This resource is in its pre-alpha development stage. Content is actively being curated and may be incomplete or subject to change.

Akinetopsia

Complex MONDO:0000660 agnosia mental disorder

Akinetopsia (motion blindness) is a rare visual cortical disorder characterized by impaired perception of visual motion, with moving objects perceived as disjointed jumps or freeze-frames. The condition is linked to dysfunction of motion-processing regions in the visual cortex, especially area V5/MT.

0
Mappings
0
Definitions
0
Inheritance
10
Pathophysiology
0
Histopathology
2
Phenotypes
0
Genes
2
Treatments
2
Subtypes
3
Differentials
0
Datasets
0
Trials
◆

Subtypes

2
Cinematographic vision
Akinetopsia subtype characterized by perceiving motion as a series of discrete frames (cinematographic vision).
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:31036340 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"Two types of akinetopsia have been reported: one is cinematographic vision, and the other is invisibility of moving objects."
This report describes cinematographic vision as one of two reported akinetopsia subtypes.
Invisibility of moving objects
Akinetopsia subtype characterized by failure to perceive moving objects.
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:31036340 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"Two types of akinetopsia have been reported: one is cinematographic vision, and the other is invisibility of moving objects."
This report describes invisibility of moving objects as the second akinetopsia subtype.
⚙

Pathophysiology

10
V5/MT motion-processing cortex dysfunction
The disorder reflects disruption of cortical area V5/MT, a key node for visual motion perception, leading to failure of normal motion integration.
neuron link
visual cortex link secondary visual cortex link
Show evidence (3 references)
PMID:39996018 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"Despite its profound impact, the condition remains poorly understood beyond the established centrality of cortical area V5/MT in visual motion perception."
This systematic review highlights V5/MT as central to motion perception, supporting V5/MT dysfunction as a core mechanism.
PMID:27193360 PARTIAL Human Clinical
"akinetopsia (cortical syndrome in which patient losses the ability to perceive visual motion)"
This review defines akinetopsia as a cortical syndrome with loss of visual motion perception.
PMID:37938052 PARTIAL Human Clinical
"Our results revealed distinct characteristics for the various etiologies of this phenomenon in addition to a shared pathophysiologic pathway among them."
This systematic review supports a shared pathophysiologic pathway across akinetopsia etiologies.
Left V5/MT susceptibility to acute interference
In right-handed individuals, left V5/MT appears particularly susceptible to acute interference during experimental disruption, implicating hemispheric vulnerability in motion perception.
secondary visual cortex link
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:39996018 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"Pathophysiologically, in right-handed individuals, the left area V5/MT was found to be particularly susceptible to acute interference, as evidenced by the experimental studies."
This indicates left V5/MT vulnerability to acute interference in experimental cases.
Right-hemispheric V5/MT predominance in clinical cases
Clinical cases more often involve right-hemispheric V5/MT afflictions, suggesting dominance of the right V5/MT in motion perception.
secondary visual cortex link
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:39996018 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"we found a greater prevalence of right-hemispheric afflictions in clinical cases, suggesting that the right area V5/MT plays a more dominant role in motion perception."
This supports right-hemisphere predominance for motion perception in clinical akinetopsia.
Severity depends on surviving motion network components and stimulus speed
The severity of motion blindness depends on remaining components of the visual motion network and the speed of moving objects.
neuron link
visual cortex link secondary visual cortex link
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:39996018 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"the severity of the condition also depends on surviving components of the visual motion network as a whole, and-in line with the dynamic parallellism theory-the speed of moving objects."
This supports network redundancy and stimulus speed as modifiers of symptom severity.
Structural neurological damage to motion network
Structural neurological conditions such as stroke or neurodegenerative disease most often underlie akinetopsia by damaging cortical motion processing regions.
neuron link
visual cortex link secondary visual cortex link
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:39996018 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"Aetiologically, most cases were associated with structural neurological conditions such as stroke and neurodegenerative disease, and fewer with intoxications or paroxysmal neurological disorders such as epilepsy."
This supports structural neurological disease as the dominant mechanism leading to motion network damage.
Paroxysmal or intoxication-related cortical dysfunction
A subset of cases arise from transient cortical dysfunction due to intoxications or paroxysmal neurological disorders such as epilepsy.
neuron link
visual cortex link secondary visual cortex link
Show evidence (2 references)
PMID:39996018 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"Aetiologically, most cases were associated with structural neurological conditions such as stroke and neurodegenerative disease, and fewer with intoxications or paroxysmal neurological disorders such as epilepsy."
This indicates that intoxications and paroxysmal disorders can underlie akinetopsia in some cases.
PMID:25667833 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"We describe a patient who showed akinetopsia recurrently as epileptic seizures."
This case report documents epileptic seizures presenting as recurrent akinetopsia.
Epileptic hyperexcitability of MT/V5 cortex
Paroxysmal hyperexcitability in right temporal and parietal cortices, including MT/V5, can trigger akinetopsia episodes.
secondary visual cortex link
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:25667833 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"We diagnosed his visual symptom as akinetopsia, which was aroused by hyperexcitability of the right temporal and parietal cortices, including area MT/V5."
This case report attributes akinetopsia to hyperexcitability in right temporal/parietal cortices including MT/V5.
Induced disruption from TMS or medications
Akinetopsia can be induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation or certain medications, implying reversible disruption of motion-processing circuits.
neuron link
visual cortex link secondary visual cortex link
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:40605075 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"Recent cases have demonstrated that it is not necessarily attributed only to vascular causes and neurodegenerative diseases but can also be induced through transcranial magnetic stimulation, and certain medications."
This review documents TMS- and medication-induced akinetopsia, supporting reversible circuit disruption mechanisms.
Bilateral V5/MT lesions
Bilateral injury to V5/MT within the secondary visual cortex disrupts motion-processing circuitry.
secondary visual cortex link
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:39996018 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"Bilateral lesions to V5/MT most often coincided with global akinetopsia and chronicity."
This links bilateral V5/MT lesions to downstream global and chronic akinetopsia.
Global akinetopsia with chronic course
Global motion blindness with chronicity most often occurs when V5/MT is affected bilaterally.
secondary visual cortex link
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:39996018 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"Bilateral lesions to V5/MT most often coincided with global akinetopsia and chronicity."
This supports global and chronic akinetopsia as a frequent outcome of bilateral V5/MT lesions.
●

