue inflammatory injury.
  evidence:
  - reference: DOI:10.3390/cells13030224
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: IN_VITRO
    snippet: "Instead, we found that only bacteria with active protein biosynthesis effectively cleave junctional proteins, which is followed by paracellular transmigration of C. jejuni through the epithelial cell layer."
    explanation: Directly supports causal linkage from junction cleavage to transmigration.
- name: Mucosal inflammatory response and epithelial injury
  description: Host inflammatory responses and epithelial lesions produce fluid/blood loss and symptomatic enteritis.
  cell_types:
  - preferred_term: neutrophil
    term:
      id: CL:0000775
      label: neutrophil
  biological_processes:
  - preferred_term: inflammatory response
    term:
      id: GO:0006954
      label: inflammatory response
  - preferred_term: pyroptosis
    term:
      id: GO:0070269
      label: pyroptotic inflammatory response
  downstream:
  - target: Diarrhea
    description: Epithelial damage and fluid/electrolyte loss drive diarrheal output.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.1007/s00253-023-12456-w
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: OTHER
      snippet: Lesions of the epithelium result in loss of electrolytes, water, and blood, leading to diarrhea, which flushes out mucus containing C. jejuni.
      explanation: Supports the causal relationship between epithelial injury and diarrheal output.
  - target: Bloody diarrhea
    description: Mucosal injury and inflammatory colitis contribute to blood in stool.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.3390/biom13010135
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: OTHER
      snippet: "Campylobacter jejuni is likely the most common bacterial cause of gastroenteritis worldwide, responsible for millions of cases of inflammatory diarrhea characterized by severe abdominal cramps and blood in the stool."
      explanation: Supports blood in stool as a direct downstream manifestation of inflammatory enteritis.
  - target: Abdominal pain
    description: Inflammatory enteritis and tissue injury contribute to cramping pain.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.3390/biom13010135
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: OTHER
      snippet: "Campylobacter jejuni is likely the most common bacterial cause of gastroenteritis worldwide, responsible for millions of cases of inflammatory diarrhea characterized by severe abdominal cramps and blood in the stool."
      explanation: Supports severe abdominal cramps as a downstream clinical manifestation.
  - target: Post-infectious immune sequelae
    description: Immune activation can persist beyond acute infection in a subset of patients.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.3390/biom13010135
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: OTHER
      snippet: Further, C. jejuni infections are associated with post-infection sequelae in developed countries and malnutrition and growth-stunting in low- and middle-income countries.
      explanation: Supports progression from acute inflammatory disease to post-infectious sequelae.
  evidence:
  - reference: DOI:10.1007/s00253-023-12456-w
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: OTHER
    snippet: "Lesions of the epithelium result in loss of electrolytes, water, and blood, leading to diarrhea, which flushes out mucus containing C. jejuni."
    explanation: Supports causal transition from epithelial injury to clinical gastrointestinal manifestations.
- name: Post-infectious immune sequelae
  description: Some patients develop delayed extraintestinal immune-mediated complications after acute Campylobacter infection.
  downstream:
  - target: Guillain-Barre syndrome
    description: Post-infectious autoimmunity can manifest as peripheral neuropathy.
    evidence:
    - reference: PMID:36430700
      reference_title: "Triggers of Guillain-Barré Syndrome: Campylobacter jejuni Predominates."
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: OTHER
      snippet: C. jejuni is responsible for about a third of GBS cases.
      explanation: Supports Campylobacter-triggered post-infectious autoimmunity as a major contributor to Guillain-Barre syndrome.
  - target: Post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome
    description: Persistent gut dysfunction can follow infectious colitis in a subset of patients.
    evidence:
    - reference: PMID:20856114
      reference_title: "Infectious colitis."
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: OTHER
      snippet: Also patients with infectious colitis, in particular Salmonella and Campylobacter, are at increased risk of postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease on long-term follow-up.
      explanation: Supports post-infectious IBS as a delayed sequela linked to Campylobacter enteric infection.
  evidence:
  - reference: DOI:10.3390/microorganisms12122669
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: OTHER
    snippet: "Late complications are reactive arthritis, Guillain–Barré syndrome, and Miller Fisher syndrome."
    explanation: Supports recognized post-infectious complications.
histopathology:
- name: Tight and adherens junction protein cleavage
  description: Intestinal epithelial barrier injury includes cleavage of occludin, claudin-8, and E-cadherin by Campylobacter-associated protease activity.
  evidence:
  - reference: DOI:10.3390/cells13030224
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: IN_VITRO
    snippet: We recently discovered that C. jejuni serine protease HtrA disrupts intestinal epithelial barrier functions via cleavage of the tight and adherens junction components occludin, claudin-8 and E-cadherin.
    explanation: Supports a specific microscopic epithelial junctional injury pattern in campylobacteriosis.