Phenotypes

2
Eye(1) Nervous System(1)
Eye 1
Hemiakinetopsia Visual field defect (HP:0001123)
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:39996018 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"Of the clinical cases, 12% showed hemiakinetopsia, 50% continuous or progressive symptoms, and 52% a chronic course."
This review quantifies hemiakinetopsia among clinical cases.
Nervous System 1
Visual motion blindness with freeze-frame perception Visual agnosia (HP:0030222)
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:39996018 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"Akinetopsia, or visual motion blindness, is a perceptual distortion characteristic of Alice in Wonderland syndrome in which people see moving objects as disjointed 'jumps' or 'freeze frames.'"
This description of motion blindness with freeze-frame perception supports the core phenotype.
💊

Treatments

2
Treat underlying condition MAXO:0000001
Treatment is most effective when directed at the underlying cause, while cases due to organic lesions may be therapy-resistant.
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:39996018 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"Treatments were mostly successful when they were aimed at the underlying condition, while cases due to organic lesions tended to be therapy-resistant."
This review indicates treatment success when targeting the underlying condition and resistance in organic lesions.
Carbamazepine for seizure-related akinetopsia MAXO:0000058
Drug: carbamazepine ↗
Antiepileptic therapy can suppress akinetopsia when episodes are driven by epileptic hyperexcitability.
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:25667833 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"We administered carbamazepine 200 mg/day, which suppressed his akinetopsic symptom completely."
This case report shows carbamazepine suppressed seizure-related akinetopsia.
🌍

Environmental Factors

4
Structural neurological lesions
Structural brain conditions such as stroke and neurodegenerative disease are common etiologic contexts for akinetopsia.
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:39996018 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"Aetiologically, most cases were associated with structural neurological conditions such as stroke and neurodegenerative disease, and fewer with intoxications or paroxysmal neurological disorders such as epilepsy."
The review reports structural neurological conditions as the dominant etiologic context.
Intoxications or paroxysmal neurological disorders
Some cases are associated with intoxications or paroxysmal disorders such as epilepsy.
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:39996018 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"Aetiologically, most cases were associated with structural neurological conditions such as stroke and neurodegenerative disease, and fewer with intoxications or paroxysmal neurological disorders such as epilepsy."
This supports intoxications and paroxysmal disorders as less common etiologies.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation exposure
Akinetopsia has been reported after transcranial magnetic stimulation, indicating that direct disruption of cortical motion networks can induce symptoms.
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:40605075 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"Recent cases have demonstrated that it is not necessarily attributed only to vascular causes and neurodegenerative diseases but can also be induced through transcranial magnetic stimulation, and certain medications."
This review notes TMS-associated induction of akinetopsia.
Medication-induced motion blindness
Certain medications can induce akinetopsia, implying reversible pharmacologic disruption of motion processing.
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:40605075 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"Recent cases have demonstrated that it is not necessarily attributed only to vascular causes and neurodegenerative diseases but can also be induced through transcranial magnetic stimulation, and certain medications."
This review cites medication-induced akinetopsia in recent cases.
🔀