- name: Epithelial lesions with fluid and blood loss
  description: Mucosal epithelial lesions are associated with loss of electrolytes, water, and blood during acute enteritis.
  evidence:
  - reference: DOI:10.1007/s00253-023-12456-w
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: OTHER
    snippet: Lesions of the epithelium result in loss of electrolytes, water, and blood, leading to diarrhea, which flushes out mucus containing C. jejuni.
    explanation: Supports tissue-level epithelial lesion pathology linked to diarrheal and bloody stool manifestations.
phenotypes:
- name: Diarrhea
  description: Acute inflammatory diarrhea is the central clinical presentation of campylobacteriosis.
  phenotype_term:
    preferred_term: Diarrhea
    term:
      id: HP:0002014
      label: Diarrhea
  evidence:
  - reference: DOI:10.3390/biom13010135
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: OTHER
    snippet: "Campylobacter jejuni is likely the most common bacterial cause of gastroenteritis worldwide, responsible for millions of cases of inflammatory diarrhea characterized by severe abdominal cramps and blood in the stool."
    explanation: Directly supports diarrhea as a cardinal phenotype.
- name: Bloody diarrhea
  description: Invasive inflammatory disease may manifest with blood in stool.
  phenotype_term:
    preferred_term: Bloody diarrhea
    term:
      id: HP:0025085
      label: Bloody diarrhea
  evidence:
  - reference: DOI:10.3390/biom13010135
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: OTHER
    snippet: "Campylobacter jejuni is likely the most common bacterial cause of gastroenteritis worldwide, responsible for millions of cases of inflammatory diarrhea characterized by severe abdominal cramps and blood in the stool."
    explanation: The abstract explicitly reports blood in stool, supporting bloody diarrhea.
- name: Abdominal pain
  description: Patients commonly experience severe cramping abdominal pain during acute illness.
  phenotype_term:
    preferred_term: Abdominal pain
    term:
      id: HP:0002027
      label: Abdominal pain
  evidence:
  - reference: DOI:10.3390/biom13010135
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: OTHER
    snippet: "Campylobacter jejuni is likely the most common bacterial cause of gastroenteritis worldwide, responsible for millions of cases of inflammatory diarrhea characterized by severe abdominal cramps and blood in the stool."
    explanation: Severe abdominal cramps correspond to abdominal pain.
- name: Guillain-Barre syndrome
  description: A rare post-infectious autoimmune neuropathy occurring after Campylobacter infection.
  phenotype_term:
    preferred_term: Guillain-Barre syndrome
    term:
      id: MONDO:0016218
      label: Guillain-Barre syndrome
  evidence:
  - reference: DOI:10.3390/microorganisms12122669
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: OTHER
    snippet: "Late complications are reactive arthritis, Guillain–Barré syndrome, and Miller Fisher syndrome."
    explanation: Supports Guillain-Barre syndrome as a recognized post-infectious complication.
  - reference: PMID:36430700
    reference_title: "Triggers of Guillain-Barré Syndrome: Campylobacter jejuni Predominates."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: OTHER
    snippet: C. jejuni is responsible for about a third of GBS cases.
    explanation: Provides quantitative support that Campylobacter jejuni is a major trigger for Guillain-Barre syndrome.
- name: Fever
  description: Fever can occur during severe Campylobacter infection and may predominate in bacteremic presentations.
  phenotype_term:
    preferred_term: Fever
    term:
      id: HP:0001945
      label: Fever
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:36635328
    reference_title: "Clinical characteristics of Campylobacter bacteremia: a multicenter retrospective study."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: In summary, we found that nearly half of the patients with Campylobacter bacteremia presented with fever as a predominant manifestation without gastroenteritis symptoms.
    explanation: Supports fever as a clinically important phenotype in systemic Campylobacter disease.
- name: Reactive arthritis
  description: Reactive arthritis is a recognized post-infectious rheumatologic complication of campylobacteriosis.
  phenotype_term:
    preferred_term: reactive arthritis
    term:
      id: MONDO:0017376
      label: reactive arthritis
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:40395728
    reference_title: "Therapeutic and protective approaches to combat Campylobacter jejuni infections."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: OTHER
    snippet: As a consequence, infected individuals may acquire watery and/or bloody diarrhea associated with abdominal pain, and eventually post-infection illnesses of the neural system and joints, including the Guillain-Barré, Miller Fisher and Reiter syndromes.
    explanation: Supports reactive arthritis (Reiter syndrome) as a post-infectious complication.
- name: Miller Fisher syndrome
  description: Miller Fisher syndrome is a post-infectious neurologic complication associated with Campylobacter infection.
  phenotype_term:
    preferred_term: Miller Fisher syndrome
    term:
      id: MONDO:0005851
      label: Miller Fisher syndrome
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:40395728
    reference_title: "Therapeutic and protective approaches to combat Campylobacter jejuni infections."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: OTHER
    snippet: As a consequence, infected individuals may acquire watery and/or bloody diarrhea associated with abdominal pain, and eventually post-infection illnesses of the neural system and joints, including the Guillain-Barré, Miller Fisher and Reiter syndromes.
    explanation: Supports Miller Fisher syndrome as a recognized post-infectious neurologic sequela.
- name: Post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome
  description: A subset of patients develop chronic bowel dysfunction after resolved Campylobacter enteritis.
  phenotype_term:
    preferred_term: post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome
    term:
      id: MONDO:0005052
      label: irritable bowel syndrome
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:20856114
    reference_title: "Infectious colitis."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: OTHER
    snippet: Also patients with infectious colitis, in particular Salmonella and Campylobacter, are at increased risk of postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease on long-term follow-up.
    explanation: Supports PI-IBS as a recognized long-term sequela after Campylobacter-associated infectious colitis.
epidemiology:
- name: United States annual burden estimate
  description: Estimated annual case burden remains high in the United States.
  unit: cases per year
  factors:
  - foodborne transmission
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:30725718
    reference_title: "Campylobacter Infection."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: OTHER
    snippet: According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), there are about 1.3 million cases of Campylobacter infection each year in the United States alone.
    explanation: Supports the large annual domestic case burden.
- name: Pediatric incidence concentration
  description: Young children represent the highest-incidence age group in many settings.
  factors:
  - age under 5 years
  evidence:
  - reference: DOI:10.3390/microorganisms12122669
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: OTHER
    snippet: In the pediatric population, the 0–4 age group has the highest incidence of campylobacteriosis.
    explanation: Supports age-stratified incidence concentration in early childhood.
- name: Antimicrobial resistance pressure
  description: Increasing resistance, especially to fluoroquinolones and macrolides, affects treatment strategy and public health planning.
  factors:
  - fluoroquinolone resistance
  - macrolide resistance
  evidence:
  - reference: DOI:10.3390/microorganisms12122669
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: OTHER
    snippet: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has identified antibiotic resistance in Campylobacter as a ‘significant public health threat’ due to increasing resistance to FQs or macrolides.
    explanation: Supports AMR as a key epidemiologic pressure point.
prevalence:
- population: Global
  notes: Leading bacterial diarrheal and foodborne illness burden worldwide.
  evidence:
  - reference: DOI:10.3390/microorganisms12122669
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: OTHER
    snippet: "Campylobacteriosis is a leading cause of infectious diarrhea and foodborne illness worldwide."
    explanation: Supports substantial global disease burden.
- population: United States
  notes: Annual burden is commonly reported as case counts rather than percent prevalence.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:30725718
    reference_title: "Campylobacter Infection."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: OTHER
    snippet: According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), there are about 1.3 million cases of Campylobacter infection each year in the United States alone.
    explanation: Supports commonly cited annual case burden in the US.
- population: Finland domestic cases (pilot case-control study, 2022)
  percentage: 39
  evidence:
  - reference: DOI:10.3390/microorganisms12010132
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: "Based on the case-control study, we estimated that of all cases, 39% were of domestic origin."
    explanation: Provides a country-specific surveillance estimate from human case-control data.
diagnosis:
- name: Stool culture and molecular confirmation
  description: Campylobacter diagnosis is typically based on stool testing with culture and/or molecular assays.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:26962088
    reference_title: "Multicenter Evaluation of Clinical Diagnostic Methods for Detection and Isolation of Campylobacter spp. from Stool."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: We conducted a prospective, multicenter study to evaluate the performance of stool antigen CIDTs compared to culture and PCR for Campylobacter detection.
    explanation: Supports culture/PCR as key diagnostic modalities in clinical stool testing.
- name: Avoid standalone stool antigen CIDTs
  description: Stool antigen assays show variable performance and should not be used as standalone diagnostics without confirmatory testing.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:26962088
    reference_title: "Multicenter Evaluation of Clinical Diagnostic Methods for Detection and Isolation of Campylobacter spp. from Stool."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: Given the relatively low incidence of Campylobacter disease and the generally poor diagnostic test characteristics, this study calls into question the use of commercially available stool antigen CIDTs as standalone tests for direct detection of Campylobacter in stool.
    explanation: Supports caution regarding standalone antigen-based diagnosis.
differential_diagnoses:
- name: Shigellosis
  description: Shigellosis can present with acute inflammatory diarrhea and abdominal pain similar to campylobacteriosis.
  disease_term:
    preferred_term: shigellosis
    term:
      id: MONDO:0019345
      label: shigellosis
  distinguishing_features:
  - Often associated with very low infectious dose and person-to-person spread.
  - Stool diagnostics with organism-specific culture/PCR can distinguish Shigella from Campylobacter.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:20856114
    reference_title: "Infectious colitis."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: OTHER
    snippet: The purpose of this review is to highlight the recent advances in knowledge of pathogens causing infectious colitis. We describe the various pathogens and specifically focus on enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7, Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, and Entamoeba histolytica infections, and their impact on long-term effects, including postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease.
    explanation: Supports Shigella as a core alternate pathogen in the differential diagnosis of Campylobacter-associated infectious colitis.
- name: Clostridioides difficile infection
  description: C. difficile colitis can mimic campylobacteriosis with diarrhea and abdominal pain, especially in recently antibiotic-exposed patients.
  disease_term:
    preferred_term: Clostridium difficile colitis
    term:
      id: MONDO:0000705
      label: Clostridium difficile colitis
  distinguishing_features:
  - Often linked to recent antibiotic exposure and healthcare-associated settings.