Differential Diagnoses

3

Conditions with similar clinical presentations that must be differentiated from Akinetopsia:

Parkinson's disease MONDO:0005180
Overlapping Features Parkinson's disease can present with visual illusions including akinetopsia, and should be considered when evaluating motion blindness.
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:34617361 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"Other observed illusions included textural illusions, macropsia, micropsia, teleopsia, pelopsia, kinetopsia, akinetopsia, Zeitraffer/Zeitlupen phenomena, tilt illusion, upside-down illusion, and palinopsia."
This PD survey reports akinetopsia among visual illusion types, supporting PD as a differential context.
Posterior cortical atrophy Not Yet Curated MONDO:0018899
Overlapping Features Posterior cortical atrophy (visual-variant Alzheimer's disease) can present with higher visual processing deficits including akinetopsia.
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:38357623 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"She also presented with multiple previously unrecognised symptoms indicative of higher visual processing dysfunction, such as alexia without agraphia, ocular motor apraxia, optic ataxia, prosopagnosia, akinetopsia and topographagnosia, so further assessment to investigate for PCA was carried out."
This case report links akinetopsia to posterior cortical atrophy as part of the clinical presentation.
Occipital or occipito-parietal infarction (stroke) Not Yet Curated MONDO:0005098
Overlapping Features Occipital or occipito-parietal infarction can present with visual disorders including akinetopsia and should be considered in the differential.
Show evidence (1 reference)
PMID:23206528 SUPPORT Human Clinical
"Visual disorders, such as achromatopsia, akinetopsia or prosopagnosia, were rarely reported by the patients."
This infarction cohort reports akinetopsia among visual disorders after occipital/occipito-parietal infarction.
{ }