  - Toxin testing and organism-specific stool assays differentiate C. difficile from Campylobacter.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:28613708
    reference_title: "Clostridioides difficile infection."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: OTHER
    snippet: C difficile infections can range from an asymptomatic carrier to diarrhea, progressing to severe conditions such as pseudomembranous colitis and toxic megacolon with septic shock, often resulting in a high mortality rate.
    explanation: Supports C. difficile as a clinically important diarrheal colitis differential that can mimic severe infectious enterocolitis presentations.
environmental:
- name: Poultry and raw milk food-exposure risk
  description: Food handling and ingestion exposures involving undercooked poultry and unpasteurized dairy are major environmental drivers of campylobacteriosis.
  effect: Increases risk of primary gastrointestinal infection.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:40395728
    reference_title: "Therapeutic and protective approaches to combat Campylobacter jejuni infections."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: OTHER
    snippet: In particular, the ingestion of under-cooked rooster meat, raw milk and contaminated water, as well as cross-contamination of ready-to-eat food after handling raw chicken meat, are responsible for the majority of C. jejuni infections.
    explanation: Supports poultry, raw milk, and cross-contamination as dominant environmental acquisition risks.
- name: Water-system and weather-associated contamination risk
  description: Contaminated recreational/drinking water, treatment failures, and heavy rainfall events contribute to environmental transmission risk.
  effect: Increases risk of waterborne Campylobacter outbreaks.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:41280732
    reference_title: "Giardia and Campylobacter: Fifteen years (2010-2024) of waterborne outbreaks in Europe."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: OTHER
    snippet: Recreational and drinking water sources were the most commonly implicated, with contamination events often associated with specific incidents or treatment failures, and heavy rainfall suggested as contributing factor to pathogen entry.
    explanation: Supports environmental water-system vulnerabilities and weather-linked contamination pathways.
- name: Host vulnerability context
  description: Individual host factors influence risk of severe or prolonged disease after environmental exposure.
  effect: Increases probability of complicated clinical course and treatment need.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:30725718
    reference_title: "Campylobacter Infection."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: OTHER
    snippet: Immunocompromised and elderly patients are at the highest risk for morbidity, mortality, and prolonged illness.
    explanation: Supports host vulnerability as a modifier of disease severity and duration.
  - reference: DOI:10.3390/microorganisms12122669
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: OTHER
    snippet: Host factors, including malnutrition, immunodeficiency, and malignancy, can also influence the decision to treat.
    explanation: Supports host-risk context for clinically significant disease requiring treatment decisions.
treatments:
- name: Targeted antibiotic therapy for severe intestinal infection
  description: Antimicrobial therapy is recommended selectively for severe disease rather than routine mild gastroenteritis.
  treatment_term:
    preferred_term: pharmacotherapy
    term:
      id: MAXO:0000058
      label: pharmacotherapy
  evidence:
  - reference: DOI:10.3390/microorganisms12122669
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: OTHER
    snippet: "Regarding the use of specific antimicrobial therapy, international guidelines agree in recommending it for severe intestinal infections."
    explanation: Supports severity-based use of antibiotics.
- name: Resistance-informed antibiotic selection
  description: High quinolone resistance with comparatively preserved macrolide susceptibility should guide empiric and definitive antibiotic choices.
  treatment_term:
    preferred_term: pharmacotherapy
    term:
      id: MAXO:0000058
      label: pharmacotherapy
  evidence:
  - reference: DOI:10.3390/antibiotics13090904
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: OTHER
    snippet: "The analysis reveals a concerning trend of increasing resistance patterns, particularly to CIP and TET, across multiple regions."
    explanation: Supports antimicrobial stewardship and local susceptibility-guided therapy.
  - reference: PMID:37910310
    reference_title: "Trends, clinical characteristics, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, and outcomes of Campylobacter bacteraemia: a multicentre retrospective study."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: Quinolone resistance was high (59%), whereas only 4% of isolates exhibited macrolide resistance.
    explanation: Supports selecting agents based on resistance patterns, with quinolone resistance substantially exceeding macrolide resistance.
  - reference: PMID:41566887
    reference_title: "Clinical risk factors and antimicrobial resistance associated with campylobacteriosis in Melbourne, Australia: a retrospective analysis."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: From our cohort of 331 patients over 3 years, there was 22% ciprofloxacin resistance and 100% susceptibility to erythromycin.
    explanation: Supports preserved erythromycin susceptibility in a recent adult clinical cohort.
- name: Intravenous antibiotic therapy for fever-predominant bacteremia
  description: Fever-predominant bacteremic presentations often require intravenous antibiotics and longer treatment courses.
  treatment_term:
    preferred_term: pharmacotherapy
    term:
      id: MAXO:0000058
      label: pharmacotherapy
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:36635328
    reference_title: "Clinical characteristics of Campylobacter bacteremia: a multicenter retrospective study."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: "Patients with the FP type underwent intravenous antibiotic therapy more frequently (47.6% vs. 88.9%), and their treatment (median: 5 days vs. 13 days) and hospitalization (median: 7 days vs. 21 days) periods were significantly longer."
    explanation: Supports escalation to intravenous antibiotic therapy with longer duration in fever-predominant bacteremic disease.
clinical_trials:
- name: NCT02280044
  phase: NOT_APPLICABLE
  status: COMPLETED
  description: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled inpatient human challenge study evaluating rifaximin prophylaxis against C. jejuni campylobacteriosis.
  target_phenotypes:
  - preferred_term: Diarrhea
    term:
      id: HP:0002014
      label: Diarrhea
  evidence:
  - reference: clinicaltrials:NCT02280044
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: This study is a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, in-patient trial evaluating the prophylactic efficacy of rifaximin against campylobacteriosis following challenge with C. jejuni.
    explanation: Demonstrates interventional trial evidence focused on prevention of Campylobacter-mediated diarrheal disease.
- name: NCT06122870
  phase: PHASE_I
  status: COMPLETED
  description: Double-blind, placebo-controlled human challenge study of hyperimmune bovine colostrum (CampETEC HBC) to prevent moderate-severe C. jejuni diarrheal disease.
  target_phenotypes:
  - preferred_term: Diarrhea
    term:
      id: HP:0002014
      label: Diarrhea
  evidence:
  - reference: clinicaltrials:NCT06122870
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: The purpose of this study are to assess the safety and tolerability of serum-derived bovine immunoglobulins in healthy adult subjects when orally administered and to estimate protective efficacy of those preparations against moderate-severe diarrhea upon challenge with Campylobacter C. jejuni strain CG8421.
    explanation: Supports ongoing translational prevention strategy targeting Campylobacter challenge-associated diarrheal outcomes.
datasets:
- accession: geo:GSE36701
  title: Gene expression analysis of rectal mucosa in chronic irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) compared to healthy volunteers (HV)
  description: Microarray expression dataset including post-infectious context related to prior Campylobacter jejuni exposure.
  organism:
    preferred_term: human
    term:
      id: NCBITaxon:9606
      label: Homo sapiens
  data_type: MICROARRAY
  sample_types:
  - preferred_term: rectal mucosa
    term:
      id: UBERON:0001155
      label: colon
    tissue_term:
      preferred_term: colon
      term:
        id: UBERON:0001155
        label: colon
  sample_count: 93
  conditions:
  - irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea
  - healthy volunteer controls
  - post-infectious gastrointestinal phenotype context
  publication: PMID:33530940
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:33530940
    reference_title: "Identification of potential biomarkers for abdominal pain in IBS patients by bioinformatics approach."
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: COMPUTATIONAL
    snippet: "METHODS: Gene expression data (GSE36701) was downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus database."
    explanation: Confirms the GEO accession used for downstream bioinformatic analysis relevant to post-infectious gastrointestinal phenotypes.
  notes: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE36701
references:
- reference: DOI:10.1080/87559129.2021.1942487
  title: A Review on Campylobacteriosis Associated with Poultry Meat Consumption
  found_in:
  - Campylobacteriosis-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: A Review on Campylobacteriosis Associated with Poultry Meat Consumption
    supporting_text: A Review on Campylobacteriosis Associated with Poultry Meat Consumption
- reference: DOI:10.1099/mgen.0.001284
  title: Capturing clinically relevant Campylobacter attributes through direct whole genome sequencing of stool
  found_in:
  - Campylobacteriosis-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: Campylobacter is the leading bacterial cause of infectious intestinal disease, but the pathogen typically accounts for a very small proportion of the overall stool microbiome in each patient.
    supporting_text: Campylobacter is the leading bacterial cause of infectious intestinal disease, but the pathogen typically accounts for a very small proportion of the overall stool microbiome in each patient.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.1099/mgen.0.001284
      reference_title: Capturing clinically relevant Campylobacter attributes through direct whole genome sequencing of stool
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
      snippet: Campylobacter is the leading bacterial cause of infectious intestinal disease, but the pathogen typically accounts for a very small proportion of the overall stool microbiome in each patient.
      explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Campylobacteriosis.
- reference: DOI:10.1128/msphere.00560-24
  title: Diversity of <i>Campylobacter</i> spp. circulating in a rhesus macaque ( <i>Macaca mulatta</i> ) breeding colony using culture and molecular methods
  found_in:
  - Campylobacteriosis-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli represent the leading causes of bacterial gastroenteritis in humans, and infections can produce post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS).
    supporting_text: Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli represent the leading causes of bacterial gastroenteritis in humans, and infections can produce post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS).
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.1128/msphere.00560-24
      reference_title: Diversity of <i>Campylobacter</i> spp. circulating in a rhesus macaque ( <i>Macaca mulatta</i> ) breeding colony using culture and molecular methods
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: MODEL_ORGANISM
      snippet: Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli represent the leading causes of bacterial gastroenteritis in humans, and infections can produce post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS).
      explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Campylobacteriosis.
- reference: DOI:10.1128/spectrum.01028-24
  title: Genotypic characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility of human <i>Campylobacter jejuni</i> isolates in Southern Spain
  found_in:
  - Campylobacteriosis-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: Campylobacter jejuni is the main cause of bacterial gastroenteritis and a public health problem worldwide.
    supporting_text: Campylobacter jejuni is the main cause of bacterial gastroenteritis and a public health problem worldwide.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.1128/spectrum.01028-24
      reference_title: Genotypic characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility of human <i>Campylobacter jejuni</i> isolates in Southern Spain
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
      snippet: Campylobacter jejuni is the main cause of bacterial gastroenteritis and a public health problem worldwide.
      explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Campylobacteriosis.