Source YAML

click to show 
name: Akinetopsia
creation_date: '2026-02-02T17:31:18Z'
updated_date: '2026-02-16T20:19:38Z'
category: Complex
description: >-
  Akinetopsia (motion blindness) is a rare visual cortical disorder characterized
  by impaired perception of visual motion, with moving objects perceived as
  disjointed jumps or freeze-frames. The condition is linked to dysfunction of
  motion-processing regions in the visual cortex, especially area V5/MT.
disease_term:
  preferred_term: akinetopsia
  term:
    id: MONDO:0000660
    label: akinetopsia
parents:
- agnosia
- mental disorder
synonyms:
- Motion blindness
- Visual motion blindness
notes: >-
  Akinetopsia is described as a cortical syndrome in which patients lose the
  ability to perceive visual motion.
prevalence:
- population: Reported cases
  notes: >-
    Since first description in 1911, only a handful of cases have been studied,
    indicating an extremely rare disorder.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:40605075
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: "Since akinetopsia was first described in 1911, only a handful of cases have been studied."
    explanation: This review emphasizes the rarity of akinetopsia and the limited number of documented cases.
  - reference: PMID:37938052
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: "Selective motion blindness, also known as akinetopsia, is infrequently reported in the literature."
    explanation: This systematic review notes that akinetopsia is infrequently reported, supporting rarity.
pathophysiology:
- name: V5/MT motion-processing cortex dysfunction
  description: >-
    The disorder reflects disruption of cortical area V5/MT, a key node for
    visual motion perception, leading to failure of normal motion integration.
  cell_types:
  - preferred_term: neuron
    term:
      id: CL:0000540
      label: neuron
  locations:
  - preferred_term: visual cortex
    term:
      id: UBERON:0000411
      label: visual cortex
  - preferred_term: secondary visual cortex
    term:
      id: UBERON:0022232
      label: secondary visual cortex
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:39996018
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: "Despite its profound impact, the condition remains poorly understood beyond the established centrality of cortical area V5/MT in visual motion perception."
    explanation: This systematic review highlights V5/MT as central to motion perception, supporting V5/MT dysfunction as a core mechanism.
  - reference: PMID:27193360
    supports: PARTIAL
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: "akinetopsia (cortical syndrome in which patient losses the ability to perceive visual motion)"
    explanation: This review defines akinetopsia as a cortical syndrome with loss of visual motion perception.
  - reference: PMID:37938052
    supports: PARTIAL
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: "Our results revealed distinct characteristics for the various etiologies of this phenomenon in addition to a shared pathophysiologic pathway among them."
    explanation: This systematic review supports a shared pathophysiologic pathway across akinetopsia etiologies.
- name: Left V5/MT susceptibility to acute interference
  description: >-
    In right-handed individuals, left V5/MT appears particularly susceptible
    to acute interference during experimental disruption, implicating
    hemispheric vulnerability in motion perception.
  locations:
  - preferred_term: secondary visual cortex
    term:
      id: UBERON:0022232
      label: secondary visual cortex
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:39996018
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: "Pathophysiologically, in right-handed individuals, the left area V5/MT was found to be particularly susceptible to acute interference, as evidenced by the experimental studies."
    explanation: This indicates left V5/MT vulnerability to acute interference in experimental cases.
- name: Right-hemispheric V5/MT predominance in clinical cases
  description: >-
    Clinical cases more often involve right-hemispheric V5/MT afflictions,
    suggesting dominance of the right V5/MT in motion perception.
  locations:
  - preferred_term: secondary visual cortex
    term:
      id: UBERON:0022232
      label: secondary visual cortex
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:39996018
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: "we found a greater prevalence of right-hemispheric afflictions in clinical cases, suggesting that the right area V5/MT plays a more dominant role in motion perception."
    explanation: This supports right-hemisphere predominance for motion perception in clinical akinetopsia.
- name: Severity depends on surviving motion network components and stimulus speed
  description: >-
    The severity of motion blindness depends on remaining components of the
    visual motion network and the speed of moving objects.
  cell_types:
  - preferred_term: neuron
    term:
      id: CL:0000540
      label: neuron
  locations:
  - preferred_term: visual cortex
    term:
      id: UBERON:0000411
      label: visual cortex
  - preferred_term: secondary visual cortex
    term:
      id: UBERON:0022232
      label: secondary visual cortex
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:39996018
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: "the severity of the condition also depends on surviving components of the visual motion network as a whole, and-in line with the dynamic parallellism theory-the speed of moving objects."
    explanation: This supports network redundancy and stimulus speed as modifiers of symptom severity.
- name: Structural neurological damage to motion network
  description: >-
    Structural neurological conditions such as stroke or neurodegenerative
    disease most often underlie akinetopsia by damaging cortical motion
    processing regions.
  cell_types:
  - preferred_term: neuron
    term:
      id: CL:0000540
      label: neuron
  locations:
  - preferred_term: visual cortex
    term:
      id: UBERON:0000411
      label: visual cortex
  - preferred_term: secondary visual cortex
    term:
      id: UBERON:0022232
      label: secondary visual cortex
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:39996018
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: "Aetiologically, most cases were associated with structural neurological conditions such as stroke and neurodegenerative disease, and fewer with intoxications or paroxysmal neurological disorders such as epilepsy."