- reference: DOI:10.1186/s12879-024-09709-y
  title: Burden and epidemiology of Campylobacter species in acute enteritis cases in Burkina Faso
  found_in:
  - Campylobacteriosis-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: Burden and epidemiology of Campylobacter species in acute enteritis cases in Burkina Faso
    supporting_text: Burden and epidemiology of Campylobacter species in acute enteritis cases in Burkina Faso
- reference: DOI:10.1186/s12929-024-01033-6
  title: 'Campylobacter jejuni virulence factors: update on emerging issues and trends'
  found_in:
  - Campylobacteriosis-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: Campylobacter jejuni is a very common cause of gastroenteritis, and is frequently transmitted to humans through contaminated food products or water.
    supporting_text: Campylobacter jejuni is a very common cause of gastroenteritis, and is frequently transmitted to humans through contaminated food products or water.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.1186/s12929-024-01033-6
      reference_title: 'Campylobacter jejuni virulence factors: update on emerging issues and trends'
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
      snippet: Campylobacter jejuni is a very common cause of gastroenteritis, and is frequently transmitted to humans through contaminated food products or water.
      explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Campylobacteriosis.
- reference: DOI:10.3390/ani13081334
  title: A Systematic Review on the Role of Wildlife as Carriers and Spreaders of Campylobacter spp.
  found_in:
  - Campylobacteriosis-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: Campylobacter spp. are important zoonotic pathogens and can cause one of the main bacterial diarrheal diseases worldwide.
    supporting_text: Campylobacter spp. are important zoonotic pathogens and can cause one of the main bacterial diarrheal diseases worldwide.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.3390/ani13081334
      reference_title: A Systematic Review on the Role of Wildlife as Carriers and Spreaders of Campylobacter spp.
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: OTHER
      snippet: Campylobacter spp. are important zoonotic pathogens and can cause one of the main bacterial diarrheal diseases worldwide.
      explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Campylobacteriosis.
- reference: DOI:10.3390/app14083373
  title: 'Exploring the Contribution of Campylobacter jejuni to Post-Infectious Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Literature Review'
  found_in:
  - Campylobacteriosis-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: This comprehensive review investigates the specific impact of the foodborne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) on gastrointestinal health, focusing on its connection to post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS).
    supporting_text: This comprehensive review investigates the specific impact of the foodborne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) on gastrointestinal health, focusing on its connection to post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS).
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.3390/app14083373
      reference_title: 'Exploring the Contribution of Campylobacter jejuni to Post-Infectious Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Literature Review'
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: OTHER
      snippet: This comprehensive review investigates the specific impact of the foodborne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) on gastrointestinal health, focusing on its connection to post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS).
      explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Campylobacteriosis.
- reference: DOI:10.3390/microorganisms12030426
  title: Phenotypic Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Human Campylobacter Species Isolated in Northwest Italy, 2020–2023
  found_in:
  - Campylobacteriosis-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: The spread of antimicrobial resistant Campylobacter strains, linked to antimicrobials use and abuse in humans and food animals, has become a global public health problem.
    supporting_text: The spread of antimicrobial resistant Campylobacter strains, linked to antimicrobials use and abuse in humans and food animals, has become a global public health problem.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.3390/microorganisms12030426
      reference_title: Phenotypic Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Human Campylobacter Species Isolated in Northwest Italy, 2020–2023
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
      snippet: The spread of antimicrobial resistant Campylobacter strains, linked to antimicrobials use and abuse in humans and food animals, has become a global public health problem.
      explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Campylobacteriosis.
- reference: DOI:10.3390/pathogens13020147
  title: Epidemiological Data and Antimicrobial Resistance of Campylobacter spp. in Portugal from 13 Years of Surveillance
  found_in:
  - Campylobacteriosis-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: This study extensively analyzed campylobacteriosis surveillance in Portugal from 2009 to 2021, aiming to investigate demographic shifts, seasonal variations, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) within Campylobacter isolates.
    supporting_text: This study extensively analyzed campylobacteriosis surveillance in Portugal from 2009 to 2021, aiming to investigate demographic shifts, seasonal variations, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) within Campylobacter isolates.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.3390/pathogens13020147
      reference_title: Epidemiological Data and Antimicrobial Resistance of Campylobacter spp. in Portugal from 13 Years of Surveillance
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
      snippet: This study extensively analyzed campylobacteriosis surveillance in Portugal from 2009 to 2021, aiming to investigate demographic shifts, seasonal variations, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) within Campylobacter isolates.
      explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Campylobacteriosis.
- reference: DOI:10.36380/jwpr.2023.19
  title: 'Campylobacteriosis in Poultry: A Review'
  found_in:
  - Campylobacteriosis-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: Campylobacter is common in poultry, including layer and broiler chickens, geese, ducks, and turkeys.
    supporting_text: Campylobacter is common in poultry, including layer and broiler chickens, geese, ducks, and turkeys.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.36380/jwpr.2023.19
      reference_title: 'Campylobacteriosis in Poultry: A Review'
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: OTHER
      snippet: Campylobacter is common in poultry, including layer and broiler chickens, geese, ducks, and turkeys.
      explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Campylobacteriosis.