    explanation: This supports structural neurological disease as the dominant mechanism leading to motion network damage.
- name: Paroxysmal or intoxication-related cortical dysfunction
  description: >-
    A subset of cases arise from transient cortical dysfunction due to
    intoxications or paroxysmal neurological disorders such as epilepsy.
  cell_types:
  - preferred_term: neuron
    term:
      id: CL:0000540
      label: neuron
  locations:
  - preferred_term: visual cortex
    term:
      id: UBERON:0000411
      label: visual cortex
  - preferred_term: secondary visual cortex
    term:
      id: UBERON:0022232
      label: secondary visual cortex
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:39996018
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: "Aetiologically, most cases were associated with structural neurological conditions such as stroke and neurodegenerative disease, and fewer with intoxications or paroxysmal neurological disorders such as epilepsy."
    explanation: This indicates that intoxications and paroxysmal disorders can underlie akinetopsia in some cases.
  - reference: PMID:25667833
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: "We describe a patient who showed akinetopsia recurrently as epileptic seizures."
    explanation: This case report documents epileptic seizures presenting as recurrent akinetopsia.
- name: Epileptic hyperexcitability of MT/V5 cortex
  description: >-
    Paroxysmal hyperexcitability in right temporal and parietal cortices,
    including MT/V5, can trigger akinetopsia episodes.
  locations:
  - preferred_term: secondary visual cortex
    term:
      id: UBERON:0022232
      label: secondary visual cortex
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:25667833
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: "We diagnosed his visual symptom as akinetopsia, which was aroused by hyperexcitability of the right temporal and parietal cortices, including area MT/V5."
    explanation: This case report attributes akinetopsia to hyperexcitability in right temporal/parietal cortices including MT/V5.
- name: Induced disruption from TMS or medications
  description: >-
    Akinetopsia can be induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation or certain
    medications, implying reversible disruption of motion-processing circuits.
  cell_types:
  - preferred_term: neuron
    term:
      id: CL:0000540
      label: neuron
  locations:
  - preferred_term: visual cortex
    term:
      id: UBERON:0000411
      label: visual cortex
  - preferred_term: secondary visual cortex
    term:
      id: UBERON:0022232
      label: secondary visual cortex
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:40605075
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: "Recent cases have demonstrated that it is not necessarily attributed only to vascular causes and neurodegenerative diseases but can also be induced through transcranial magnetic stimulation, and certain medications."
    explanation: This review documents TMS- and medication-induced akinetopsia, supporting reversible circuit disruption mechanisms.
- name: Bilateral V5/MT lesions
  description: >-
    Bilateral injury to V5/MT within the secondary visual cortex disrupts
    motion-processing circuitry.
  locations:
  - preferred_term: secondary visual cortex
    term:
      id: UBERON:0022232
      label: secondary visual cortex
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:39996018
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: "Bilateral lesions to V5/MT most often coincided with global akinetopsia and chronicity."
    explanation: This links bilateral V5/MT lesions to downstream global and chronic akinetopsia.
- name: Global akinetopsia with chronic course
  description: >-
    Global motion blindness with chronicity most often occurs when V5/MT is
    affected bilaterally.
  locations:
  - preferred_term: secondary visual cortex
    term:
      id: UBERON:0022232
      label: secondary visual cortex
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:39996018
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: "Bilateral lesions to V5/MT most often coincided with global akinetopsia and chronicity."
    explanation: This supports global and chronic akinetopsia as a frequent outcome of bilateral V5/MT lesions.
phenotypes:
- category: Visual
  name: Visual motion blindness with freeze-frame perception
  description: >-
    Moving objects are perceived as disjointed jumps or freeze frames rather than
    smooth continuous motion.
  phenotype_term:
    preferred_term: Visual agnosia
    term:
      id: HP:0030222
      label: Visual agnosia
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:39996018
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: "Akinetopsia, or visual motion blindness, is a perceptual distortion characteristic of Alice in Wonderland syndrome in which people see moving objects as disjointed 'jumps' or 'freeze frames.'"
    explanation: This description of motion blindness with freeze-frame perception supports the core phenotype.
- category: Visual
  name: Hemiakinetopsia
  description: >-
    Motion blindness restricted to one hemifield of vision in a subset of
    clinical cases.
  phenotype_term:
    preferred_term: Visual field defect
    term:
      id: HP:0001123
      label: Visual field defect
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:39996018
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: "Of the clinical cases, 12% showed hemiakinetopsia, 50% continuous or progressive symptoms, and 52% a chronic course."
    explanation: This review quantifies hemiakinetopsia among clinical cases.
environmental:
- name: Structural neurological lesions
  description: >-
    Structural brain conditions such as stroke and neurodegenerative disease are
    common etiologic contexts for akinetopsia.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:39996018
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: "Aetiologically, most cases were associated with structural neurological conditions such as stroke and neurodegenerative disease, and fewer with intoxications or paroxysmal neurological disorders such as epilepsy."
    explanation: The review reports structural neurological conditions as the dominant etiologic context.
- name: Intoxications or paroxysmal neurological disorders
  description: >-
    Some cases are associated with intoxications or paroxysmal disorders such as