- reference: DOI:10.5455/ovj.2024.v14.i8.1
  title: 'Campylobacteriosis: A rising threat in foodborne illnesses'
  found_in:
  - Campylobacteriosis-deep-research-falcon.md
  findings:
  - statement: Campylobacteriosis is a foodborne illness that is contracted by eating contaminated food, particularly animal products like meat from diseased animals or corpses tainted with harmful germs.
    supporting_text: Campylobacteriosis is a foodborne illness that is contracted by eating contaminated food, particularly animal products like meat from diseased animals or corpses tainted with harmful germs.
    evidence:
    - reference: DOI:10.5455/ovj.2024.v14.i8.1
      reference_title: 'Campylobacteriosis: A rising threat in foodborne illnesses'
      supports: SUPPORT
      evidence_source: OTHER
      snippet: Campylobacteriosis is a foodborne illness that is contracted by eating contaminated food, particularly animal products like meat from diseased animals or corpses tainted with harmful germs.
      explanation: Deep research cited this publication as relevant literature for Campylobacteriosis.

Topic	Key quantitative/statements	Source (author/year/journal)	URL	Evidence context ID
Definition	Acute zoonotic bacterial infection of the gastrointestinal tract or blood caused by Campylobacter spp.; enteric infections are most commonly associated with C. jejuni (island2024guidelinesforthe pages 1-5)	PE Island 2024 / guidelines document	N/A	(island2024guidelinesforthe pages 1-5)
Main causative species	C. jejuni and C. coli cause the vast majority of human disease; one review states C. jejuni causes >80% and C. coli up to ~18.6% of human Campylobacter disease (khairullah2024campylobacteriosisarising pages 2-3)	Khairullah et al. 2024 / Open Veterinary Journal	https://doi.org/10.5455/ovj.2024.v14.i8.1	(khairullah2024campylobacteriosisarising pages 2-3)
Common transmission sources	Major routes include contaminated poultry meat/products, untreated water, and contact with infected animals or contaminated environments; poultry is the primary reservoir/source (tikhomirova2024campylobacterjejunivirulence pages 1-2, khairullah2024campylobacteriosisarising pages 2-3)	Tikhomirova et al. 2024 / Journal of Biomedical Science; Khairullah et al. 2024 / Open Veterinary Journal	https://doi.org/10.1186/s12929-024-01033-6; https://doi.org/10.5455/ovj.2024.v14.i8.1	(tikhomirova2024campylobacterjejunivirulence pages 1-2, khairullah2024campylobacteriosisarising pages 2-3)
Incubation and duration	Incubation typically 24–72 h (Finland review/study) and often 2–5 days in broader review literature; illness usually lasts about 1 week, sometimes up to 10 days (suominen2024campylobacteriosisinfinland pages 1-2, tikhomirova2024campylobacterjejunivirulence pages 1-2, myintzaw2023areviewon pages 4-6)	Suominen et al. 2024 / Microorganisms; Tikhomirova et al. 2024 / Journal of Biomedical Science; Myintzaw et al. 2023 / Food Reviews International	https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12010132; https://doi.org/10.1186/s12929-024-01033-6; https://doi.org/10.1080/87559129.2021.1942487	(suominen2024campylobacteriosisinfinland pages 1-2, tikhomirova2024campylobacterjejunivirulence pages 1-2, myintzaw2023areviewon pages 4-6)
Key symptoms	Diarrhea (sometimes bloody), abdominal pain/cramping, fever, nausea, vomiting, malaise; asymptomatic infection can occur (myintzaw2023areviewon pages 1-4, island2024guidelinesforthe pages 1-5)	Myintzaw et al. 2023 / Food Reviews International; PE Island 2024 / guidelines document	https://doi.org/10.1080/87559129.2021.1942487; N/A	(myintzaw2023areviewon pages 1-4, island2024guidelinesforthe pages 1-5)
Major sequelae	Major post-infectious sequelae include Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS), reactive arthritis, Miller Fisher syndrome, and post-infectious IBS; one review notes GBS risk about 1/1,000 to 1/5,000 infections (myintzaw2023areviewon pages 1-4, olveraramirez2023asystematicreview pages 1-2, myintzaw2023areviewon pages 4-6)	Myintzaw et al. 2023 / Food Reviews International; Olvera-Ramírez et al. 2023 / Animals	https://doi.org/10.1080/87559129.2021.1942487; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13081334	(myintzaw2023areviewon pages 1-4, olveraramirez2023asystematicreview pages 1-2, myintzaw2023areviewon pages 4-6)
Finland epidemiology (2024)	In Finland pilot case-control/WGS study, 39% of cases were estimated domestic; WGS found 22 clusters among 185 domestic cases, none reported to the outbreak register; 41% of notifications lacked travel history (suominen2024campylobacteriosisinfinland pages 1-2)	Suominen et al. 2024 / Microorganisms	https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12010132	(suominen2024campylobacteriosisinfinland pages 1-2)