    epilepsy.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:39996018
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: "Aetiologically, most cases were associated with structural neurological conditions such as stroke and neurodegenerative disease, and fewer with intoxications or paroxysmal neurological disorders such as epilepsy."
    explanation: This supports intoxications and paroxysmal disorders as less common etiologies.
- name: Transcranial magnetic stimulation exposure
  description: >-
    Akinetopsia has been reported after transcranial magnetic stimulation,
    indicating that direct disruption of cortical motion networks can induce
    symptoms.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:40605075
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: "Recent cases have demonstrated that it is not necessarily attributed only to vascular causes and neurodegenerative diseases but can also be induced through transcranial magnetic stimulation, and certain medications."
    explanation: This review notes TMS-associated induction of akinetopsia.
- name: Medication-induced motion blindness
  description: >-
    Certain medications can induce akinetopsia, implying reversible
    pharmacologic disruption of motion processing.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:40605075
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: "Recent cases have demonstrated that it is not necessarily attributed only to vascular causes and neurodegenerative diseases but can also be induced through transcranial magnetic stimulation, and certain medications."
    explanation: This review cites medication-induced akinetopsia in recent cases.
treatments:
- name: Treat underlying condition
  description: >-
    Treatment is most effective when directed at the underlying cause, while
    cases due to organic lesions may be therapy-resistant.
  treatment_term:
    preferred_term: medical action
    term:
      id: MAXO:0000001
      label: medical action
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:39996018
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: "Treatments were mostly successful when they were aimed at the underlying condition, while cases due to organic lesions tended to be therapy-resistant."
    explanation: This review indicates treatment success when targeting the underlying condition and resistance in organic lesions.
- name: Carbamazepine for seizure-related akinetopsia
  description: >-
    Antiepileptic therapy can suppress akinetopsia when episodes are driven by
    epileptic hyperexcitability.
  treatment_term:
    preferred_term: pharmacotherapy
    term:
      id: MAXO:0000058
      label: pharmacotherapy
    therapeutic_agent:
    - preferred_term: carbamazepine
      term:
        id: CHEBI:3387
        label: carbamazepine
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:25667833
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: "We administered carbamazepine 200 mg/day, which suppressed his akinetopsic symptom completely."
    explanation: This case report shows carbamazepine suppressed seizure-related akinetopsia.
has_subtypes:
- name: Cinematographic vision
  description: >-
    Akinetopsia subtype characterized by perceiving motion as a series of
    discrete frames (cinematographic vision).
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:31036340
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: "Two types of akinetopsia have been reported: one is cinematographic vision, and the other is invisibility of moving objects."
    explanation: This report describes cinematographic vision as one of two reported akinetopsia subtypes.
- name: Invisibility of moving objects
  description: >-
    Akinetopsia subtype characterized by failure to perceive moving objects.
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:31036340
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: "Two types of akinetopsia have been reported: one is cinematographic vision, and the other is invisibility of moving objects."
    explanation: This report describes invisibility of moving objects as the second akinetopsia subtype.
differential_diagnoses:
- name: Parkinson's disease
  description: >-
    Parkinson's disease can present with visual illusions including
    akinetopsia, and should be considered when evaluating motion blindness.
  disease_term:
    preferred_term: Parkinson disease
    term:
      id: MONDO:0005180
      label: Parkinson disease
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:34617361
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: "Other observed illusions included textural illusions, macropsia, micropsia, teleopsia, pelopsia, kinetopsia, akinetopsia, Zeitraffer/Zeitlupen phenomena, tilt illusion, upside-down illusion, and palinopsia."
    explanation: This PD survey reports akinetopsia among visual illusion types, supporting PD as a differential context.
- name: Posterior cortical atrophy
  description: >-
    Posterior cortical atrophy (visual-variant Alzheimer's disease) can present
    with higher visual processing deficits including akinetopsia.
  disease_term:
    preferred_term: posterior cortical atrophy
    term:
      id: MONDO:0018899
      label: posterior cortical atrophy
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:38357623
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: "She also presented with multiple previously unrecognised symptoms indicative of higher visual processing dysfunction, such as alexia without agraphia, ocular motor apraxia, optic ataxia, prosopagnosia, akinetopsia and topographagnosia, so further assessment to investigate for PCA was carried out."
    explanation: This case report links akinetopsia to posterior cortical atrophy as part of the clinical presentation.
- name: Occipital or occipito-parietal infarction (stroke)
  description: >-
    Occipital or occipito-parietal infarction can present with visual disorders
    including akinetopsia and should be considered in the differential.
  disease_term:
    preferred_term: stroke disorder
    term:
      id: MONDO:0005098
      label: stroke disorder
  evidence:
  - reference: PMID:23206528
    supports: SUPPORT
    evidence_source: HUMAN_CLINICAL
    snippet: "Visual disorders, such as achromatopsia, akinetopsia or prosopagnosia, were rarely reported by the patients."
    explanation: This infarction cohort reports akinetopsia among visual disorders after occipital/occipito-parietal infarction.