Burkina Faso epidemiology (2024)	Real-time PCR detected Campylobacter in 25.0% (324/1,295) of acute gastroenteritis samples; 95% of positives were in children <5 years (308/324) (badjo2024burdenandepidemiology pages 1-2)	Badjo et al. 2024 / BMC Infectious Diseases	https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-024-09709-y	(badjo2024burdenandepidemiology pages 1-2)
Portugal epidemiology (2024 analysis of 2009–2021 surveillance)	5,205 non-duplicated human isolates analyzed; ~50% of isolates were not notified in some years, indicating substantial under-reporting; 77.7% of cases were pediatric, with 1–4 years the highest annual age group; mean age 12.79 years (duarte2024epidemiologicaldataand pages 4-6, duarte2024epidemiologicaldataand pages 1-2)	Duarte et al. 2024 / Pathogens	https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13020147	(duarte2024epidemiologicaldataand pages 4-6, duarte2024epidemiologicaldataand pages 1-2)
Diagnostics: CIDT/PCR shift	FoodNet reported continuing increases in infections diagnosed by CIDTs in 2023 and decreasing percentages yielding culture isolates; 29,607 infections, 7,234 hospitalizations, and 177 deaths were reported in 2023 across the expanded catchment (shah2024…commonlythrough pages 1-2)	Shah 2024 / FoodNet report	N/A	(shah2024…commonlythrough pages 1-2)
Diagnostics: direct stool WGS	In 37 Campylobacter-positive diarrheal stools, detection was 65% by direct metagenomic sequencing, 73% by culture, and 97% by qPCR; for assemblies >60% completeness, species ID was 100%, ST assignment 72%, and AMR determinant identification 95%; thresholds included >12,500 Campylobacter reads and >5× coverage (djeghout2024capturingclinicallyrelevant pages 7-9, djeghout2024capturingclinicallyrelevant pages 9-11, djeghout2024capturingclinicallyrelevant pages 1-2)	Djeghout et al. 2024 / Microbial Genomics	https://doi.org/10.1099/mgen.0.001284	(djeghout2024capturingclinicallyrelevant pages 7-9, djeghout2024capturingclinicallyrelevant pages 9-11, djeghout2024capturingclinicallyrelevant pages 1-2)
Diagnostics: public-health WGS use	WGS improves outbreak detection and source attribution; Finland authors recommend sequencing all domestic isolates because unrecognized clusters were found despite no outbreak reports (suominen2024campylobacteriosisinfinland pages 1-2)	Suominen et al. 2024 / Microorganisms	https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12010132	(suominen2024campylobacteriosisinfinland pages 1-2)
Antimicrobial resistance: Italy 2020–2023	Among 820 human isolates, 80.1% were resistant to ≥1 antibiotic; ciprofloxacin 72.1%, tetracycline 52.9%, erythromycin 3.2%, aminoglycosides 5.4%; MDR 5.7% (tramuta2024phenotypicantimicrobialresistance pages 2-4)	Tramuta et al. 2024 / Microorganisms	https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12030426	(tramuta2024phenotypicantimicrobialresistance pages 2-4)
Antimicrobial resistance: Portugal 2009–2021	Among 2,174 isolates tested, ciprofloxacin resistance 94.2% overall (93.7% C. jejuni, 96.5% C. coli), tetracycline 81.6% overall, erythromycin 11.8% overall but 52.3% in C. coli vs 3.3% in C. jejuni; gentamicin resistance 0.5% (duarte2024epidemiologicaldataand pages 7-8)	Duarte et al. 2024 / Pathogens	https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13020147	(duarte2024epidemiologicaldataand pages 7-8)
Antimicrobial resistance + WGS determinants: Spain 2020–2023	In 114 human C. jejuni isolates, ciprofloxacin resistance 90.3%, tetracycline 66.7%, erythromycin 0.88%; key determinants: gyrA T86I 88.9%, CmeABC 92.1%, RE-CmeABC 7.9%, blaOXA-61 72.6%, tet(O) 65.8%, ant(6)-Ia 17.1%; GBS-related wlaN/cstIII in 20.1% (fernandezpalacios2024genotypiccharacterizationand pages 1-2)	Fernández-Palacios et al. 2024 / Microbiology Spectrum	https://doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.01028-24	(fernandezpalacios2024genotypiccharacterizationand pages 1-2)
Vaccine trial: CJCV1	Phase 1 completed trial of intramuscular capsule-conjugate vaccine CJCV1 with/without alum; 48 healthy adults, 2 vaccinations, dose escalation 2/5/10 μg; prevention purpose; MeSH condition listed as “Campylobacter Infections” (NCT02067676 chunk 1, NCT02067676 chunk 2)	ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02067676	https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02067676	(NCT02067676 chunk 1, NCT02067676 chunk 2)
Vaccine trial: CJCV2	First-in-human Phase 1 randomized, double-blind trial of CJCV2 with/without ALFQ; 59 participants, three IM vaccinations, 1/3/10 μg dose levels; primary aim safety, secondary aim capsule-specific IgG immunogenicity (NCT05500417 chunk 1, NCT05500417 chunk 2)	ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05500417	https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05500417	(NCT05500417 chunk 1, NCT05500417 chunk 2)